launching the new nation 6.1: establishing the new government

Launching the New Launching the New NationNation

6.1: Establishing the New 6.1: Establishing the New GovernmentGovernment


The skeleton of the Constitution was The skeleton of the Constitution was fleshed out by the First Congress and fleshed out by the First Congress and the precedents set by the first the precedents set by the first president. president.


The new government: The new government: The First Congress under the new The First Congress under the new

Constitution had to wait a month for Constitution had to wait a month for a quorum. a quorum.


George George WashingtonWashington was was unanimously unanimously elected president elected president by the by the Electoral Electoral CollegeCollege. .

John AdamsJohn Adams with with the second highest the second highest vote, became vice vote, became vice president. president.


Congressional Actions: Congressional Actions: Congress created executive Congress created executive

departments and Washington departments and Washington appointed the first members of his appointed the first members of his cabinet. cabinet.


Secretary of State: Secretary of State: Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson


Secretary of Secretary of Treasury Treasury Alexander Alexander HamiltonHamilton


Secretary of War Secretary of War Henry KnoxHenry Knox


Attorney General Attorney General Edmund Edmund RandolphRandolph (later (later part of cabinet)part of cabinet)


Judiciary Act Judiciary Act 17891789: established : established a six member a six member Supreme Court Supreme Court appointed by the appointed by the president, district president, district courts, and three courts, and three circuit courts of circuit courts of appeal. appeal.


Congress submitted Congress submitted twelve amendments to twelve amendments to the states, of which ten, the states, of which ten, were ratified (were ratified (The Bill The Bill of Rights, 1791of Rights, 1791). ).

These were believed to These were believed to be necessary be necessary protections of individual protections of individual rights from the newly rights from the newly enhanced power of the enhanced power of the national government. national government.


George George WashingtonWashington

Took the oath of Took the oath of office in New York office in New York City April 30, 1789.City April 30, 1789.


Many of his early actions set Many of his early actions set precedents.precedents.

To bring dignity and respect to he To bring dignity and respect to he office, Washington stressed symbolic office, Washington stressed symbolic ceremony, including regular ceremony, including regular receptions, Congress decided on the receptions, Congress decided on the title “Mr. President.”title “Mr. President.”


Washington relied on advice from his Washington relied on advice from his cabinet beyond the Constitution.cabinet beyond the Constitution.

Washington minimized the role of the Washington minimized the role of the VP VP


When the Senate demanded relevant When the Senate demanded relevant documents regarding a treaty with the Creek documents regarding a treaty with the Creek Indians, Washington refused, establishing Indians, Washington refused, establishing the principle of executive privilege and the principle of executive privilege and setting limits to the Constitutional provision setting limits to the Constitutional provision on on advise and consent.advise and consent.

Washington used his veto power only twice Washington used his veto power only twice in eight years. in eight years.

In spurning a third term, Washington In spurning a third term, Washington established a tradition not broken until 1940.established a tradition not broken until 1940.

6.1: Hamilton’s Financial Plan6.1: Hamilton’s Financial Plan Secretary of the Secretary of the

Treasury Alexander Treasury Alexander Hamilton formulated Hamilton formulated an economic plan an economic plan that would help that would help consolidate national consolidate national power and advance a power and advance a mercantile and mercantile and industrial economy. industrial economy.

6.1: Hamilton’s Financial Plan6.1: Hamilton’s Financial Plan

Hamilton’s “Report on Public Hamilton’s “Report on Public Credit”Credit”

Recommended that Congress pay Recommended that Congress pay foreign debts in full.foreign debts in full.

Fund the national debt (largely war Fund the national debt (largely war bonds) at face value to actual holders bonds) at face value to actual holders (bonds had been selling at discount).(bonds had been selling at discount).

Assume state debts as a national Assume state debts as a national obligation. obligation.


Debt:Debt: HamiltonHamilton felt the increased debt, by felt the increased debt, by

securing the support of creditors, securing the support of creditors, could be a national blessing.could be a national blessing.

JeffersoniansJeffersonians objected to the profits objected to the profits speculators would make and to the speculators would make and to the nationalistic tendencies of this far-nationalistic tendencies of this far-reaching program. reaching program.


Sectional Feeling:Sectional Feeling: Was aroused since Was aroused since

Northern states had Northern states had greater debt.greater debt.

A compromise was A compromise was reachedreached– Southern support for Southern support for

“assumption” in “assumption” in exchange for locating a exchange for locating a new capital on the new capital on the banks of the Potomac banks of the Potomac River. River.

6.1: Hamilton’s Financial Plan6.1: Hamilton’s Financial Plan National Bank:National Bank: Chartering a national Chartering a national

bank was recommended bank was recommended in another report and in another report and caused debate. caused debate.

The proposed bank The proposed bank would hold government would hold government funds, circulate uniform funds, circulate uniform national currency, and national currency, and lend money of the lend money of the government.government.


Jefferson and MadisonJefferson and Madison argued that the argued that the Constitution made no provision for Constitution made no provision for establishing a bank establishing a bank (“strict (“strict construction”)construction”)

Within the cabinet debate, Within the cabinet debate, HamiltonHamilton successfully argued that the bank was successfully argued that the bank was “necessary and proper” to perform the “necessary and proper” to perform the government’s financial functions government’s financial functions (“loose (“loose construction”)construction”)

Congress approved a 20-year charter for Congress approved a 20-year charter for the the “Bank of the United States”“Bank of the United States”

6.1: Hamilton’s Financial Plan6.1: Hamilton’s Financial Plan Taxing:Taxing: Raising revenue and Raising revenue and

encouraging American encouraging American manufacturing were the manufacturing were the subjects of a third subjects of a third report. report.

The complex plan for The complex plan for support of industry was support of industry was the only the only HamiltonianHamiltonian proposal Congress proposal Congress rejected (manufacturing rejected (manufacturing interests were not yet interests were not yet strong enough) strong enough)

6.1: Hamilton’s Financial Plan6.1: Hamilton’s Financial Plan Taxing:Taxing: HamiltonHamilton managed managed

to get only modest to get only modest tariff rates (not yet tariff rates (not yet protective) protective)

Congress approved Congress approved the proposal for an the proposal for an excise tax on excise tax on whiskey. This tax whiskey. This tax would fall hardest would fall hardest on Western farmers.on Western farmers.

6.1: The Whiskey Rebellion, 6.1: The Whiskey Rebellion, 17941794

Western Pennsylvania farmers, who relied Western Pennsylvania farmers, who relied on selling their distilled grain, rose in on selling their distilled grain, rose in defiance of the excise tax. defiance of the excise tax.

A strong militia force (led by A strong militia force (led by General General Henry Lee and Alexander HamiltonHenry Lee and Alexander Hamilton) ) easily scattered the “rebels”. easily scattered the “rebels”.

The incident confirmed the power of the The incident confirmed the power of the national government to enforce laws. national government to enforce laws.

For most Westerners this provided For most Westerners this provided additional reasons to support the additional reasons to support the Jeffersonian opposition. Jeffersonian opposition.

6.1: Hamilton’s Program6.1: Hamilton’s Program Established a tradition of national Established a tradition of national

government support of commercial government support of commercial capitalism. capitalism.

Opponents protested that it favored Opponents protested that it favored a particular class (wealthy, industrial, a particular class (wealthy, industrial, mercantile) and the Northeast. mercantile) and the Northeast.

6.1 A Two-Party System6.1 A Two-Party System While Washington deplored the While Washington deplored the

“spirit of party” in his Farewell “spirit of party” in his Farewell Address opposition political factions Address opposition political factions wee creating the two-party system. wee creating the two-party system.

6.1: Political Parties6.1: Political Parties Factions were condemned by the Factions were condemned by the

Founding Fathers because they Founding Fathers because they would endanger national unity.would endanger national unity.

The Constitution makes no mention The Constitution makes no mention of political parties, which are, of political parties, which are, therefore, extra-constitutional therefore, extra-constitutional

6.1: Political Parties6.1: Political Parties Causes:Causes: Basic differences in philosophy and Basic differences in philosophy and

objectives gradually led to formulation objectives gradually led to formulation of two factions: of two factions: the Federaliststhe Federalists, led , led by by Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton and and John John AdamsAdams, and the , and the RepublicansRepublicans, led by , led by James MadisonJames Madison and and Thomas Thomas JeffersonJefferson. .

6.1: Federalists 6.1: Federalists Favored strong central governmentFavored strong central government ““Loose” interpretation of the ConstitutionLoose” interpretation of the Constitution Encouraged commerce and Encouraged commerce and

manufacturing.manufacturing. Strongest in Northeast Strongest in Northeast Favored close ties with Britain.Favored close ties with Britain. Emphasized order and stability Emphasized order and stability

6.1: Republicans6.1: Republicans Emphasized states’ rights Emphasized states’ rights ““Strict” interpretation Strict” interpretation Preference in Agriculture and rural life Preference in Agriculture and rural life Strength in South and West Strength in South and West Foreign policy sympathized with France Foreign policy sympathized with France Stressed civil liberties and trust in the Stressed civil liberties and trust in the

people people

6.1: Washington’s 6.1: Washington’s AdministrationAdministration

President Washington attempted to President Washington attempted to discourage or mediate differences discourage or mediate differences within his administration.within his administration.

However, growing disputes with However, growing disputes with Hamilton helped lead to Jefferson’s Hamilton helped lead to Jefferson’s resignation from the Cabinet (1793). resignation from the Cabinet (1793).

6.1: 17966.1: 1796 In 1796In 1796 Congressional Congressional

caucuses chose caucuses chose John John AdamsAdams (MA) and (MA) and Thomas PickneyThomas Pickney (SC) (SC) as the Federalist as the Federalist candidates.candidates.

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson (VA) and (VA) and Aaron BurrAaron Burr (NY) as Republican (NY) as Republican candidates.candidates.

Sectional balance of Sectional balance of tickets may already be tickets may already be seen. seen.

Launching the New Launching the New NationNation

6.2: Foreign Policy under 6.2: Foreign Policy under WashingtonWashington


Despite attempts to maintain Despite attempts to maintain American commerce and neutrality, American commerce and neutrality, the Washington Administration the Washington Administration became tangled in Europe’s turmoil. became tangled in Europe’s turmoil.


The French The French Revolution Revolution Presented problems Presented problems for the Washington for the Washington Administration.Administration.

American approval American approval soured after the soured after the execution of the execution of the French King and French King and Queen and after the Queen and after the Reign of Terror.Reign of Terror.


Britain and France began two decades Britain and France began two decades of almost uninterrupted war (1793-of almost uninterrupted war (1793-1815).1815).

America’s alliance with France (Treaty America’s alliance with France (Treaty of 1788) was to have been “forever”.of 1788) was to have been “forever”.

US economy relied on trade with US economy relied on trade with Britain, attempting to halt American Britain, attempting to halt American trade in the French West Indies.trade in the French West Indies.


Citizen Edmond GenêtCitizen Edmond Genêt Minister from the Minister from the

revolutionary French revolutionary French government, landed in government, landed in South Carolina, a South Carolina, a Jeffersonian stronghold.Jeffersonian stronghold.

Overestimating sympathy Overestimating sympathy for the Revolution, he for the Revolution, he directly recruited active directly recruited active American support for American support for France.France.

WashingtonWashington demanded on demanded on Genêt’sGenêt’s recall. recall.

The embarrassing affair led The embarrassing affair led to a neutrality proclamation. to a neutrality proclamation.


Neutrality Proclamation, 1793Neutrality Proclamation, 1793 Washington proclaimed neutrality in Washington proclaimed neutrality in

Europe’s conflict and asked United Europe’s conflict and asked United States citizens to be impartial.States citizens to be impartial.

In reality, United States isolation In reality, United States isolation from Europe’s quarrels proved from Europe’s quarrels proved impossible to achieve. impossible to achieve.


Northwest TerritoryNorthwest Territory American frontiersmen were attacked by Indians, American frontiersmen were attacked by Indians,

who were encouraged by the British in Canada. who were encouraged by the British in Canada. General Arthur St. Clair’sGeneral Arthur St. Clair’s American militia American militia

suffered a major defeat at the hands of the suffered a major defeat at the hands of the Indians, 1791. Indians, 1791.

After an expedition under After an expedition under General “Mad General “Mad Anthony” WayneAnthony” Wayne defeated the Indians at the defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794 the tribes were the tribes were forced be terms of the forced be terms of the Treaty of Greenville, Treaty of Greenville, 17951795 to sell off large areas North of the Ohio to sell off large areas North of the Ohio River. River.


Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty John JayJohn Jay, the Chief Justice, on special , the Chief Justice, on special

mission to Great Britain, negotiated a mission to Great Britain, negotiated a commercial treaty commercial treaty (1794)(1794). .

Britain agreed to ease trade restrictions Britain agreed to ease trade restrictions and abandon western forts. and abandon western forts.

Several topics were referred to Several topics were referred to arbitration.arbitration.

The treaty also made concessions that The treaty also made concessions that raised opposition in the US (Britain raised opposition in the US (Britain refused to stop impressments). refused to stop impressments).

After a close Senate vote of approval After a close Senate vote of approval (June 1795), Washington signed the (June 1795), Washington signed the treaty. treaty.


Pickney’s Treaty, 1795Pickney’s Treaty, 1795 Spain, fearing better Spain, fearing better

relations between Britain and relations between Britain and the United States, agreed to the United States, agreed to American terms.American terms.

Navigation rights on the Navigation rights on the Mississippi River were Mississippi River were approved. approved.

Spain gave up claim to a Spain gave up claim to a large area north of Florida. large area north of Florida.


Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796 Largely authored by Largely authored by HamiltonHamilton, and published in , and published in

newspapers, it deplored sectionalism and “partisan newspapers, it deplored sectionalism and “partisan strife”.strife”.

The outgoing president approved of commercial but The outgoing president approved of commercial but not political ties abroad. not political ties abroad.

He recommended that permanent alliances (such as He recommended that permanent alliances (such as the one with France) should be avoided and the the one with France) should be avoided and the United States should follow an independent foreign United States should follow an independent foreign policy.policy.

This advice was recalled for a century and a half by This advice was recalled for a century and a half by isolationists who tended to oversimplify or isolationists who tended to oversimplify or misinterpret Washington’s message. misinterpret Washington’s message.

6.2: The Adams 6.2: The Adams AdministrationAdministration

President John President John Adams was Adams was preoccupied with an preoccupied with an undeclared war with undeclared war with France and with a France and with a related domestic related domestic civil liberties crisis. civil liberties crisis. Adams inherited Adams inherited Washington’s policy Washington’s policy problems but not his problems but not his aura of leadership. aura of leadership.


1796 Presidential 1796 Presidential ElectionElection

Each elector cast two Each elector cast two ballots, with the second ballots, with the second highest vote-getter highest vote-getter becoming the vice becoming the vice president. president.

John AdamsJohn Adams was elected was elected president but some president but some Federalists split their votes, Federalists split their votes, and and Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson, his , his opponent, ran second and opponent, ran second and became vice president.became vice president.

President Adams President Adams immediately faced serious immediately faced serious foreign policy problems. foreign policy problems.


X, Y, Z AffairX, Y, Z Affair France, angered by Jay’s Treaty and American’s France, angered by Jay’s Treaty and American’s

apparent abandonment of the 1778 Alliance, began apparent abandonment of the 1778 Alliance, began seizing American ships.seizing American ships.

Seeking to avoid war, Adams sent three negotiators Seeking to avoid war, Adams sent three negotiators to Paris.to Paris.

Three agents (AKA: X, Y, and Z by Adams) of Three agents (AKA: X, Y, and Z by Adams) of Talleyrand the French Foreign Minister, demanded Talleyrand the French Foreign Minister, demanded bribes. bribes.

Congress and the American press were angered Congress and the American press were angered (“Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute!”) (“Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute!”)

The Department of the Navy was created and ships The Department of the Navy was created and ships were feverishly built. were feverishly built.


Threat of WarThreat of War Undeclared naval warfare with France Undeclared naval warfare with France

continued for over 2 years (1798-1800), continued for over 2 years (1798-1800), chiefly in the West Indies. chiefly in the West Indies.

Adams successfully resisted public clamor Adams successfully resisted public clamor for a declaration of war.for a declaration of war.

The Convention of 1800, negotiated with The Convention of 1800, negotiated with Napoleon’s new government, terminated Napoleon’s new government, terminated the Alliance of 1778.the Alliance of 1778.

The United States agreed to give up claims The United States agreed to give up claims for indemnity for shipping losses. for indemnity for shipping losses.


Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798 The Federalist controlled Congress The Federalist controlled Congress

passed laws that would cripple the passed laws that would cripple the “disloyal” Republicans. “disloyal” Republicans.


Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798 A Naturalization Act lengthened the A Naturalization Act lengthened the

residence requirements for aliens to residence requirements for aliens to become citizens. become citizens.

The Alien Act (never enforced) The Alien Act (never enforced) authorized detention or deportation authorized detention or deportation of “dangerous” aliens. of “dangerous” aliens.


Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798 A Sedition Act provided restrictions A Sedition Act provided restrictions

on free speech and freedom of the on free speech and freedom of the press; ten outspoken Jeffersonian press; ten outspoken Jeffersonian editors were convicted of “defaming” editors were convicted of “defaming” the government. the government.


Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798 With judicial review not yet established, With judicial review not yet established,

republicans turned to state legislatures to republicans turned to state legislatures to oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts.oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts.

Madison, for Virginia, and secretly, Vice Madison, for Virginia, and secretly, Vice President Jefferson, for Kentucky, authored President Jefferson, for Kentucky, authored resolutions affirming the compact theory resolutions affirming the compact theory of government. of government.

States could States could nullify nullify (refuse to obey) (refuse to obey) unconstitutional federal actions unconstitutional federal actions


Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798 SignificanceSignificance Though no other states joined the protest, Though no other states joined the protest,

the states’ rights theory and nullification the states’ rights theory and nullification would be later revived, especially in the would be later revived, especially in the South.South.

America had again been unwillingly drawn America had again been unwillingly drawn into Europe’s conflicts.into Europe’s conflicts.

The right to dissent was (not for the last time) The right to dissent was (not for the last time) endangered by patriotic war enthusiasm as endangered by patriotic war enthusiasm as well as by political opportunism. well as by political opportunism.

Jefferson in OfficeJefferson in Office Chapter 6 Section 3Chapter 6 Section 3

Jefferson in OfficeJefferson in Office In what some termed “the Revolution In what some termed “the Revolution

of 1800,” political power was of 1800,” political power was peacefully transferred from the peacefully transferred from the Federalists to the Jeffersonian Federalists to the Jeffersonian Republicans. Republicans.

Election of 1800Election of 1800 Federalists were Federalists were

hurt by intra-party hurt by intra-party feuds between feuds between AdamsAdams and and HamiltonHamilton. .

Election of 1800Election of 1800 Republicans Republicans

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson and and Aaron BurrAaron Burr tied in the electoral tied in the electoral votes, sending the votes, sending the election to the election to the Federalist Federalist controlled “lame controlled “lame duck” House of duck” House of Representatives.Representatives.

Election of 1800Election of 1800 After 35 ballots After 35 ballots

Jefferson was Jefferson was chosen, in part chosen, in part because of because of Hamilton’s influence Hamilton’s influence (Burr became vice-(Burr became vice-president). This president). This helped lead to a dual helped lead to a dual (1804) in which Burr (1804) in which Burr killed Hamilton. killed Hamilton.

Election of 1800Election of 1800 The electoral The electoral

deadlock led to the deadlock led to the adoption of the adoption of the 12th Amendment 12th Amendment (1804)(1804), which , which provided for provided for separate balloting separate balloting for president and for president and vice-president.vice-president.

Inaugural AddressInaugural Address In the new national capital, In the new national capital,

Washington, D.C. Jefferson stressed Washington, D.C. Jefferson stressed political reconciliation. (“We are all political reconciliation. (“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”). Republicans, we are all Federalists”).

Domestic AffairsDomestic Affairs Democratic simplicity was stressed Democratic simplicity was stressed

by the new administration which by the new administration which initially sought to follow “republican initially sought to follow “republican philosophy”.philosophy”.

The Sedition and Naturalization The Sedition and Naturalization ActsActs were allowed to lapse. were allowed to lapse.

Domestic AffairsDomestic Affairs Federal excise taxes (damaging Federal excise taxes (damaging

western farmers) were repealed.western farmers) were repealed. Secretary Of The Treasury Secretary Of The Treasury Albert Albert

GallatinGallatin sought to reduce sought to reduce government spending and balance government spending and balance the budget.the budget.

The size of both the army and navy The size of both the army and navy was reduced.was reduced.

Barbary Coast PiratesBarbary Coast Pirates Continued to exact Continued to exact

“tribute” (bribes) to “tribute” (bribes) to spare American spare American shipping off North shipping off North Africa.Africa.

The Pasha of Tripoli The Pasha of Tripoli declared war on the declared war on the United States (1801)United States (1801)

JeffersonJefferson dispatched dispatched a naval squadron to a naval squadron to attempt to force a attempt to force a settlement. This led to settlement. This led to a peace treaty (1805). a peace treaty (1805).

Judiciary Act of 1801Judiciary Act of 1801 Enabled Enabled President AdamsPresident Adams to to

appoint fifteen last minute (Midnight) appoint fifteen last minute (Midnight) Federalist judges.Federalist judges.

One Federalist district judge was One Federalist district judge was impeached and removed from office impeached and removed from office by the new Republican Congress. by the new Republican Congress.

As attempt to remove As attempt to remove Supreme Supreme Court Justice Samuel ChaseCourt Justice Samuel Chase on on partisan political grounds failed. partisan political grounds failed.

The Marshall Supreme The Marshall Supreme CourtCourt

The Supreme Court, originally The Supreme Court, originally (according to Hamilton) the weakest (according to Hamilton) the weakest and and “least dangerous” branch, under “least dangerous” branch, under Chief Justice John Marshall greatly Chief Justice John Marshall greatly increased its power and prestige and increased its power and prestige and that of the national government. that of the national government.

The Constitutional The Constitutional JudiciaryJudiciary

Article II creates “one Supreme Court” and “such Article II creates “one Supreme Court” and “such inferior (lesser) courts as Congress inferior (lesser) courts as Congress may.may... .. establish.”establish.”

Appointive life terms (dependent on good behavior) Appointive life terms (dependent on good behavior) were intended to assure political independence.were intended to assure political independence.

The Court’s decisions rely on the executive branch The Court’s decisions rely on the executive branch for enforcement.for enforcement.

Judicial review (the power to determine Judicial review (the power to determine constitutionality) is implied constitutionality) is implied (Hamilton deals with (Hamilton deals with this explicitly in Federalist #78)this explicitly in Federalist #78). .

Creating the courtsCreating the courts The Judiciary Act of 1798The Judiciary Act of 1798 established a established a

six member Supreme Court, district courts, six member Supreme Court, district courts, and circuit courts of appeal.and circuit courts of appeal.

Under Under Chief Justice John JayChief Justice John Jay, the , the Supreme Court was largely inactive.Supreme Court was largely inactive.

Chisholm v Georgia, 1793Chisholm v Georgia, 1793 – Determined that states may be sued in federal Determined that states may be sued in federal

court by citizens of other states. This was court by citizens of other states. This was overridden by the 11th Amendment, 1798. overridden by the 11th Amendment, 1798.

Ware v Hylton, 1796Ware v Hylton, 1796 – was the first time a state law was declared was the first time a state law was declared

unconstitutional.unconstitutional.

The Marshall Court 1801-The Marshall Court 1801-18351835

John MarshallJohn Marshall, a Virginia , a Virginia Federalist, was Federalist, was Adams’Adams’ “midnight appointment” as “midnight appointment” as Chief Justice in January 1801. Chief Justice in January 1801.

MarshallMarshall dominated the dominated the Supreme Court, writing Supreme Court, writing nearly half the decisions and nearly half the decisions and dissenting only 8 times, even dissenting only 8 times, even after the Federalists lost a after the Federalists lost a majority.majority.

Thus, the Court continued to Thus, the Court continued to enunciate Federalist enunciate Federalist principles through the principles through the Jeffersonian Era. Jeffersonian Era.

Marbury v Madison, 1803Marbury v Madison, 1803 The Court was The Court was

established as the established as the arbitrator of the arbitrator of the Constitution (The Constitution (The principle of Judicial principle of Judicial review).review).

New New Sect. of State Sect. of State James MadisonJames Madison refused to deliver a refused to deliver a justice of the peace justice of the peace appointment to appointment to MarburyMarbury, a Federalist , a Federalist

Marbury v Madison, 1803Marbury v Madison, 1803 MarburyMarbury requested a requested a writ of mandamuswrit of mandamus

(Court order to compel performance of (Court order to compel performance of duty). duty).

The Court decided thatThe Court decided that the the Judiciary Act Judiciary Act had unconstitutionally given federal courts had unconstitutionally given federal courts power to issue power to issue writs of mandamuswrits of mandamus. .

Other cases reviewed and approved Other cases reviewed and approved congressional legislation, but no other congressional legislation, but no other legislation was rejected by the Court for legislation was rejected by the Court for over 50 yearsover 50 years

Fletcher v Peck, 1810Fletcher v Peck, 1810 When the Georgia legislature When the Georgia legislature

attempted to void an earlier attempted to void an earlier fraudulent land grant, the Court fraudulent land grant, the Court upheld property rights by ruling that upheld property rights by ruling that the state’s action would “impair the the state’s action would “impair the obligations of contract” obligations of contract”

McCulloch v Maryland, McCulloch v Maryland, 18191819

National laws were given precedence National laws were given precedence over state laws.over state laws.

The Court ruled that:The Court ruled that:– A state tax on the Second Bank of the A state tax on the Second Bank of the

United States was unconstitutional.United States was unconstitutional.– A national bank is implied by the A national bank is implied by the

“necessary and proper” and other “necessary and proper” and other clauses of the Constitution. clauses of the Constitution.

Dartmouth College v Dartmouth College v Woodward, 1819Woodward, 1819

The Court established the sanctity of The Court established the sanctity of contracts.contracts.

New Hampshire had attempted to New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter.revising its colonial charter.

The Court ruled that the charter was The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause. protected under the contract clause.

Gibbons v Ogden, 1824Gibbons v Ogden, 1824 The Court clarified the commerce The Court clarified the commerce

clause, affirming Congressional clause, affirming Congressional power over interstate commerce by power over interstate commerce by overturning a New York State law overturning a New York State law that gave a monopoly of Hudson that gave a monopoly of Hudson River ferry service to one company. River ferry service to one company.

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase The most popular and far-reaching The most popular and far-reaching

achievement of the Jefferson achievement of the Jefferson administration was the purchase of administration was the purchase of the Louisiana territory, which opened the Louisiana territory, which opened vast new lands and stimulated vast new lands and stimulated continental expansion. continental expansion.

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase Geographical Geographical

SignificanceSignificance The Louisiana territory The Louisiana territory

defined the western defined the western border of the United border of the United States after the 1783 States after the 1783 Treaty of Paris. Treaty of Paris.

The Mississippi River The Mississippi River and New Orleans were and New Orleans were important to western important to western agriculture. The agriculture. The United States had United States had impulses toward impulses toward territorial expansion. territorial expansion.

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase HistoryHistory Ceded by France to Spain after the French and Ceded by France to Spain after the French and

Indian War (1763) Louisiana was returned to Indian War (1763) Louisiana was returned to France in 1800 as France in 1800 as Napoleon Napoleon sought to rebuild sought to rebuild the French overseas empire. However, by 1802 the French overseas empire. However, by 1802 Napoleon was running into difficulties.Napoleon was running into difficulties.

Attempts to recover Santo Domingo (Haiti) were Attempts to recover Santo Domingo (Haiti) were frustrated by black troops under frustrated by black troops under Toussaint Toussaint L’OuvertureL’Ouverture and by yellow fever. and by yellow fever.

Caribbean bases were lost, and war with England Caribbean bases were lost, and war with England was renewed. was renewed.

There was a clamor in the United States for war There was a clamor in the United States for war with France. with France.

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase Opportunity for the Opportunity for the

United StatesUnited States JeffersonJefferson sent sent MonroeMonroe to to

France to help negotiate the France to help negotiate the purchase of New Orleans.purchase of New Orleans.

NapoleonNapoleon offered to sell all offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million. of Louisiana for $15 million.

Monroe and Livingston Monroe and Livingston signed the treaty for the signed the treaty for the purchase in April 1803. purchase in April 1803.

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase ConsequencesConsequences The purchase doubled the size of the United The purchase doubled the size of the United

States at a cost of 3 cents an acre, but it States at a cost of 3 cents an acre, but it presented a Constitutional dilemma. presented a Constitutional dilemma.

There was no Constitutional provision for land There was no Constitutional provision for land purchase. Some argued that an amendment was purchase. Some argued that an amendment was required.required.

Although strict constructionist, Jefferson Although strict constructionist, Jefferson promoted the purchase as a benefit to the nation.promoted the purchase as a benefit to the nation.

The Senate approved the treaty over Federalist The Senate approved the treaty over Federalist objections. objections.

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase ExplorationsExplorations The Louisiana boundaries were The Louisiana boundaries were

poorly defined, and the territory was poorly defined, and the territory was largely unknown.largely unknown.

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase Jefferson sent an Jefferson sent an

exploratory mission exploratory mission under under Lewis and ClarkLewis and Clark (1804-06). (1804-06).

Using Indian guides, they Using Indian guides, they followed the Missouri followed the Missouri and Columbia Rivers to and Columbia Rivers to the Pacific Coast the Pacific Coast (Oregon), gathering (Oregon), gathering geographic and scientific geographic and scientific information. information.

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase Zebulon PikeZebulon Pike

explored Colorado explored Colorado and New Mexico and New Mexico (1805-07). (1805-07).

Travel stirred Travel stirred commercial commercial ambitions.ambitions.

In the l820s the In the l820s the Santa Fe Trail from Santa Fe Trail from St. Louis was St. Louis was opened. opened.

Failure of Failure of NeutralityNeutrality

Chapter 6 Section 4Chapter 6 Section 4

OverviewOverview Renewal of warfare in Europe posed Renewal of warfare in Europe posed

serious problems the Jefferson and serious problems the Jefferson and Madison administrations. Madison administrations.

Various efforts at avoiding Various efforts at avoiding involvement yet affirming neutrality involvement yet affirming neutrality rights at sea ended in failure and a rights at sea ended in failure and a second war with Britain began in second war with Britain began in 1812. 1812.

The Napoleonic WarThe Napoleonic War Fighting between Fighting between

France and Britain France and Britain was renewed in was renewed in 1803. 1803.

The United States The United States was the largest was the largest neutral trader with neutral trader with both sides. both sides.

Napoleon won a Napoleon won a series of victories in series of victories in Europe Europe

The Napoleonic WarThe Napoleonic War After its naval victory at After its naval victory at

TrafalgarTrafalgar (1805), Britain (1805), Britain controlled the seas. controlled the seas.

Orders in Council Orders in Council (1804-05) attempted to (1804-05) attempted to

impose a British blockade impose a British blockade on the continent.on the continent.

Napoleon responded with Napoleon responded with counter-blockade counter-blockade decrees decrees

The Napoleonic WarThe Napoleonic War The United States The United States

attempted to attempted to continue profitable continue profitable neutral trade by neutral trade by “breaking” “breaking” voyages (landing in voyages (landing in American ports en American ports en route from the route from the West Indies to West Indies to France)France)

ProvocationsProvocations Stirred American anger.Stirred American anger. Some American ships and cargoes were Some American ships and cargoes were

seized. seized. The British navy, searching for The British navy, searching for

deserters, impressed (seized) some deserters, impressed (seized) some American sailors.American sailors.

In 1807 a British ship fired on the In 1807 a British ship fired on the USS USS ChesapeakeChesapeake near the Virginia coast and near the Virginia coast and seized several alleged deserters. seized several alleged deserters.

American ReactionAmerican Reaction American attempts American attempts

to affirm neutral to affirm neutral rights began with rights began with an 1806 an 1806 Non-Non-Importation ActImportation Act aimed at Britain. aimed at Britain.

American ReactionAmerican Reaction An An Embargo Act Embargo Act

18071807 suspending suspending all trade actually all trade actually hurt New England’s hurt New England’s commerce and commerce and western farmers.western farmers.

The Embargo was The Embargo was repealed early in repealed early in 1809 just before 1809 just before Jefferson left officeJefferson left office

American ReactionAmerican Reaction Two other acts under Two other acts under President President

MadisonMadison attempted to “bribe” attempted to “bribe” Britain or force France to stop Britain or force France to stop interfering with US trade. interfering with US trade.

Napoleon “agreed” and non-Napoleon “agreed” and non-intercourse was again applied to intercourse was again applied to Britain. Britain.

War Hawks: War Hawks: Henry Clay, John C. CalhounHenry Clay, John C. Calhoun Many agitated Many agitated

Congress to go to war.Congress to go to war. Westerners blamed the Westerners blamed the

British for promoting British for promoting new attacks by Indians new attacks by Indians on the frontier.on the frontier.

Extremists clamored Extremists clamored for conquest (“On to for conquest (“On to Canada”) Canada”)

No territorial gains No territorial gains would be likely from a would be likely from a war with France. war with France.

Madison’s War MessageMadison’s War Message June 1, 1812 Stressed June 1, 1812 Stressed

Britain’s interference with Britain’s interference with neutral shipping, neutral shipping, impressments of sailors, impressments of sailors, and provocation of Indian and provocation of Indian attacks. attacks.

National pride and National pride and expansionism were not expansionism were not mentioned. mentioned.

Congressional DivisionCongressional Division The vote for war was fairly close (79-49 in the The vote for war was fairly close (79-49 in the

House) and reflected sectional and political House) and reflected sectional and political divisions.divisions.

Commercial states of the north, which relied Commercial states of the north, which relied on trade with Britain, opposed the war (except on trade with Britain, opposed the war (except Pennsylvania, where Jeffersonian political Pennsylvania, where Jeffersonian political loyalty prevailed). loyalty prevailed).

Southern and western representatives Southern and western representatives (reflecting both expansionism and party (reflecting both expansionism and party loyalty) generally voted in favor of the war (40 loyalty) generally voted in favor of the war (40 —9), even though the Embargo had hurt many —9), even though the Embargo had hurt many western farmers. western farmers.

War of 1812War of 1812 The nation was poorly prepared for The nation was poorly prepared for

war in 1812. The few American war in 1812. The few American successes on the water did not successes on the water did not compensate for failures to compensate for failures to successfully invade Canada, and the successfully invade Canada, and the war ended in stalemate. war ended in stalemate.

War of 1812War of 1812 Attempts to Invade Canada:Attempts to Invade Canada: Americans raided and burned the Americans raided and burned the

Canadian capital at York (Toronto), Canadian capital at York (Toronto), April 1813.April 1813.

On the Niagara border the United On the Niagara border the United States was hampered by poor States was hampered by poor leadership and the refusal of some leadership and the refusal of some militia to leave their states. militia to leave their states.

War of 1812War of 1812 Naval War:Naval War: Victory in single-ship engagements Victory in single-ship engagements

heartened the Americans, but the heartened the Americans, but the Royal Navy controlled the Atlantic. Royal Navy controlled the Atlantic. Only privateers could elude their Only privateers could elude their blockade. blockade.

War of 1812War of 1812 Great Lakes:Great Lakes: Control of the Control of the

Great Lakes was Great Lakes was crucial. After crucial. After furious shipbuilding furious shipbuilding by both sides, by both sides, Oliver Hazard Oliver Hazard Perry Perry won a naval won a naval battle on Lake Erie.battle on Lake Erie.

War of 1812War of 1812 The British and The British and

their Indian allies their Indian allies were defeated by were defeated by William Henry William Henry HarrisonHarrison at the at the Battle of the Battle of the Thames. Thames. TecumsehTecumseh was was killed. killed.

War of 1812War of 1812 Britain saw renewed war with America Britain saw renewed war with America

as a frustrating minor conflict compared as a frustrating minor conflict compared to its struggle with Napoleon. to its struggle with Napoleon.

Napoleon’s defeat and exile enabled Napoleon’s defeat and exile enabled Britain to send reinforcements to Britain to send reinforcements to Canada and take the offensive (1814). Canada and take the offensive (1814).

A naval victory by the Americans on A naval victory by the Americans on Lake Champlain caused an invading Lake Champlain caused an invading British force to return to Canada. British force to return to Canada.

War of 1812War of 1812 British troops, British troops,

landed below landed below Washington, Washington, burned the capital burned the capital in reprisal for the in reprisal for the burning of York.burning of York.

War of 1812War of 1812 Andrew Jackson Defeated the Creek Andrew Jackson Defeated the Creek

Indians at Horseshoe Bend. Indians at Horseshoe Bend. Jackson took Pensacola in West Florida.Jackson took Pensacola in West Florida. British troops sent from the West Indies British troops sent from the West Indies

were defeated when they attacked were defeated when they attacked Jackson’s forces (including free blacks) at Jackson’s forces (including free blacks) at New Orleans (January 8, 1815). New Orleans (January 8, 1815).

Although occurring after the peace Although occurring after the peace agreement had been signed, the battle of agreement had been signed, the battle of New Orleans gave Americans a sense of New Orleans gave Americans a sense of victory and speeded ratification of the victory and speeded ratification of the treaty. treaty.

War of 1812War of 1812 The Peace Treaty:The Peace Treaty: Was signed at Was signed at Ghent, BelgiumGhent, Belgium, ,

December 24, 1814. December 24, 1814. Both sides, weary of fighting, ignored Both sides, weary of fighting, ignored

the causes of the war and restored the causes of the war and restored the status quo (no mention of the status quo (no mention of maritime rights). maritime rights).

launching the new nation 6.1: establishing the new government

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