Launching a New RepublicLaunching a New Republic

1789-18001789-1800

TodayToday

• Boston trip survey, be honest and Boston trip survey, be honest and thoughtfulthoughtful

• Today thank Mr. Mineo, Ms. Madigan Today thank Mr. Mineo, Ms. Madigan and Ms. Alperand Ms. Alper

• Finish Confederation to Constitution Finish Confederation to Constitution testtest

• Washington’s Presidency packet, Washington’s Presidency packet, finish for homework if necessaryfinish for homework if necessary

Things to Think About…Things to Think About…

• Why might you want people with different Why might you want people with different viewpoints in your government?viewpoints in your government?

• How would you go about setting up a new How would you go about setting up a new government?government?

• What departments, positions, etc.?What departments, positions, etc.?• How would your government raise money?How would your government raise money?• What do you think the biggest challenges What do you think the biggest challenges

would be?would be?• How easy or hard is it to work in a group? How easy or hard is it to work in a group?

What kind of person do you like to work What kind of person do you like to work with?with?

9.1 HW9.1 HW

• Washington being inaugurated.Washington being inaugurated.

• Establishment of the courts, Federal Establishment of the courts, Federal Judiciary Act.Judiciary Act.

• Washington's cabinet and its role.Washington's cabinet and its role.

• Economic problems faced by the new Economic problems faced by the new nation and Alexander Hamilton's plan to nation and Alexander Hamilton's plan to fix them.fix them.

• and interpretation of the Constitution and interpretation of the Constitution (strict vs. loose)(strict vs. loose)

Washington’s PresidencyWashington’s Presidency

• Washington elected by electoral Washington elected by electoral college, each had written two names college, each had written two names with the runner-up becoming vice with the runner-up becoming vice president (imagine that today!), John president (imagine that today!), John AdamsAdams

• Washington by far the most Washington by far the most respected man in Americarespected man in America

• Washington Washington inauguratedinaugurated on April on April 30, 1789 in New York30, 1789 in New York

How does he act?How does he act?

• Everything he did set a Everything he did set a precedentprecedent

• What to call him? (his excellency, his What to call him? (his excellency, his highness), settled on Mr. Presidenthighness), settled on Mr. President

• Federal Judiciary ActFederal Judiciary Act: gave : gave Supreme Court six members (chief Supreme Court six members (chief justice, five associate justices), and justice, five associate justices), and lower, less powerful federal courtslower, less powerful federal courts

Washington’s CabinetWashington’s Cabinet

• CabinetCabinet: heads of federal departments: heads of federal departments

• Congress created three departmentsCongress created three departments

• Secretary of War: Henry KnoxSecretary of War: Henry Knox

• Secretary of State: Thomas JeffersonSecretary of State: Thomas Jefferson

• Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander HamiltonHamilton

• Attorney General: Edmund RandolphAttorney General: Edmund Randolph

President Obama’s cabinet

Economic ProblemsEconomic Problems

• New government needed money to New government needed money to pay war debts, millions owed to pay war debts, millions owed to Europe, American citizensEurope, American citizens

• U.S. had to settle this debt in order U.S. had to settle this debt in order to be taken seriously as a new nationto be taken seriously as a new nation

• Hamilton believed in strong central Hamilton believed in strong central government, encouraging businessgovernment, encouraging business

Hamilton’s Financial PlanHamilton’s Financial Plan

1.1. Pay off all war debtsPay off all war debts

2.2. Raising government revenuesRaising government revenues

3.3. Creating a national bankCreating a national bank

Proposed national government pay off Proposed national government pay off state debts, resisted by Southern state debts, resisted by Southern states, many of whom had already states, many of whom had already paid them offpaid them off

Financial PlanFinancial Plan

• Compromise: for Southern support, Compromise: for Southern support, nation’s capital placed in South, on nation’s capital placed in South, on Potomac between Maryland & VirginiaPotomac between Maryland & Virginia

• TariffTariff: tax placed on imported goods to : tax placed on imported goods to raise money for government and stimulate raise money for government and stimulate American industryAmerican industry

• Highest tariffs placed on foreign goods like Highest tariffs placed on foreign goods like shoes, textilesshoes, textiles

• National bank for loans, issue currencyNational bank for loans, issue currency

Interpreting the ConstitutionInterpreting the Constitution

• Jefferson and James Madison believed Jefferson and James Madison believed the Constitution discouraged the federal the Constitution discouraged the federal government from being too powerfulgovernment from being too powerful

• They argued Constitution did not give They argued Constitution did not give authority to create a bankauthority to create a bank

• They believed in strict construction: They believed in strict construction: narrow interpretation of the narrow interpretation of the Constitution, did not mention a national Constitution, did not mention a national bankbank

Interpreting the ConstitutionInterpreting the Constitution

• Hamilton favored loose construction, Hamilton favored loose construction, broad or flexible interpretationbroad or flexible interpretation

• Pointed to the elastic clause, argued Pointed to the elastic clause, argued that the bank was “necessary and that the bank was “necessary and proper”proper”

• Hamilton won the argument, Bank of Hamilton won the argument, Bank of the United States set up in 1791the United States set up in 1791

9.2 HW9.2 HW

1.1. Battle of Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville, Battle of Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville, Whiskey Rebellion, French Revolution, French Whiskey Rebellion, French Revolution, French Revolution, Pinckney’s TreatyRevolution, Pinckney’s Treaty

3. Why did Washington consider it important to put 3. Why did Washington consider it important to put down the Whiskey Rebellion?down the Whiskey Rebellion?

4. How did the French Revolution create problems for 4. How did the French Revolution create problems for the United States?the United States?

5. What were some of the advantages of the new 5. What were some of the advantages of the new nation remaining neutral?nation remaining neutral?

7. How did Pinckney’s Treaty protect American 7. How did Pinckney’s Treaty protect American interests?interests?

Challenges to the New Challenges to the New GovernmentGovernment• HW tonight: “Economic Problems…” on HW tonight: “Economic Problems…” on

websitewebsite

• Today: go over Washington’s Presidency Today: go over Washington’s Presidency homework, notes on Challenges to New homework, notes on Challenges to New GovernmentGovernment

• What challenges did President What challenges did President Washington face from Native Americans, Washington face from Native Americans, Spain, Britain, and France?Spain, Britain, and France?

• What are the greatest challenges faced What are the greatest challenges faced by President Obama?by President Obama?

Securing the Northwest Securing the Northwest TerritoryTerritory

• Competing claims by Spain, Britain, Competing claims by Spain, Britain, U.S., and Native AmericansU.S., and Native Americans

• Spain held much of North America Spain held much of North America west of Mississippi and New Orleanswest of Mississippi and New Orleans

• Strongest resistance to white Strongest resistance to white settlement in Northwest Territorysettlement in Northwest Territory

• In violation of Treaty of Paris, British In violation of Treaty of Paris, British still held forts north of Ohio Riverstill held forts north of Ohio River

1. What does the yellow area represent? 2. 2. Why might British forts be Located near water?

World powers watched the Northwest Territory with covetous interest during the 1790s. "Lack of authority . . . left the nation a natural prey for the colonial vultures of Europe," wrote Richard Knopf in "Anthony Wayne, A Name in Arms." ''Britain had never given up hope of regaining her lost colonies. Spain eyed with envy the trans-Allegheny West . . . France became more and more inclined toward the establishment of a new empire in the new world." Had it not been for Anthony Wayne's victories in Ohio in 1793 and 1794 and the founding of Fort Wayne in October 1794, the western border of the country might never have made it even to the Mississippi River.

ClassClass• Finish notes on ch. 8 Challenges to New Finish notes on ch. 8 Challenges to New

GovernmentGovernment

• Go over Economic Problems and Go over Economic Problems and Interpreting the Constitution homeworkInterpreting the Constitution homework

• Whiskey Rebellion videoWhiskey Rebellion video

• Homework: Whiskey Rebellion chart & Homework: Whiskey Rebellion chart & paragraph (email me paragraph before paragraph (email me paragraph before class on Thursday)class on Thursday)

• Whiskey Rebellion debate on ThursdayWhiskey Rebellion debate on Thursday

Battle of Fallen TimbersBattle of Fallen Timbers

• After two defeats of U.S. troops, After two defeats of U.S. troops, Washington sent another army west under Washington sent another army west under “Mad Anthony” Wayne“Mad Anthony” Wayne

• Defeated Native Americans at Defeated Native Americans at Battle of Battle of Fallen TimbersFallen Timbers (1794) (1794)

• Crushed Native American hoping of Crushed Native American hoping of keeping land in Northwest Territorykeeping land in Northwest Territory

• Twelve tribes signed Twelve tribes signed Treaty of Treaty of GreenvilleGreenville, surrendering much of present , surrendering much of present day Ohio & Indiana to U.S. governmentday Ohio & Indiana to U.S. government

Rights?Rights?

•Does the average citizen have the right to question and fight what they perceive to be an unfair tax?

•Can you name one time in history where the people did fight back?

Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion

• Part of Hamilton’s plan was to tax Part of Hamilton’s plan was to tax whiskey, easy and valuable whiskey, easy and valuable commodity for farmerscommodity for farmers

• Outraged farmers from Penn. To Outraged farmers from Penn. To Georgia resisted the taxGeorgia resisted the tax

• Summer of 1794, group of farmers in Summer of 1794, group of farmers in western Penn. Staged the Whiskey western Penn. Staged the Whiskey RebellionRebellion

Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion

• One armed group tarred & feathered One armed group tarred & feathered a tax collector, another threatened to a tax collector, another threatened to attack Pittsburghattack Pittsburgh

• General Henry Lee with Hamilton led General Henry Lee with Hamilton led 13,000 troops put down revolt13,000 troops put down revolt

• Twenty rebels arrestedTwenty rebels arrested• Washington showed federal Washington showed federal

government had will and power to government had will and power to enforce its lawsenforce its laws

Whiskey Rebellion VideoWhiskey Rebellion Video

•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hX9gKS7uMZY

• NotesNotes

United StreamingUnited Streaming

• Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion

Do NowDo Now• Take out and be prepared to turn in letterTake out and be prepared to turn in letter

• Answer in your notes:Answer in your notes:– What led to the creation of political What led to the creation of political

parties such as the Federalists and parties such as the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans?Democratic-Republicans?

– What advice did Washington give the What advice did Washington give the country when he left office?country when he left office?

– What amendments did the Alien and What amendments did the Alien and Sedition Acts violate?Sedition Acts violate?

– *Federalists Take Charge HW*Federalists Take Charge HW

TodayToday

• Go over, share homeworkGo over, share homework

• Notes on French Revolution, Jay’s Notes on French Revolution, Jay’s Treaty, and Pinckney’s TreatyTreaty, and Pinckney’s Treaty

• Continue debate, writing promptContinue debate, writing prompt

• No homework No homework unless you need to unless you need to finish writing promptfinish writing prompt

• Email me any “good” photos from Email me any “good” photos from Boston Boston

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

• In 1789 French rebelled against their In 1789 French rebelled against their monarchy, frustrated by poverty, abusesmonarchy, frustrated by poverty, abuses

• Initially supported by Americans, but later Initially supported by Americans, but later French Revolution turned bloodyFrench Revolution turned bloody

• By 1793 Louis XVI executedBy 1793 Louis XVI executed• France at war with Britain, Holland, SpainFrance at war with Britain, Holland, Spain• Washington declared that the U.S. would Washington declared that the U.S. would

be be neutralneutral

Neutrality is Hard…Neutrality is Hard…

• British began seizing cargoes of American British began seizing cargoes of American ships carrying goods from French West Indiesships carrying goods from French West Indies

• John Jay, Supreme Court Justice, negotiated John Jay, Supreme Court Justice, negotiated with Britishwith British

• Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty: British agreed to leave Ohio : British agreed to leave Ohio Valley, pay damages for shipsValley, pay damages for ships

• Jay’s Treaty unpopular as he was unable to Jay’s Treaty unpopular as he was unable to open up profitable British West Indies for open up profitable British West Indies for trade; British also refused to compensate trade; British also refused to compensate Americans for slaves seized during the Americans for slaves seized during the RevolutionRevolution

• United Streaming: Jay’s TreatyUnited Streaming: Jay’s Treaty

Pinckney’s TreatyPinckney’s Treaty

• With Spain in 1795, gave Americans With Spain in 1795, gave Americans the right to travel freely on the the right to travel freely on the Mississippi RiverMississippi River

• Right to store goods at port of New Right to store goods at port of New Orleans without paying customsOrleans without paying customs

• Spain accepted 31Spain accepted 31stst parallel as parallel as northern boundary of Florida and northern boundary of Florida and southern bounday of U.S.southern bounday of U.S.

TodayToday• Homework: “Perfect” test corrections Homework: “Perfect” test corrections

due Wed. (typed, detailed, accurate, due Wed. (typed, detailed, accurate, stapled to test) stapled to test) no late work accepted no late work accepted

• Homework: finish Whiskey Tax and Homework: finish Whiskey Tax and Rebellion writing prompt if necessaryRebellion writing prompt if necessary

• Today: test, notes on GW, John AdamsToday: test, notes on GW, John Adams

• Tues: John Adams on trial, Alien and Tues: John Adams on trial, Alien and SeditionSedition

• Friday: chapter 9 quizFriday: chapter 9 quiz

Washington RetiresWashington Retires

• Warns of political disagreements, Warns of political disagreements, could weaken the nationcould weaken the nation

• Despite his advice, political parties Despite his advice, political parties become part of American politicsbecome part of American politics

• Urged nation’s leaders to remain Urged nation’s leaders to remain neutral and “neutral and “steer clear of steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign worldof the foreign world””

Washington’s Farewell Address

Partner WorkPartner Work

• With a partner next to you, write a With a partner next to you, write a paragraph about what Washington paragraph about what Washington might have said in his farewell might have said in his farewell address in ending his presidency and address in ending his presidency and retiring to private liferetiring to private life

• Accomplishments, advice, warningsAccomplishments, advice, warnings

TodayToday• Test corrections due tomorrow, no Test corrections due tomorrow, no

exceptions (typed, stapled to test, exceptions (typed, stapled to test, “perfect” and complete)“perfect” and complete)

• Send me your Whiskey Tax and Send me your Whiskey Tax and Rebellion writing prompt if you have Rebellion writing prompt if you have not alreadynot already

• Today: notes and clips on The Today: notes and clips on The Federalists in ChargeFederalists in Charge

• Tomorrow: John Adams on Trial!Tomorrow: John Adams on Trial!

Growth in Political PartiesGrowth in Political Parties

• Despite Washington’s warnings about Despite Washington’s warnings about political divisions and parties, they political divisions and parties, they developdevelop

• Both sides disagreed on interpretation Both sides disagreed on interpretation of the Constitution and economic policyof the Constitution and economic policy

• Political partyPolitical party: group of people that : group of people that tries to promote its ideas and influence tries to promote its ideas and influence governmentgovernment

Alexander Hamilton vs. Alexander Hamilton vs. Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=notJuFGXQ9w

• John Adams takes officeJohn Adams takes office

•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yiEO1jQcSjc

Political PartiesPolitical Parties

FederalistsFederalists• Strong national gov’tStrong national gov’t• Loose interpretation Loose interpretation

of Constitutionof Constitution• Favored national Favored national

bankbank• Manufacturing & Manufacturing &

shipping economyshipping economy• Lawyers, merchants, Lawyers, merchants,

manufacturers, clergymanufacturers, clergy

Democratic-Democratic-RepublicanRepublican

• Fear of rule by one Fear of rule by one or strong fewor strong few

• Strict interpretationStrict interpretation• Opposed national Opposed national

bankbank• FarmingFarming• Farmers, Farmers,

tradespeopletradespeople

Election of 1796Election of 1796

• First election in which political First election in which political parties competedparties competed

• FederalistFederalist John Adams gets 71 John Adams gets 71 votes, Jefferson the votes, Jefferson the Democratic-Democratic-RepublicanRepublican received 68 received 68

• John Adams became the second John Adams became the second president, with Thomas Jefferson as president, with Thomas Jefferson as V.P.!V.P.!

Election of 1796

John Adams & Problems with John Adams & Problems with FranceFrance

• With Britain & France at war, France With Britain & France at war, France seizes more than 300 U.S. shipsseizes more than 300 U.S. ships

• Federalists called for warFederalists called for war• Pickney, Elbridge, and Marshall sent Pickney, Elbridge, and Marshall sent

to Paris to negotiateto Paris to negotiate• Three French agents (X, Y, Z) Three French agents (X, Y, Z)

demanded U.S. loan $10 million and demanded U.S. loan $10 million and pay $250,000 bribe to agentspay $250,000 bribe to agents

XYZ Affair: I don’t think so…XYZ Affair: I don’t think so…

• Americans refused, “Americans refused, “No, not a No, not a sixpence”sixpence”

• ““Millions for defense, not one cent for Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!”tribute!”

• Congress canceled treaties with FranceCongress canceled treaties with France

• U.S. ships allowed to seize French shipsU.S. ships allowed to seize French ships

• Congress set aside money to build up Congress set aside money to build up army and navyarmy and navy

United StreamingUnited Streaming

• Conflicts and Resolutions 1797-98Conflicts and Resolutions 1797-98

Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts

• Serious division between partiesSerious division between parties• One act increased waiting time for One act increased waiting time for

citizenship from 5 to 14 yearscitizenship from 5 to 14 years• President could arrest aliens or deport President could arrest aliens or deport

them during warthem during war• Sedition, saying or writing anything Sedition, saying or writing anything

false or harmful about government, false or harmful about government, outlawedoutlawed

• What amendments are affected?What amendments are affected?

Justification for Alien and Sedition ActsJustification for Alien and Sedition Acts

• ““The United States . . . were threatened with The United States . . . were threatened with actual invasion . . . and had then, within the actual invasion . . . and had then, within the bosom of the country, thousands of aliens, who, bosom of the country, thousands of aliens, who, we doubt not, were ready to cooperate in any we doubt not, were ready to cooperate in any external attack.”external attack.”

Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts

• Over two dozen Democratic-Republican Over two dozen Democratic-Republican newspaper editors charged, 10 convictednewspaper editors charged, 10 convicted

• Vermont Congressman Lyon arrested for Vermont Congressman Lyon arrested for saying president should be “sent to a saying president should be “sent to a madhouse”, re-elected while in jailmadhouse”, re-elected while in jail

• States’ rightsStates’ rights: Jefferson and Madison : Jefferson and Madison said state law can override federal law said state law can override federal law (nullification)(nullification)

• followed by Kentucky and Virginiafollowed by Kentucky and Virginia• Acts repealed or expired as Democratic- Acts repealed or expired as Democratic-

Republicans take over Congress in 1800Republicans take over Congress in 1800

United StreamingUnited Streaming

• Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts

Peace with FrancePeace with France

• Convention of 1800: agreement to Convention of 1800: agreement to stop all naval attacksstop all naval attacks

• John Adams proud of keeping peace John Adams proud of keeping peace with France rather than warwith France rather than war

• John Adams lost election of 1800 to John Adams lost election of 1800 to Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

Problems Solution

1789 – Washington faces many challenges; authority of state & federal courts is in question

He creates first cabinet members; Congress passes Federal Judiciary Act

1790 – Nation’s finances in crisis

Hamilton sets up national bank

1793 – French Revolution in progress: France & Britain at war

U.S. declares neutrality in foreign affairs

1794 – Conflict arises in Northwest. Britain seizes American ships.

1795 – Native Americans sign Treaty of Greenville. Jay’s Treaty reduces U.S.-Britain border disputes.

1795 – U.S. challenges Spanish trade restrictions.

Pinckney’s Treaty establishes 31st parallel as U.S. Southern boundary

1796 – Disagreements over interpretation of Constitution

Two political parties develop; Federalists and Democratic – Republican

Row by row…Row by row…

• Create a commercial that opposes Create a commercial that opposes the Alien and Sedition Actsthe Alien and Sedition Acts

• Include all parts of the Alien and Include all parts of the Alien and Sedition ActsSedition Acts

• Clearly explain the actsClearly explain the acts