launching vehicles & satellites.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
SEMINAR REPORTON
LAUNCHING VEHICLES & SATELLITES
BY
RAGHU.R(1ME04ME012)
CONTENTS
PART-1: INTRODUCTION TO LAUNCHING VEHICLES.
PART-2: PRINCIPLE OF LAUNCHING VEHICLES.
PART-3: IMPLEMENTATION OF
LAUNCHING VEHICLES. PART-4: SATELLITES.
PART-1
INTRODUCTION
• Every day satellites are being launched , repaired or retrieved in space.
• Satellites are very important to the world & it finds its applications in all fields.
• These satellites are launched by using launching vehicles.
What is launching vehicle?
Launching vehicle is a system that is used to launch a satellite into a stable orbit unless two parameters that are
uniquely coupled together the velocity vector and the orbital height are
simultaneously correct.
PART-2
Launching vehicle principle
It works on the principle of Newton’s third law of motion
ie., every action has equal and opposite reaction.
Types of launching vehicles
Classified based on propellants used:
1.Solid rockets
2.Liquid rockets
3.Hybrid rockets
It can further be classified based on life span as
1. ELV
2. RLV
3. SSTO & RLV capability
Associated physics
• Thrust(Strength of the rocket measured in newtons)
• Projectile & escape velocity
• Impulse & momentum
PART-3
Launch vehicles recently used by ISRO
1. SLV
2. ASLV
3. PSLV
4. GSLV
Gross Mass(Kg)
SLV3-1 10,800
SLV3-2 4,900
SLV3-3 1,500
SLV3-4 360
Fuel Mass(Kg)
8.660
3.150
1,060
260
Empty Mass(Kg)
2,140
1,750
440
98
(Stage Fuel- Mass-Ratio)
Motor Fuel-Mass-Ratio
(0.802) 0.851
(0.643) 0.843
(0.707) 0.875
(0.728)0.847
Length(m)
10.0
6.4
2.3
1.5
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF SLV’s LAUNCHED
ASLV (Augmented satellite launch vehicle)
• Development in the traditional SLV
• Due to incorporation of boosters
• It consisted of more than one stage.
GSLV
• It is employed to place satellite in the geostationary orbit
• First launch April 18th 2001
• Telecommunication, environmental monitoring, navigation, remote sensing etc
A typical booster that was used on the GSLV
First stage
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
PSLV
• Employed to place a satellite in polar orbit
• Satellites are particularly useful for remote sensing, earth atmospheric conditions
Stage1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Nomenclature
Core PSI + Strap-
on PSOM 6Nos.
PS2
PS3
PS4
Propellant
Propellant Mass
(tonnes)
Solid HTPB Based
138.0+6X9.0
Liquid UDMH+
N204
40.6
Solid HTPB Based
7.2
Bi-Prop MMH+ N204
2.0
Stage Mass
(tonnes)
229
46
8.4
2.89
Max Thrust (kN)
4628+662x6
725
340
7.4x2
Burn time (sec)
107.4 45
163
76
415
Stage Dia(m)
2.8 1.0
2.8
2.0
1.3
Stage Length(m)
20 10
12.5
3.6
2.1
PART-4
SATELLITES
What is a satellite?
•Path a satellite follows is known as orbit•Apogee(farthest point from earth)•Perigee(nearest point to earth)
A satellite is basically any object that revolves around the planet in a circular orbit or elliptical path purposely to perform a specific mission,
Important terms associated with satellites
Basic parts of a satellite
• BUS• BATTERIES• ONBOARD COMPUTER• RADIO SYSTEM AND ANTENNA• ATTITUDE CONTROL SYSTEM
How is a satellite launched into the orbit?
All satellites get into orbit by riding on a rocket or in a space shuttle.
For most launches rocket is aimed straight up at first.During first few
minutes of the flight rocket generates very large thrust so as to
overcome the gravitational force.after it launches straight up
inertial guidance system comes into picture.
Applications of satellites
Its applications is found in all the fields
•Weather satellites tiros,cosmos,goes.
•Communications satellites Insat launched by India•Broadcast satellites•Scientific satellites Hubble telescope•Navigation satellites GPS NAVSTAR•Rescue satellites •Earth observation satellites landsat satellites•Military satellites
•
How Much Do Satellites Cost?
Satellite launches don't always go well, as shown by this story on failed launches in 1999. There is a great deal at stake. For example, this hurricane-watch satellite mission cost $290 million. This missile-warning satellite cost $682 million. Another important factor with satellites is the cost of the launch. According to this report, a satellite launch can cost anywhere between $50 million and $400 million. A shuttle mission pushes toward half a billion dollars (a shuttle mission could easily carry several satellites into orbit). You can see that building a satellite, getting it into orbit and then maintaining it from the ground control facility is a major financial endeavor! Major U.S. satellite firms include:
•Hughes •Ball Aerospace &Technologies Corp. •Boeing •Lockheed Martin
What are the different types of satellite orbits?
•Geosynchronous orbit•Asynchronous orbit•Polar orbit
Pioneers satellites(1957)
NASA's Syncom programme (1963) :
Early Bird (1965) Later communications satellites intelsat3
History of satellite development
The Soviet Sputnik satellite was the first to orbit Earth, launched on October 4, 1957.
Sputnik is a good example of just how simple a satellite can be. As we will see later, today's satellites are generally far more complicated, but the basic idea is a straightforward one.
After 92 days, gravity took over and Sputnik burned in Earth's atmosphere. Thirty days after the Sputnik launch, the dog Laika orbited in a half-ton Sputnik satellite with an air supply for the dog. It burned in the atmosphere in April 1958.
ISRO's latest satellite, INSAT-4B, was successfully launched on (March 12, 2007) by the European Ariane-5 ECA launch vehicle of Arianespace. The 3,025 kg INSAT-4B is the second satellite in the INSAT-4 series. An identical satellite, INSAT-4A, was launched by Ariane-5 on December 22, 2005. INSAT-4B will further augment the INSAT capacity for Direct-To-Home (DTH) television services and other communication and TV services.
Established in 1983, the Indian National Satellite (INSAT) is the largest domestic communication satellite systems in the Asia Pacific Region with nine satellites in operation. It provides services in telecommunication, television broadcasting, meteorology including disaster warning, tele-education and telemedicine. The system has 175 transponders at present for communication services besides meteorological instruments (Very High Resolution Radiometer and Charged Coupled Device (CCD) cameras) for providing meteorological data. .
Indian space satellites
Indian space satellites
Aryabhata, the first Indian space satellite, was launched for India on April 19, 1975 Later, Bhaskara-I, an Earth Indian observation satellite, launched for India on June 7. 1979
India launched its own satellite for the first time on July 18, 1980. It was the Rohini-1 satellite carried aloft on a Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) rocket from the Sriharikota Island launch site.Since then, India has invested a great deal of its space development work in complex applications satellites. The nation's two main interests are satellites for remote sensing and communications — used for weather pictures, disaster warnings and feeds to 552 television
Rohini
Aryabhata
ISRO image of India's Technology Experiment Satellite
India's Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) was launched on October 22, 2001, aboard a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C3) from Sriharikota to a 350-mL-high orbit.
The 2,440-lb. satellite tested new payload technologies, ranging fromcommunications to remote sensing. It carried a panchromatic camera for Earth-imaging.
Each of these 3,000- to 4,000-pound solar-powered satellites circles the globe at about 12,000 miles (19,300 km), making two complete rotations every day. The orbits are arranged so that at any time, anywhere on Earth, there are at least four satellites "visible" in the sky.
NAVSTAR GPS SATELLITE
The "Eskimo" Nebula (NGC2392)
Hubble space telescope
In 1975, the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA began developing the space telescope. In 1977, Congress approved funds for the space telescope, and NASA named Lockheed Martin Aerospace Company as the prime contractor to oversee its construction. In 1983, the space telescope was named after American astronomer Edwin Hubble, whose observations of variable stars in distant galaxies confirmed that the universe was expanding and gave support to the "Big Bang" theory.
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