lca of animal production: from temperate to tropical...
TRANSCRIPT
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 1
LCA of animal production: from temperate to tropical systems
Michael Corson and Joël Aubin
INRA, UMR Soil Agro- and hydro-SystemRennes, France
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 2
Case Studies
• Life Cycle Assessment of dairy farms (EDEN)• Chicken production systems (AviTer)• Fish aquaculture systems (EVAD)
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 3
LCA tool: EDEN
Evaluation de la Durabilité des ExploitatioNs
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 4
Objectives• Estimate the potential environmental impacts of milk
production• Identify the key processes or stages that contribute to
potential impacts (“hotspots”)• Divide total impacts into direct (on-farm) and indirect
(pre-farm) components
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 5
Input Data
•farm structure•livestock•herd management•buildings and wastes•crops and fertiliser management
•mineral fertilisers
•concentrated feed•forages and other plants•pesticides•energy consumed•plastics consumed•machinery
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 6
Structure of EDEN
Practices
InputsCalculations Resources Used
and Emissions
Characterization factors
x Potential Impacts
Characterization method: CML 2001 baseline
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 7
Functional Units
• 1000 kg fat-and-protein-corrected milk (FPCM)• global hectares: on-farm and estimated off-farm
surface area occupied
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 8
Dairy farms of the ETRE and BIO networks
Organic farm
Conventional farm
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 9
Impacts per 1000 kg of milk and per ha of land occupied
Per 1000 kg of milk sold Per ha Impact Organic Conv. Organic Conv.
Eutrophication kg PO4 eq. 5.0 7.1 20.7 39.8
Acidification kg SO2 eq. 6.8 7.6 31.0 48.1
Climate change
kg CO2 eq. 1082 1037 4887 6271
Terrestrial toxicity
kg 1.4-DCB eq.
0.75 1.83 3.50 11.18
Energy use GJ 2.6 2.8 12.1 18.9
Land occupation
m2.year 2085 1374
Yellow = significant (P<0.05) difference
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 10
Energy use and GHG emissions/1000 kg of milk versuskg milk sold per ha
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
2500 3500 4500 5500 6500 7500 8500 9500 10500kg FPCM sold per ha of on- and off-farm land occupied
Pot
. im
pact
s pe
r 100
0 kg
FP
CM
sol
d (M
J or
kg
CO
2-eq
.)
Energy Use - conventionalEnergy Use - organicClimate change - conventionalClimate change - organic
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 11
Eutrophication per 1000 kg of milk versus kg milk sold per ha
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2500 3500 4500 5500 6500 7500 8500 9500 10500kg FPCM sold per ha of on- and off-farm land occupied
Pot
. im
pact
per
100
0 kg
FP
CM
sol
d (k
g P
O4-
eq.)
Eutrophication - conventional
Eutrophication - organic
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 12
Conclusion
• Strong variability in potential environmental impacts exists among farms, even within the same production mode (conventional vs. organic)
• The effect of production mode on impacts is strong for a functional unit of 1 ha, but weak for the functional unit of 1000 kg of milk sold
• With modification, this tool could be applied to tropical dairy production systems
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 13
AviTer
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 14
Suinos e Aves
AviTer
• AviTer = Filières Avicoles en France et au Brésil : Impacts sur le Développement Durable des Bassins de Production et des Territoires
• Economic, social, and environmental analysis of production regions in France and Brazil
• Brazilian partners:
UNB
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 15
• Most environmental impacts come from feed production (maize and soybeans)
• Much variability exists in maize and soybean production in Brazil
• Thus, one single type of “Brazilian” maize and soybean does not exist
Introduction
Objective: show the influence of different scenarios of Brazilian grain production on meat chicken production
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 16
The most representative regions for maize, soybean, and chicken production:
Methods
Center-West (CW)
South (SO)
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 17
System LimitsMain flows of the chicken production system
* Adapted from Spies (2003)
Limit at the port
Grain production (maize and soybean)
Mineral and medical
supplements
Transport
Poultry equipment industry
Farmer,Technicians,
Industry
Feed production
Chicken processing
Product(whole, cuts,
processed meat
Organic wasteAnimal feed
Domestic consumption
Export market
Manure storage
Energy
Soil and water emissions
ProductLive chickens
Packaging industry
Water
Chicken rearing
Limit at the slaughterhouse gate
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 18
Methods• Grain production: We examined different levels of use
of inorganic and organic (slurry) fertilizers, pesticides, machines, input transport distances, crop yields, and deforestation.
• Other variables: transport distances (grains, feed, chicken, litter), electricity consumption, emissions in buildings and from manure storage, feed conversion ratio, chicken density, and final liveweight.
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 19
Feed Prod. Grain Prod.
Slaughterhouse
< 42 km26 t/truck
60 km
7170 birds/truck
120 km
....
Port
Farm
< 100 km
Hatchery
1650 km
Feed Prod. Grain Prod.
Slaughterhouse
42 km13 t/truck
95 km
3130 birds/truck
850 km
....
Port
Farm
100 km
Hatchery
544 km
Santa Catarina, southern Brazil - SC Goiás, Center-West of Brazil - CW
Distances involved in each scenario
Methods
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 20
Feed production scenarios (maize and soybean) for each region:
Tillage - no-till (80%)- plowing (20%)
Fertilizer - organic (pig slurry) + added N (0.4 - 4.8%)- inorganic (95.2 – 99.6%)
19.377.118.875.2Inorganic
0.72.91.24.8Pig slurrySouth
20802079.6Inorganic
0000.4Pig slurryCenterWest
PlowingNo-tillPlowingNo-till
SoybeanMaize
FertilizerRegion
Scenario composition (%)
Methods
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 21
Functional Unit:maize and soybean: 1 tonne of grain delivered to regional storage
facilityfeed: 1 tonne produced at the factorychicken: 1 tonne of live chickens delivered to the slaughterhouse
Characterization method: CML 2001 baseline
Impact categories: climate changecumulative energy demandeutrophicationterrestrial ecotoxicity
Methods
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 22
Deforestation (CW)Fertilization level (↑ CW)Crop yields (↑ CW)Transportation (↑ CW)Emissions: phosphate (soil loss) (↑ CW)
nitrate loss (↑ SO)heavy metals: inorganic fertilizer (↑ CW)
and slurry (↑ SO)
Results and discussion
Impact variability of soybean in Brazil:
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 23
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Chim, sans labour,CW
Chim, sans labour,SO
Org, labour, SO
kg C
O2 e
q
TransportDeforestationPesticidesDieselMachinesEngraisProduction soja
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Chim, sans labour,CW
Chim, sans labour,SO
Org, labour, SO
MJ
TransportDeforestationPesticidesDieselMachinesEngraisProduction soja
Impact of producing 1 tonne of soybeans
Climate change Cumulative energy demand
Results and discussion
FertilizerSoybean production
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 24
Deforestation (maize after soybean in CW)Crop yields (↑ SO)Transportation (↑ CW)Emissions : phosphate (soil loss) (↑ CW)
heavy metals: slurry (↑ SO)
Impact variability of maize production in Brazil:
Results and discussion
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 25
Impacts of producing 1 tonne of maize
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Chim, sans labour,CW
Chim, sans labour,SO
Org, sans labour, SO
kg C
O2 e
q
TransportDeforestationPesticidesDieselMachinesEngraisProduction soja
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Chim, sans labour,CW
Chim, sans labour,SO
Org, sans labour, SO
MJ
TransportDeforestationPesticidesDieselMachinesEngraisProduction maïs
Climate change Cumulative energy demand
Results and discussion
FertilizerMaize production
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 26
Climate change
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
SO moyenne CW moyenne
kg C
O2 e
q
TransportÉlectricitéAutres ingredientsHuile de sojaMaïsTorteau soja
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
SO moyenne CW moyenne
MJ
TransportÉlectricitéAutres ingredientsHuile de sojaMaïsTourteau soja
Cumulative energy demand
Impacts of producing 1 tonne of feed
Results and discussion
TransportationElectricityOther ingredientsSoybean oilMaizeSoybean meal
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 27
Eutrophication Terrestrial ecotoxicity
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
SO moyenne CW moyenne
kg P
O4 e
q
TransportÉlectricitéAutres ingredientsHuile de sojaMaïsTorteau soja
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
SO moyenne CW moyenne
kg 1
,4-D
B e
q
TransportÉlectricitéAutres ingredientsHuile de sojaMaïsTourteau soja
Impacts of producing 1 tonne of feed
Results and discussion
TransportationElectricityOther ingredientsSoybean oilMaizeSoybean meal
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 28
Climate change Cumulative energy demand
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Centre Ouest Sud
kg C
O2 e
q.
Engrais évitéTransportÉlectricitéCopeauxGasAlimentÉmission élevage
-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
Centre Ouest Sud
MJ
Engrais évitéTransportÉlectricitéCopeauxGazAlimentÉmission élevage
Impacts of producing 1 tonne of chickens
Results and discussion
Avoided fertilizerTransportationElectricityLitterNatural gasFeedFarm emissions
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 29
The largest contribution to environmental impacts of chicken production in Brazil is the production and transport of maize and soybeans.
Deforestation, transportation (diesel consumption), and fertilizer and machine use are key factors that influence the environmental impacts of feed production.
Conclusion
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 30
Improvement paths for chicken in Brazil: End deforestation for grain production Improve transportation logistics for grain, feeds, and
chicken Optimize fertilization and machine use to decrease
emissions of greenhouse gases Follow soil conservation practices to decrease erosion Improve production techniques to increase grain yields Adopt integrated pest management to minimize the use
of pesticides
Conclusion
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 31
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 32
System definition
Rawmaterial extraction
Rawmaterial extraction
InfrastructurebuildingInfrastructurebuilding
Equipment manufacturingEquipment manufacturingEquipment manufacturing
Feeds processingFeeds processingFeeds processing
FishProduction
Wastemanagement
FishProduction
WastemanagementWastemanagement
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 33
Potential Impact CategoriesImpact Categories Unit Resources and Emissions
Energy use MJ Coal, oil, gas, uranium, lignite
N. Prim. Production use kg C Biotic resources
Climate Change kg CO2-eq CO2, N2O, CH4
Acidification kg SO2-eq NH3, NO2, NOx, SO2
Eutrophication Water dependence Surface use
kg PO4-eq
m3
m2
NH3, NO3, NO2, NOx, PO4, COD, ThOD River, sea, spring, ground water Land
Characterization method: CML 2001 baseline
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 34
Rainbow trout flow-through system in Brittany
•Carnivorous fish•Artificial feeds 40% protein•FCR: around 1.0•Growth: 8-24 months (depending on final fish size)
•Yield: 50-400 tonnes per fish farm/year
•No water recirculation•Often use of liquid oxygen•Water outlet filtering
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 35
Sea bass and sea bream cages in the Mediterranean Sea
•Carnivorous fish•Sea cages•45-50% of protein in feeds with high level of marine sources
•FCR: around 2.0•Growth: 18-30 months•Yield: 200-600 tonnes per farm•Direct release of wastes into the sea
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 36
Polyculture of shrimp, crabs, tilapia and milkfish in brackish ponds in the Philippines
Polyculture system of five speciesPolyculture system of five species•• Black tiger prawn (Black tiger prawn (PanaeusPanaeus monodonmonodon))•• King mud crab (King mud crab (Scylla Scylla serrataserrata))•• Orange mud crab (Orange mud crab (Scylla Scylla olivacaeolivacae))•• Milkfish (Milkfish (ChanosChanos chanoschanos))•• Tilapia (Tilapia (OreochromisOreochromis niloticusniloticus))
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 37
System characteristics
30 to 40 per kg30 to 40 per kg56356339390.640.64TilapiaTilapia40 to 60 per kg40 to 60 per kg26926932320.700.70MilkfishMilkfish
70 to 300 per pcs70 to 300 per pcs19119150500.510.51MudMud crabcrab375 to 700 per kg375 to 700 per kg21821895955.615.61Black Black tigertiger prawnprawn
Price Price (peso)(peso)
Production Production (kg/ha/(kg/ha/yryr))
MortalityMortality rate rate (%)(%)
StockingStocking ddensityensity(per m(per m22))
SpeciesSpecies
30 to 40 per kg30 to 40 per kg56356339390.640.64TilapiaTilapia40 to 60 per kg40 to 60 per kg26926932320.700.70MilkfishMilkfish
70 to 300 per pcs70 to 300 per pcs19119150500.510.51MudMud crabcrab375 to 700 per kg375 to 700 per kg21821895955.615.61Black Black tigertiger prawnprawn
Price Price (peso)(peso)
Production Production (kg/ha/(kg/ha/yryr))
MortalityMortality rate rate (%)(%)
StockingStocking ddensityensity(per m(per m22))
SpeciesSpecies
Note: The pond size varies from less than 1 to more than 10 hectNote: The pond size varies from less than 1 to more than 10 hectaresares
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 38
Polyculture of tilapia and clarias in ponds in Cameroon
•Association of tilapia (O. niloticus) and Clarias (C. gariepinus)
•Pond size around 200 m2
•Ponds fed with pig or chicken manure and vegetable wastes
•Ponds integrated in family agriculture system•Yield: around 5 tonnes/ha/year
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 39
Production of Pangasius in ponds on Sumatra, Indonesia
•Pond size 600 m2
•Density of 15-20 fingerlings/m2
•Locally-made feed (dried fish 45% and rice bran 40%)
•FCR: varies from 1.4-2.0•Harvesting partially depends on market demand (harvested size is 4-5 fish/kg)
•Yield: around 1-1.5 tons/pond
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 40
Production of carp and tilapia in net cages in Cirata lake, Java, Indonesia
FLOATING
FLOATING DOUBLE-NET CAGE
EXTERNAL NET
INNER NET
WEIGHTANCHOR ANCHOR
FLOATING
RAFT
•Double-net cages•Density is 35 fingerling carp/m3
•Feeds (around 25% protein) composed of 20% fish meal
•FCR: around 1.7•Yield: 9-18 kg/m3/yr
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 41
Eutrophisation (kg eq-PO4)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Truite
Bret.
Cag
es M
éd.
Polyc.
Camero
un
Cages
Cira
ta
Panga
.Tang
kit Poly
c. Phil
ippine
s
Commercialisation
Energie
infrastructures/équipement
produits chimiques/amendementsminéraux
Amendements animaux
Aliment
Alevins/œufs
Elevage
EutrophicationFor 1 tonne of fish
Eutrophication (kg eq. PO4)Marketing
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 42
Changement Climatique (kg eq- CO2)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Truite
Bret.
Cag
es M
éd.
Polyc.
Camero
un
Cages
Cira
ta
Panga
.Tang
kit Poly
c. Phil
ippine
s
Commercialisation
Energie
infrastructures/équipement
produits chimiques/amendementsminéraux
Amendements animaux
Aliment
Alevins/œufs
Elevage
Climate ChangeFor 1 tonne of fish
Saling
On farm Energy
Infrastructures / equipment
Chemicals
Animal manure
Feed production
Eggs / Fingerlings
Rearing stage
Climate change (kg eq. CO2)Marketing
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 43
Acidification (kg eq- SO2)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Truite
Bret.
Cag
es M
éd.
Polyc.
Camero
un
Cages
Cira
ta
Panga
.Tang
kit Poly
c. Phil
ippine
s
Commercialisation
Energie
infrastructures/équipement
produits chimiques/amendementsminéraux
Amendements animaux
Aliment
Alevins/œufs
Elevage
AcidificationFor 1 tonne of fish
Acidification (kg eq. SO2) Marketing
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 44
Utilisation Energie (MJ)
0100002000030000400005000060000700008000090000
Truite
Bret.
Cag
es M
éd.
Polyc.
Camero
un
Cages
Cira
ta
Panga
.Tang
kit Poly
c. Phil
ippine
s
Commercialisation
Energie
infrastructures/équipement
produits chimiques/amendementsminéraux
Amendements animaux
Aliment
Alevins/œufs
Elevage
Energy UseFor 1 tonne of fish
Energy use (MJ)Marketing
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 45
Utilisation de Production Primaire Nette (kg C)
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
Truite
Bret.
Cag
es M
éd.
Polyc.
Camero
un
Cages
Cira
ta
Panga
.Tang
kit Poly
c. Phil
ippine
s
Commercialisation
Energie
infrastructures/équipement
produits chimiques/amendementsminéraux
Amendements animaux
Aliment
Alevins/œufs
Elevage
Net Primary Production UseFor 1 tonne of fish
NPP use (kg C)
Marketing
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 46
Utilisation de surface (m2)
02000400060008000
100001200014000160001800020000
Truite
Bret.
Cag
es M
éd.
Polyc.
Camero
un
Cages
Cira
ta
Panga
.Tang
kit Poly
c. Phil
ippine
s
Commercialisation
Energie
infrastructures/équipement
produits chimiques/amendementsminéraux
Amendements animaux
Aliment
Alevins/œufs
Elevage
Land OccupationFor 1 tonne of fish
Land occupation (m2) Marketing
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 47
Comparative LCA Profiles
Each impact expressedrelatively to the higherlevel
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 48
Conclusion• What are the hot spots in aquaculture systems from a
LCA point of view?– Intensification level and efficiency of input use– Feed components and feeding management– Energy consumption and energy carriers– Freshwater dependence
• Improvement paths– Trophic chain optimization– Marine input substitution– Recycling– Integrated systems (e.g., co-production)– Health management– Energy management
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 49
General Comments
• Animal and crop production systems more varied in tropical than in temperate regions
• Because fewer data exist for tropical production systems, data collection will require surveys
• Because most impacts of animal production are due to feed production, more data about tropical crop production are necessary
• Emission, fate, and characterization factors from temperate climates should be used with caution in tropical climates
• Additional site-specific experiments and models would improve prediction of these factors
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 50http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images_topic.php3?topic=life&img_id=17289
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 51
2 March 2010 LCA of Tropical Production Systems: Case Studies 52
LCA Approach
Farm
System definition
Emissions Resources
Inventory analysis Impact evaluation
EutrophicationClimate changeAcidificationTerrestrial toxicityEnergy useWater useLand occupation
Slaughterhouse
Interpretation
Expressed per Functional Unit (e.g., kg of meat)