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1 UHF 6033: DYNAMICS OF LEADERSHIP Leadership Behavior and Motivation Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yusof Boon 03 3

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Page 1: leadership 1234

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UHF 6033: DYNAMICS OF LEADERSHIP

Leadership Behavior and Motivation

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yusof Boon

03

3

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Leadership BehaviorLeadership Behavior and Motivation and Motivation

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CLASS LEADERSHIP RESPONSIBILITY

Group Name Topic

Group 1 Muhammad Hamdan, Mohd Amirudin,

Sazlina Mat Said, Anasyuhada La’anain

Influencing: Power, Politics, Networking & Negotiation

Group 2 Noormala Md Yusof, Eliaa Mohtar,

Siti Azwanee Abdullah

Contingency Leadership Theories

Group 3 Hairul Anuar Zakariah, Ida Shahiza,

Shahrul Naimah, Shaharin

Communication, Coaching and Conflict Skills

Group 4 Norlia Abdullah, Ratha a/p Vitiveloo,

Siti Muhariah Untong

The Leader-Follower Relationship

Group 5 Tuan Norihan Tuan Yusoff, Nor Masrina Abu Bakar, Rafizah Ibrahim

Team Leadership

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Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes■University of Iowa leadership styles■University of Michigan and Ohio

State University leadership models■Ohio State University leadership

model and the leadership grid■Three content motivation theories■Four types of reinforcement■Content, process, and

reinforcement theories

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What is leadership style?

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Leadership StyleLeadership Style

The combination of traits, skills, and behaviors leaders use as they interact with followers.

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University of IowaUniversity of IowaLeadership StylesLeadership Styles

Autocratic...........................Democratic

Source: K. Lewin, R. Lippett, and R.K. White (1939)

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The University of MichiganThe University of MichiganLeadership Model: Two Leadership Model: Two

leadership styles, one dimensionleadership styles, one dimension

Source: R. Likert, 1961, New Patterns of Management, New York: McGraw-Hill.

Employee CenteredLeadership Style

Job CenteredLeadership Style

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The Ohio State University Leadership The Ohio State University Leadership Model: Four leadership styles, two Model: Four leadership styles, two

dimensionsdimensionsOhio State University

High

Low Structure High Structureand andHigh Consideration High Consideration

Low Structure High Structureand and

Low Low Consideration Low Consideration

Initiating StructureLow High

C

O

N

S

I

D

E

R

A

T

I

O

N

Source: R. Likert, (1961), New Patterns of Management, New York: McGraw-Hill.

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What is the best leadership style?

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What is the best What is the best leadership style?leadership style?

The one which works for the individual

leader in a specific time and in a specific

environment

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Which leadership style do workers

think is best?

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“ “Although there is no one best Although there is no one best leadership style leadership style in all situations, in all situations,

employees are employees are more satisfied more satisfied

with a leaderwith a leader who is high in who is high in consideration.”consideration.”

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Blake, Mouton, & McCanse Blake, Mouton, & McCanse Leadership GridLeadership Grid

CCOONNCCEERRNN

FFoorr

PPEEOOPPLLEE

1Low CONCERN for PRODUCTIONCONCERN for PRODUCTION High 9Low

High

1,9Country Club

1,1 9,1

9,9

5,5

Impoverished

Team Leader

Middle of the Road

Authority-Compliance

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Team Leadership (9,9)Team Leadership (9,9)■ The goal in leadership

development– Few ever reach it

■ Similar to the philosophy of U.S. Army Training Command . . .– “Mission First, People Always.”

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What is Motivation?

Anything that affects behavior in pursuit of a certain outcome

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Motivation ProcessMotivation Process

People go from need to motive to behavior to

consequence to satisfaction or dissatisfaction

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The Motivation ProcessThe Motivation Process

Need Motive Behavior Consequence Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction

FeedbackFeedback

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Major Motivation TheoriesMajor Motivation Theories

Classification of Motivation Theories

1.1. Content motivation Content motivation theoriestheories

2.2. Process motivation Process motivation theoriestheories

3.3. Reinforcement theoryReinforcement theory

Specific Motivation Theory

a. Hierarchy of needs theory

b. Two-factor theoryc. Acquired needs theory

a. Equity theory b. Expectancy theory c. Goal-setting theory

Type of Reinforcement a. Positiveb. Avoidancec. Extinctiond. Punishment

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What Are Content Motivation What Are Content Motivation TheoriesTheories

Focus on explaining and predicting behavior based

on people’s needs

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Hierarchy of

NeedsTwo-Factor

Acquired Needs

33Content Content

MotivatioMotivationn

TheoriesTheories

33Content Content

MotivatioMotivationn

TheoriesTheories

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What is a Hierarchy

of Needs Theory?

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Hierarchy of Needs TheoryHierarchy of Needs Theory

Proposes that people are motivated through levels of needs which begin a

basic life sustaining needs and progress to

life and work satisfaction needs

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What is the Best Known Hierarchy of Needs Theory?

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Self-Actualization

Esteem

Social

Safety

Physiological

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsNeeds

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What is Herzberg’s

Theory of Motivation?

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Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of MotivationMotivation

■ Motivator Factors– Intrinsic– Satisfied or not satisfied

■ Maintenance (Hygiene) Factors– Extrinsic– Dissatisfied or not dissatisfied

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What is the Acquired Needs Theory of

Motivation?

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Acquired Needs TheoryAcquired Needs Theory(employees are motivated by their need for:)

AffiliatioAffiliationn

PowePowerr

AchievemeAchievementnt

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What is the Equity Theory of

Motivation?

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Equity TheoryEquity Theory

= Others’ input (contributions)

Others’ outcomes (rewards)

Our inputs (contributions)

=Our outcomes (rewards)

(proposed that employees are (proposed that employees are motivated when their perceived motivated when their perceived

inputs equal outputs.)inputs equal outputs.)

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What is the ExpectancyTheory of

Motivation?

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Expectancy TheoryExpectancy Theory

Proposes that employees are motivated when they believe they can accomplish the task and the rewards for doing so are worth the effort.

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What is the Goal-setting Theory of Motivation?

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Goal-setting TheoryGoal-setting Theory

Proposes that specific, difficult goals motivate

people

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How Does a Leader Set Meaningful Goals & Objectives to Motivate Subordinates?

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Criteria for ObjectivesCriteria for Objectives

■ Singular result – One end result

■ Specific – Exact performance expected

■ Measurable – Observe and measure

progress

■ Target date – Specific completion date

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Other Criteria for Other Criteria for ObjectivesObjectives

■Difficult but achievable

■Participatively set

■Commitment of employees

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What is Reinforcement

Theory?

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Reinforcement TheoryReinforcement Theory■ Also known as behavior

modification

■ Based on studies of B.F. Skinner– Major topic of study in Psychology

■ Depends on reinforcement– Positive– Avoidance– Extinction– Punishment

■ Reinforcement can be – Continuous– Intermittent

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You get You get what youwhat youreinforce, reinforce, not alwaysnot alwayswhat youwhat youreward!reward!

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How Can a Leader Motivate Using Reinforcement?

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Motivating with ReinforcementMotivating with Reinforcement

■ Set clear objectives– Employees must understand what is

expected

■ Use appropriate rewards– Must be seen as rewards

■ Use the appropriate reinforcement schedule

■ Do not reward unworthy performance

■ Look for the positive

■ Give sincere praise

■ Do things for your employees

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Which Motivation Theory

is the “Correct” Model?

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Which Motivation Theory is Which Motivation Theory is the “Correct” Model?the “Correct” Model?

■ All of them■ None of them■ None works in all environments, in all

situations, or for all people– Leader must be flexible

■ Knowledge of all theories will help in determining the correct way to motivate in a given situation

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Discussion Question #1Discussion Question #1

■How is leadership behavior based on traits?

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Discussion Question #2Discussion Question #2

■Do you agree with the University of Michigan model (with two leadership styles) or with the Ohio State model (with four leadership styles)?

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Discussion Question #3Discussion Question #3

■What are three important contributions of the University of Michigan and Ohio State University studies?

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Discussion Question #4Discussion Question #4

■What are three important contributions of the Leadership Grid and high-high research?

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Discussion Question #5Discussion Question #5

■What is motivation, and why is it important to know how to motivate employees?

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Discussion Question #6Discussion Question #6

■Which of the four content motivation theories do you prefer?

■Why?

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Discussion Question #7Discussion Question #7

■Which of the three process motivation theories do you prefer?

■Why?

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Discussion Question #8Discussion Question #8

■Reinforcement theory is unethical because it is used to manipulate employees.

■ Do you agree with this statement?

■Explain your answer.

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Discussion Question #9Discussion Question #9

■Which motivation theory do you feel is the best?

■Why?

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Discussion Question Discussion Question #10#10■What is your motivation

theory? ■What major methods,

techniques, and so on, do you plan to use on the job as a manager to increase motivation and performance?