lca of imported agricultural products – impacts due to deforestation and burning of residues...
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LCA of imported agricultural products – impacts due to
deforestation and burning of residues
International Life Cycle Assessment and Management 2007
Portland, Oregon - October 2 to 4
Dr. Niels JungbluthESU-services Ltd., Uster, Switzerland
USE USE
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Topics
• Goal and scope of the project “Life cycle
inventories of bioenergy”
• Methodology allocation
• Specific regional problems
– Soy beans
– Plant oils
– Sugar cane
• Conclusions
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Problem setting for the project“LCI bioenergy”
• Diverging results for bioenergy in separate studies
• ecoinvent data v1.3 cover only a small part of
bioenergy chains. No common database
• Aims to fully cover the of most important bioenergy
chains
• Support for energy policy (fuel tax reductions)
• Examination for GHG reduction potential
• Investigation of several environmental aspects of
“biofuels” supply chains
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Resources, conversion techniques and “bioenergy” products investigated
biomass ressources (crops, wood, residues)
biogas
transport devices
wood pellets
heating
combined heat and power plant
electricity
methanolBTL-fuelshydrogen
synthetic gasethanol
filling station
plant oils
fatty acid methyl ester
wood chips
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Goal and Scope
• Time frame 2005 or new future technologies
• Investigation from well to Swiss wheel
• Products from multi-output processes are investigated with allocation factors that can be varied by the data user
• All direct co-products are included in the analysis
• Consistent investigation of energy, food and material products from biomass
• Clear differentiation of fossil and organic carbon
• Publication with ecoinvent data v2.0 late 2007 (www.ecoinvent.org)
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Allocation
• Multi-output processes are stored in the database – BEFORE allocation
• Input- and output-specific allocation factors, i.e.individual allocation factor allowed per pollutant and input
• Allocation executed after import of dataset into database-> calculation of allocated unit processes-> matrix becomes invertible
• NO system expansion,NO credits
• Cut-off applied for outputs without economic value and wastes for recycling
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Allocation: Example Biogas
use, digested matter(0.71 kg)
disposal, organic waste(1 kg)
biogas(0.1 Nm3)
biogas plant
organic waste, to biogas plant(1 kg)
cleaning, filling station
agriculture
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Increase of agricultural area
This area was cleared by soybean farmers in Novo Progreso.Brazilian Government figures show that the rate of clearing has
increased.
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Annual forest loss in Brazilian Amazon
http://rainforests.mongabay.com/amazon/deforestation_calculations.htmlhttp://sitemaker.umich.edu/section2group3/results_and_discussion
nearly 20‘000km2
= 600m2 per second
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Clear cutting of primary forests
• Agricultural area is increased by clear cutting
• Land transformation leads to CO2 emissions
• Burning of residues with further emissions
• Loss of biodiversity
• CO2 from land transformation accounts for
about 90% of Brazil CO2 emissions
• Particles from residue burning are an important problem in South-East Asia
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Principle of investigation
• What is the increase in agricultural area for the production in the reference year?
• What is emitted per m2 of clear cut land?
• Allocation of emissions between wood and stubbed land
• Stubbed land is the main driver
• New elementary flow „CO2, land
transformation“ as used by IPCC for different possibilities of analysis
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Inventory Clear Cutting
Name
Lo
catio
n
Infr
ast
ruct
ure
Pro
cess
Un
it clear-cutting, primary forest
round wood, primary forest, clear-cutting, at forest road
provision, stubbed
land
Location BR BR BRInfrastructureProcess 0 0 0
Unit ha m3 m2round wood, primary forest, clear-cutting, at forest road
BR 0 m3 5.21E+1 100 -
provision, stubbed land BR 0 m2 1.00E+4 - 100 Wood, primary forest, standing - - m3 1.82E+2 29 71 Transformation, from tropical rain forest - - m2 1.00E+4 - 100 Transformation, to forest, intensive, clear-cutting
- - m2 1.00E+4 - 100
power sawing, without catalytic converter RER 0 h 1.24E+1 100 -
Carbon dioxide, land transformation - - kg 1.20E+5 - 100 Carbon monoxide, fossil - - kg 7.84E+3 - 100 Methane, fossil - - kg 5.14E+2 - 100
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Inventory agricultural product
Name
Loca
tion Uni
t soybeans, at farm
Location BRInfrastructureProcess 0
Unit kgOccupation, arable, non-irrigated m2a 1.97E+0Transformation, to arable, non-irrigated m2 3.93E+0Transformation, from forest, intensive, clear-cutting m2 6.22E-2Transformation, from arable, non-irrigated m2 3.77E+0Transformation, from shrub land, sclerophyllous m2 1.03E-1provision, stubbed land BR m2 6.22E-2
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Soybean greenhouse gasses
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
soybeans BR soybeans US Soy beans, integratedproduction, CH
Soy beans organic, CH
fossil, non-CO2 CH4, biogenic CO2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
soybeans BR soybeans US Soy beans, integratedproduction, CH
Soy beans organic, CH
fossil, non-CO2 CH4, biogenic CO2 CO2, land trans
kg CO2-eq per kg at field
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Soybean (ecological scarcity 2006)
-1'000
-
1'000
2'000
3'000
4'000
5'000
6'000
7'000
8'000
9'000
soybeans BR soybeans US Soy beans,integrated
production, CH
Soy beans organic,CH
eco
log
ical
sca
rcit
y 20
06 p
oin
ts p
er k
g
Metolachlor
Copper
2,4-D
Phosphorus
Phosphate
Nitrate
Particulates, < 2.5 um
Dinitrogen monoxide
Benzene
Occupation, arable, non-irrigatedRemaining substances
Important differences in environmental profile
Fires during clear cutting
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Plant oil production
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
rape oil CH rape oil RER palm oil MY palm kernel oilMY
soybean oil BR soybean oil US Soya oil RER
fossil, non-CO2 CH4, biogenic CO2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
rape oil CH rape oil RER palm oil MY palm kernel oilMY
soybean oil BR soybean oil US Soya oil RER
fossil, non-CO2 CH4, biogenic CO2 CO2, land trans
kg CO2-eq per kg oil at plant
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Sugar production of sugar cane
agriculture
Harvest manual/machinery
Sugar /Ethanol production
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Sugar production
0.00E+00
1.00E-07
2.00E-07
3.00E-07
4.00E-07
5.00E-07
6.00E-07
7.00E-07
sugar, from sugar beet CH sugar, from sugarcane BR
DA
LY/k
g
Remaining substances Nitrogen oxides
Ammonia Sulfur dioxide
Particulates, > 2.5 um, and < 10um Particulates, < 2.5 um Respiratory effects, inorganic,Eco-indicator 99, (H,A) due to burning of
residues
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Sugar production
Respiratory effects, organic, Eco-indicator 99, (H,A) due to burning of
residues
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
sugar, from sugar beet, at sugar refinery/kg/CH U sugar, from sugarcane, at sugar refinery/kg/BR U
DA
LY/k
g
Remaining substances kg C2H4 Toluene Air kg C2H4 Ethene Air kg C2H4
Hexane Air kg C2H4 Propane Air kg C2H4 Ethane Air kg C2H4
Butane Air kg C2H4 Pentane Air kg C2H4 Carbon monoxide, biogenic Air kg C2H4
Methane, fossil Air kg C2H4 Carbon monoxide, fossil Air kg C2H4 Sulfur dioxide Air kg C2H4
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Conclusions
• Products show environmental “Achilles’ tendon” in different areas=> Focus of investigation depends on product analysed
• “Biofuels” example: - burning of residues
- CO2 emissions due to land transformation
=> acknowledge and model regional differences
• ecoinvent data provide the necessary information
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Thanks to participating organisations
• Financing: – Swiss Federal Offices for Energy (BFE), Agriculture (BLW) and Environment, Forests and Landscape (SAEFL)
– Erdöl-Vereinigung, Zurich; Alcosuisse, Berne; Entsorgung und Recycling Zürich
• Experts: – Carbotech AG, Basel– Chudacoff Oekoscience, Zürich– Doka Ökobilanzen– ENERS Energy Concept, Lausanne– INFRAS, Bern– Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ)
• ecoinvent manager: Rolf Frischknecht, ecoinvent Centre
• Project leader: Niels Jungbluth, ESU-services Ltd.