leadership 1234
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leadership 2014TRANSCRIPT
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UHF 6033: DYNAMICS OF LEADERSHIP
Leadership Behavior and Motivation
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yusof Boon
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Leadership BehaviorLeadership Behavior and Motivation and Motivation
CLASS LEADERSHIP RESPONSIBILITY
Group Name Topic
Group 1 Muhammad Hamdan, Mohd Amirudin,
Sazlina Mat Said, Anasyuhada La’anain
Influencing: Power, Politics, Networking & Negotiation
Group 2 Noormala Md Yusof, Eliaa Mohtar,
Siti Azwanee Abdullah
Contingency Leadership Theories
Group 3 Hairul Anuar Zakariah, Ida Shahiza,
Shahrul Naimah, Shaharin
Communication, Coaching and Conflict Skills
Group 4 Norlia Abdullah, Ratha a/p Vitiveloo,
Siti Muhariah Untong
The Leader-Follower Relationship
Group 5 Tuan Norihan Tuan Yusoff, Nor Masrina Abu Bakar, Rafizah Ibrahim
Team Leadership
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Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes■University of Iowa leadership styles■University of Michigan and Ohio
State University leadership models■Ohio State University leadership
model and the leadership grid■Three content motivation theories■Four types of reinforcement■Content, process, and
reinforcement theories
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What is leadership style?
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Leadership StyleLeadership Style
The combination of traits, skills, and behaviors leaders use as they interact with followers.
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University of IowaUniversity of IowaLeadership StylesLeadership Styles
Autocratic...........................Democratic
Source: K. Lewin, R. Lippett, and R.K. White (1939)
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The University of MichiganThe University of MichiganLeadership Model: Two Leadership Model: Two
leadership styles, one dimensionleadership styles, one dimension
Source: R. Likert, 1961, New Patterns of Management, New York: McGraw-Hill.
Employee CenteredLeadership Style
Job CenteredLeadership Style
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The Ohio State University Leadership The Ohio State University Leadership Model: Four leadership styles, two Model: Four leadership styles, two
dimensionsdimensionsOhio State University
High
Low Structure High Structureand andHigh Consideration High Consideration
Low Structure High Structureand and
Low Low Consideration Low Consideration
Initiating StructureLow High
C
O
N
S
I
D
E
R
A
T
I
O
N
Source: R. Likert, (1961), New Patterns of Management, New York: McGraw-Hill.
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What is the best leadership style?
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What is the best What is the best leadership style?leadership style?
The one which works for the individual
leader in a specific time and in a specific
environment
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Which leadership style do workers
think is best?
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“ “Although there is no one best Although there is no one best leadership style leadership style in all situations, in all situations,
employees are employees are more satisfied more satisfied
with a leaderwith a leader who is high in who is high in consideration.”consideration.”
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Blake, Mouton, & McCanse Blake, Mouton, & McCanse Leadership GridLeadership Grid
CCOONNCCEERRNN
FFoorr
PPEEOOPPLLEE
1Low CONCERN for PRODUCTIONCONCERN for PRODUCTION High 9Low
High
1,9Country Club
1,1 9,1
9,9
5,5
Impoverished
Team Leader
Middle of the Road
Authority-Compliance
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Team Leadership (9,9)Team Leadership (9,9)■ The goal in leadership
development– Few ever reach it
■ Similar to the philosophy of U.S. Army Training Command . . .– “Mission First, People Always.”
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What is Motivation?
Anything that affects behavior in pursuit of a certain outcome
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Motivation ProcessMotivation Process
People go from need to motive to behavior to
consequence to satisfaction or dissatisfaction
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The Motivation ProcessThe Motivation Process
Need Motive Behavior Consequence Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction
FeedbackFeedback
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Major Motivation TheoriesMajor Motivation Theories
Classification of Motivation Theories
1.1. Content motivation Content motivation theoriestheories
2.2. Process motivation Process motivation theoriestheories
3.3. Reinforcement theoryReinforcement theory
Specific Motivation Theory
a. Hierarchy of needs theory
b. Two-factor theoryc. Acquired needs theory
a. Equity theory b. Expectancy theory c. Goal-setting theory
Type of Reinforcement a. Positiveb. Avoidancec. Extinctiond. Punishment
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What Are Content Motivation What Are Content Motivation TheoriesTheories
Focus on explaining and predicting behavior based
on people’s needs
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Hierarchy of
NeedsTwo-Factor
Acquired Needs
33Content Content
MotivatioMotivationn
TheoriesTheories
33Content Content
MotivatioMotivationn
TheoriesTheories
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What is a Hierarchy
of Needs Theory?
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Hierarchy of Needs TheoryHierarchy of Needs Theory
Proposes that people are motivated through levels of needs which begin a
basic life sustaining needs and progress to
life and work satisfaction needs
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What is the Best Known Hierarchy of Needs Theory?
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Self-Actualization
Esteem
Social
Safety
Physiological
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsNeeds
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What is Herzberg’s
Theory of Motivation?
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Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of MotivationMotivation
■ Motivator Factors– Intrinsic– Satisfied or not satisfied
■ Maintenance (Hygiene) Factors– Extrinsic– Dissatisfied or not dissatisfied
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What is the Acquired Needs Theory of
Motivation?
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Acquired Needs TheoryAcquired Needs Theory(employees are motivated by their need for:)
AffiliatioAffiliationn
PowePowerr
AchievemeAchievementnt
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What is the Equity Theory of
Motivation?
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Equity TheoryEquity Theory
= Others’ input (contributions)
Others’ outcomes (rewards)
Our inputs (contributions)
=Our outcomes (rewards)
(proposed that employees are (proposed that employees are motivated when their perceived motivated when their perceived
inputs equal outputs.)inputs equal outputs.)
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What is the ExpectancyTheory of
Motivation?
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Expectancy TheoryExpectancy Theory
Proposes that employees are motivated when they believe they can accomplish the task and the rewards for doing so are worth the effort.
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What is the Goal-setting Theory of Motivation?
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Goal-setting TheoryGoal-setting Theory
Proposes that specific, difficult goals motivate
people
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How Does a Leader Set Meaningful Goals & Objectives to Motivate Subordinates?
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Criteria for ObjectivesCriteria for Objectives
■ Singular result – One end result
■ Specific – Exact performance expected
■ Measurable – Observe and measure
progress
■ Target date – Specific completion date
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Other Criteria for Other Criteria for ObjectivesObjectives
■Difficult but achievable
■Participatively set
■Commitment of employees
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What is Reinforcement
Theory?
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Reinforcement TheoryReinforcement Theory■ Also known as behavior
modification
■ Based on studies of B.F. Skinner– Major topic of study in Psychology
■ Depends on reinforcement– Positive– Avoidance– Extinction– Punishment
■ Reinforcement can be – Continuous– Intermittent
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You get You get what youwhat youreinforce, reinforce, not alwaysnot alwayswhat youwhat youreward!reward!
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How Can a Leader Motivate Using Reinforcement?
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Motivating with ReinforcementMotivating with Reinforcement
■ Set clear objectives– Employees must understand what is
expected
■ Use appropriate rewards– Must be seen as rewards
■ Use the appropriate reinforcement schedule
■ Do not reward unworthy performance
■ Look for the positive
■ Give sincere praise
■ Do things for your employees
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Which Motivation Theory
is the “Correct” Model?
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Which Motivation Theory is Which Motivation Theory is the “Correct” Model?the “Correct” Model?
■ All of them■ None of them■ None works in all environments, in all
situations, or for all people– Leader must be flexible
■ Knowledge of all theories will help in determining the correct way to motivate in a given situation
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Discussion Question #1Discussion Question #1
■How is leadership behavior based on traits?
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Discussion Question #2Discussion Question #2
■Do you agree with the University of Michigan model (with two leadership styles) or with the Ohio State model (with four leadership styles)?
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Discussion Question #3Discussion Question #3
■What are three important contributions of the University of Michigan and Ohio State University studies?
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Discussion Question #4Discussion Question #4
■What are three important contributions of the Leadership Grid and high-high research?
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Discussion Question #5Discussion Question #5
■What is motivation, and why is it important to know how to motivate employees?
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Discussion Question #6Discussion Question #6
■Which of the four content motivation theories do you prefer?
■Why?
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Discussion Question #7Discussion Question #7
■Which of the three process motivation theories do you prefer?
■Why?
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Discussion Question #8Discussion Question #8
■Reinforcement theory is unethical because it is used to manipulate employees.
■ Do you agree with this statement?
■Explain your answer.
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Discussion Question #9Discussion Question #9
■Which motivation theory do you feel is the best?
■Why?
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Discussion Question Discussion Question #10#10■What is your motivation
theory? ■What major methods,
techniques, and so on, do you plan to use on the job as a manager to increase motivation and performance?