The diffusion of small molecules into cell.

Diploid; the normal number of chromosomes for the species. In humans the 2n number is 46.

The result of atmospheric moisture in the air mixing with emissions containing oxides of sulfur and nitrogen

The basic building block of proteins. They contain an amine group and a carboxyl group.

AbsorptionAbsorption 2n2n

acid rainacid rain amino acidamino acid

A procedure that removes amniotic fluid containing fetal cells for analysis to determine the presence of genetic defects.

A substance that kills bacteria.

An organism that can use the energy from the sun or chemical reactions to make organic nutrients from inorganic materials.

A group of monerans, mostly heterotrophs, that can have either a round, rod or spiral shape. Some are disease-producing; many are decomposers.

AmniocentesisAmniocentesis AntibioticAntibiotic

AutotrophAutotroph BacteriaBacteria

A reagent used to test for simple sugars. If the test is positive, the solution turns brick red or green.

The use of biological methods of pest control such as species specific sex lures or natural parasites.

An organic nutrient made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and a primary fuel in cellular respiration

A chemical that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction but is not used up.

Benedict's solutionBenedict's solution biological controlbiological control

carbohydratecarbohydrate catalystcatalyst

The semi-permeable outer boundary of the cell. It is made of lipids and protein.

The rigid porous structure that surrounds the cells of plants and some microorganisms.

A structure found in the nucleus that is made of DNA and protein. It contains the hereditary information.

The transport of materials within a cell or between parts of a multicellular organism.

cell membranecell membrane cell wallcell wall

chromosomechromosome circulationcirculation

The first mitotic divisions of the zygote. There is an increase in the number of cells but a decrease in size of the

individual cells.

The production of genetically identically organisms.

A sequence of three nitrogenous bases in the messenger RNA sequence that are specific for one amino acid.

The struggle that results when more than one species has the same requirements for survival.

cleavagecleavage cloningcloning

codoncodon competitioncompetition

A heterotroph; an organism that cannot make its own food and must ingest (eat) organic nutrients.

The equal exchange of genetic material by homologous chromosomes during the synapsis of meiosis.

An inherited disease in which a defective gene causes the body to produce an abnormally thick mucus that clogs the lungs and leads to life-threatening lung infections.

The fluid found between the nucleus and the cell membrane.

consumerconsumer crossing-overcrossing-over

Cystic fibrosis (CF)Cystic fibrosis (CF) cytoplasmcytoplasm

The scientist who developed the evolutionary theory of natural selection.

The removal or destruction of a forest by cutting down or burning the trees without replacing them.

A change in the structure of a protein molecule due to high temperatures or other factors. The change in shape causes the protein to lose the ability to function.

Deoxygenated

State of blood when it is returning to the heart via veins, except the pulmonary veins.

DarwinDarwin deforestationdeforestation

denaturationdenaturation DeoxygenatedDeoxygenated

The enzyme controlled process that changes large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules.

A molecule made of two monosaccharides.

The shape of the DNA molecule, the spiral shape formed by the parallel strands.

The study of the interactions of living things and their environment.

digestiondigestion disaccharidedisaccharide

double helixdouble helix ecologyecology

The specialized ductless glands which secrete hormones that are responsible for regulating bodily activities.

A hormone secreted by the ovaries which aids in the control of the menstrual cycle and promotes the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics.

The destruction of all members of a particular species.

The oviducts of placental mammals. The tubes that carry the egg from the ovary to the uterus.

endocrine systemendocrine system estrogenestrogen

extinctionextinction fallopian tubes / Oviductfallopian tubes / Oviduct

An organic molecule that contains the carboxyl (-COOH) group attached to a carbon chain. It is one of the building blocks of lipids.

A mechanism that responds to change by causing a response.

A series of organisms, starting with a producer, through which food energy is passed in an ecosystem.

A kingdom which contains multicellular plantlike organisms that lack chlorophyl and so are not photosynthetic.

fatty acidfatty acid feedbackfeedback

food chainfood chain FungiFungi

Monoploid sex cells produced in gonads by meiotic cell division. Sperm and egg.

The process by which one side of the blastula pushes in to form a two-layered gastrula.

The process which transfers genes to another organisms DNA resulting in recombinant DNA.

A condition that occurs when carbon dioxide in the atmosphere absorbs heat radiated from the earth's surface.

gametesgametes gastrulationgastrulation

genetic engineeringgenetic engineering global warmingglobal warming

A monosaccharide that is the primary source of cellular energy in most organisms. It is one of the basic building blocks of polysaccharide carbohydrates.

An increase the size or the number of cells in an organism.

The portion of the environment in which an organism exists.

The sum total of genetically inherited characteristics which are passed from parents to offspring.

glucoseglucose growthgrowth

habitathabitat heredityheredity

An organism that cannot make its own food and therefore must ingest (eat) organic nutrients.

The maintenance of a stable internal environment.

Heterozygous. The pair of genes for a trait are not alike, for example Tt.

An enzyme-controlled reaction in which large insoluble molecules are broken down into small soluble molecules when water is added; digestion.

heterotrophheterotroph homeostasishomeostasis

hybridhybrid hydrolysishydrolysis

A substance that changes color to show that a particular chemical is present or that a reaction has occurred.

The fertilization of the egg inside the body of the female.

A specialized section of the alimentary canal where digestion and absorption takes place.

An element that is needed for the proper functioning of the thyroid.

indicatorindicator internal fertilizationinternal fertilization

intestineintestine iodineiodine

A section of the digestive tube where water is reabsorbed from the undigestable material.

A type of cancer which produced large numbers of non-functional white blood cells.

A nonliving, physical factor that limits the type of organisms that can exist in a particular ecosystem.

The intercellular fluid (ICF) found in the lymphatic vessels.

large intestinelarge intestine leukemialeukemia

limiting factorlimiting factor lymphlymph

The hormone-controlled cycle during which the egg matures and is released, and the uterine lining prepares to receive it.

The germ layer located between the endoderm and the ectoderm.

The wastes produced as a result of metabolism, including carbon dioxide, water, nitrogenous wastes and salts.

Any organism that is so small that it can only be seen by using a microscope.

menstrual cyclemenstrual cycle mesodermmesoderm

metabolic wastesmetabolic wastes microorganismmicroorganism

Cell division which results in two cells each containing the diploid (2n) number of chromosomes.

A kingdom which contains simple organisms that lack an organized nucleus (prokaryotic), such as blue green algae and bacteria.

Composed of many cells. A change in the genetic material.

mitosis, mitotic cell divisionmitosis, mitotic cell division MoneraMonera

multicellularmulticellular mutationmutation

Darwin's evolutionary theory that states that there are variations in organisms that will make some organisms better fitted for survival than others. Those organisms survive, reproduce and pass those variations on to their offspring.

The functional unit of the human kidney. These microscopic structures filter wastes from the blood.

A system which allows an organism to respond to stimuli; the neuron is the basic unit.

A chemical released into the synapse by the terminal branches of neurons. It stimulates impulses in the next neuron.

natural selectionnatural selection nephronnephron

nervous systemnervous system neurotramsmitterneurotramsmitter

The best range that an organism can function in.

A structure found in the cell that performs a specific function.

Diffusion. The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration without the use of energy.

The process by which the a cell flows around matter and engulf it in a vacuole.

optimumoptimum organelleorganelle

passive transportpassive transport phagocytosisphagocytosis

The first organisms to live in an area.

The "Master Gland" located in the brain. It secretes numerous hormones that affect other endocrine glands.

The cell membrane. The semi-permeable outer boundary of the cell.

The small daughter cells produced as the egg is formed by meiotic cell divisions.

pioneer organisms / speciespioneer organisms / species pituitary glandpituitary gland

plasma membraneplasma membrane polar bodiespolar bodies

A large protein composed of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

An organic compound made of amino acids.

A theory of evolution which suggests that species have long periods of stability interrupted by brief periods of significant change during which new species are formed.

A molecule that is very specific in its action because of its shape. Its shape allows it to recognize a specific stimulus and initiate a response to it.

polypeptide protein

punctuated equilibrium receptor molecule

A nucleic acid composed of a phosphate, ribose and one of four nitrogenous bases; adenine, uracil, cytosine or

guanine.

Hairlike extensions of epidermal root cells which increase the surface area for absorption.

A mixture of sperm and fluids that is ejaculated through the urethra in males.

The gametes, sperm and egg

RNA (ribonucleic acid)RNA (ribonucleic acid) root hairsroot hairs

semensemen sex cellssex cells

Monosaccharides such as glucose, galactose and fructose.

A long coiled tube that is the site of most of the chemical digestion and absorption that takes place in the digestive tract.

The male monoploid (n) gamete, sex cell.

The gap between communicating neurons. Neurotransmitters cross this gap and trigger the next impulse in the neuron.

simple sugarssimple sugars small intestinesmall intestine

spermsperm synapsesynapse

A hypothesis that has been tested many times to verify its accuracy.

Loss of water vapor through the stomates of the leaf.

Open sores in the interior walls of the digestive tract.

A nitrogenous base found in RNA.

theorytheory transpirationtranspiration

ulcersulcers uraciluracil

The system involved in the production and excretion of urine. It includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

A trait found in an individual that is different from the typical trait found in members of that species.

A disease-causing organism consisting of a protein coat surrounding DNA or RNA.

The fertilized egg. First cell after fertilization to be diploid (2n)

urinary systemurinary system variationvariation

virusvirus zygotezygote

A process that uses energy to transport materials from an area of low concentration to high concentration. That is against the concentration gradient.

The respiratory surface of the human lung. Gas exchange takes place between its thin moist membranes and the capillaries of the bloodstream.

A protein produced by lymphocytes, which reacts with a specific foreign substance, or antigen, and deactivates it.

A secretion of the liver that emulsifies fats. It is stored in the gall bladder.

active transportactive transport alveolialveoli

antibodyantibody bilebile

Differences and variety in the organisms and their roles in an ecosystem.

A disease characterized by the rapid mitotic division of abnormal or non-functional cells.

The maximum number of organisms that an ecosystem can support without deteriorating.

The enzyme controlled process in which energy is released from food and converted into a form that the cell can use.

biodiversitybiodiversity cancercancer

carrying capacitycarrying capacity cellular respirationcellular respiration

A technique which is used to separate and analyze chemicals.

The system used to distribute materials in an organism.

TRANSPORT

The mature, stable, community that is the final stage of ecological succession.

The process by which two small molecules are joined to form a larger molecule as water is removed.

chromotographychromotography circulatory systemcirculatory system

climax communityclimax community dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis

Branches of a nerve cell that carry impulses from receptors to the nerve cell body.

The processes that causes the cells of an organism to develop into speccialized tissues and organs. The cells get their different jobs.

A genetic disorder caused by non-disjunction of chromosome 21 in gamete formation, resulting in an individual having three 21st chromosomes.

An organism in the early stages of development.

dendritedendrite differentiationdifferentiation

Down's SyndromeDown's Syndrome embryoembryo

The innermost layer of cells in a simple animal. The innermost primary germ layer in an embryo.

A proteins that speeds up the rate of biochemical reactions. An organic catalyst.

The system of organs used to get rid of metabolic wastes.

Outside the cell.

endodermendoderm enzymeenzyme

excretory systemexcretory system extracellularextracellular

The fusion of two monoploid gametes (sperm and egg) to produce a diploid zygote.

A proteins that speeds up the rate of biochemical reactions. An organic catalyst.

The system of organs used to get rid of metabolic wastes.

A model of the cell membrane which suggests that the membrane is primarily composed of proteins and lipids.

fertilization enzyme

excretory system fluid mosaic model

Meiotic cell division in a gonad which produces monoploid gametes.

A method used to separate DNA fragments on the basis of their size.

A cytoplasmic organelle composed of flattened membranes. It synthesizes, packages and secretes cellular products.

A secretion that is released directly into the bloodstream by an endocrine gland.

gametogenesisgametogenesis gel electrophoresisgel electrophoresis

Golgi bodyGolgi body hormonehormone

The principle excretory organ of the urinary system.

The activities that a living thing must carry out to remain alive.

A stain that indicates the presence of starch by turning from rust color to blue-black.

A small, saclike organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes. The center of cellular digestion.

kidney life functions

Lugol's iodine lysosome

Cell division in gonads which separates the pairs of homologous chromosomes and results in 4 gametes each having the monoploid (n) number of chromosomes.

The periodic shedding of the uterine lining.

An RNA molecule with a specific code for a polypeptide. This code is determined by the sequence of bases of the DNA molecule in the nucleus.

An endocrine control mechanism that responds to increased levels of one hormone by decreasing the level of another.

meiosis, meiotic cell divisionmeiosis, meiotic cell division menstruationmenstruation

messenger RNAmessenger RNA negative feedback systemnegative feedback system

nucleotide

The basic unit of nucleic acids. It consists of a 5-carbon sugar bonded to a phosphate and a nitrogenous base.

The taking in and processing of food to make it usable.

A group of tissues that carry out the same function.

Another form of oxygen having the formula O3.

nucleotidenucleotide nutritionnutrition

organorgan ozoneozone

An organ which produces both digestive enzymes and hormones. It is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland.

The bond forms between two amino acids as a result of dehydration synthesis.

A scale that measures the acidity or basicity of a solution.

The process by which green plants (autotrophs) convert light energy to chemical bond energy stored in organic nutrients.

pancreaspancreas peptide bondpeptide bond

pHpH photosynthesisphotosynthesis

The making of a protein from amino acids by matching the anticodon of the transfer RNA to the codon of the messenger RNA.

A form of reproduction in which two gametes fuse to form a new individual.

A carbohydrate composed of many glucose molecules; a polysaccharide.

A thick-walled, muscular, expandable sac in the digestive system where food is temporarily stored and protein digestion begins.

protein synthesisprotein synthesis sexual reproductionsexual reproduction

starchstarch stomachstomach

The replacement of one type of community by another until the stable climax community, which remains until it is destroyed by some catastrophe.

A chemical process in which small molecules are joined make large molecules.

Cells that are unspecialized. They can develop into specialized tissues or organs.

A serum that is injected into the bloodstream or taken orally, providing immunity from a specific disease. It contains weakened or dead disease causing-organisms. This stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that will result in developing immunity to the specific disease.

successionsuccession synthesissynthesis

undifferentiated tissueundifferentiated tissue vaccinevaccine

Respiration that uses molecular oxygen. It produces 36 ATP as one glucose molecule is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.

One from whom an organism is descended. For example, parents, grandparents and great-grandparents.

A foreign substance that causes the immune system to respond by producing antibodies.

The hollow-ball stage in the development of the embryo.

aerobic respirationaerobic respiration ancestorancestor

antigenantigen blastulablastula

Asexual reproduction by mitotic cell division which results in two identical organisms of unequal size.

CO2 An inorganic clear colorless gas released a 2 s an end product of respiration.

The theory that states:

Cells are the structural units in living things.

Cells are the functional units in living things.

New cells arise from preexisting cells.

The brain and the spinal cord.

buddingbudding carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide

cell theorycell theory central nervous systemcentral nervous system

Short hair-like organelles on the surface of some cells. They are capable of movement and are used by some protists for locomotion.

All the plant and animal populations in a given area.

Organisms of decay which convert organic compounds into inorganic compounds.

The experimental variable that changes as a result of the manipulation of the independent variable. For example, the change in height due to differences in sunlight. The dependent variable is always plotted on the y-axis.

cilia, cilliumcilia, cillium communitycommunity

decomposersdecomposers dependent variabledependent variable

A disorder caused by insufficient production of insulin resulting in high blood sugar levels.

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration without the use of energy. .

The specialized organs that act on nutrients as they are digested and absorbed by an organism.

The nucleic acid that stores the hereditary information, that is, the genetic material.

diabetesdiabetes diffusiondiffusion

digestive systemdigestive system DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

The outermost layer of cells in a simple animal. The outermost primary germ layer in an embryo.

Ductless glands which produce hormones that are secreted directly into the bloodstream.

The specialized organs that act on nutrients as they are digested and absorbed by an organism.

A system of membrane enclosed, fluid filled canals that form a network within the cytoplasm of the cell. Sometimes ribosomes are attached to it.

ectodermectoderm endocrine glandsendocrine glands

digestive systemdigestive system endoplasmic reticulumendoplasmic reticulum

Fertilization that takes place outside of the mothers body.

An egg that has fused with a sperm cell to form a 2n zygote.

A series of interconnecting food chains in an ecosystem.

Specialized cells that are found on the lower epidermis of leaves. They contain chloroplasts and control the openingof the stomates.

external fertilizationexternal fertilization fertilized eggfertilized egg

food websfood webs guard cellsguard cells

All the bodily structures involved in producing antibodies.

The experimental variable that a scientist manipulates in order to cause a change in the dependent variable. For

A hormone produced by the Islands of Langerhans in the pancreas. It lowers blood sugar levels.

A large multi-purpose organ that produces bile, removes toxins from the blood, deaminates excess amino acids and produces urea.

immune systemimmune system independent variableindependent variable

insulininsulin liverliver

An organ found in vertebrate animals that is used for breathing and exchanging gases between the blood and the atmosphere.

Letter to represent Monoploid; having only one chromosome from each of the homologous pairs.

An organisms particular role in the community.

An organic compound composed of a phosphate, a 5-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base. DNA or RNA.

lunglung nn

nicheniche nucleic acidnucleic acid

In the cell, a large membrane enclosed organelle that contains the chromosomes.

A group of organs that work together to carry out the major functions of organisms. Ex. the digestive system.

A tube in which carries the egg away from the ovary.

A sense organ. A specialized structure of the nervous system that is sensitive to a certain kind of stimulus.

nucleusnucleus organ systemorgan system

oviductoviduct receptorreceptor

The organelle that is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

A recessive genetic disease in which the hemoglobin is abnormal and the red blood cells have an abnormal shape. It is found most frequently in individuals of African descent

A group of organs that work together to carry out a specific life function.

A group of cells that carry out the same function.

ribosomeribosome sickle cell anemiasickle cell anemia

systemsystem tissuetissue

The movement of materials from place to place.

The tube which carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

The organ which temporarily stores urine from the kidneys.

Finger-like projections in the lining of the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption.

transporttransport ureterureter

urinary bladderurinary bladder villivilli