Leadership

Dr Laura Galloway

Why lead?

Leaders are needed to

Inspire, Provide direction, Get the best out of people For the best results

And lack of leadership?

Funny Teamwork - YouTube.flv

This is not leadership

And its not here either

Older Theories of Leadership

Trait theory leaders have special

characteristics or abilities, such as intelligence, energy and resourcefulness, which differentiate them from others (e.g. Barnard, 1938; Ghiselli, 1971; Stogdill, 1948).

Handy (1993) states that in excess of one hundred studies had investigated the validity of Trait Theory by 1950 and only five percent of these had identified similar or common traits.

History will be kind to me for I intend to write it

Winston Churchill

Older Theories of Leadership

Behavioural theories different styles of leadership, such as autocratic versus

democratic, or people-centered versus task-centered (e.g., Katz, et al., 1951; Stogdill and Coons, 1957).

the leader’s behaviour and style rather than his or her inherent personal traits determine success.

Behavioral approaches to leadership have provided inconsistent research results though situational factors do impact on the relationship

between leader behaviour and outcomes (Antonakis, et al., 2004).

Recent Leadership Theory

Situational or Contingency Theory

effective leaders act in a flexible manner and adopt an appropriate leadership style according to the requirements of a given situation (Fiedler 1967; House, 1971).

the Hersey-Blanchard (1969) situational leadership model suggests that successful leaders adjust their styles.

—the key issue in making these adjustments is follower maturity, based on

follower ability follower confidence.

The principles of this flow into modern leadership theories about HOW this is done

Transactional / Transformational Leadership Theory

the transactional leader gratifies the immediate needs and self-interests of followers via rewards and incentives, and includes penalties

the transformational leader focuses on building and developing follower motivation and morale

Burns (1978)

Transactional Leadership Theory

Bass (1998) identifies that the transactional relationship can take three forms.

1. the transactional leader provides clear guidelines for how followers will be rewarded, i.e. contingent reward behaviour (Bass, 1985).

2. the leader scrutinises follower performance and will take corrective action if they fail to meet the expected standard, i.e. management by exception behaviour.

3. the leader avoids taking any actions towards his or her followers, i.e. laissez-faire behaviour.

Transactional Leadership??

Thus:

transactional leadership is based on bureaucratic control and authority centres on task completion depends on rewarding and punishing followers

to extract effort (Tracey and Hinkin, 1998)

If you treat people right they will treat you right

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Transactional Leadership

The spirited horse, which will try to win the race of its own accord, will run even faster if encouraged

Ovid

Transformational Leadership

leader looks beyond immediate self-interest involves followers in a shared vision of the future for

mutual advantage.

Communicate vision passionately (Bass and Riggio, 2006)

Vision inspires faith in a happier, more successful future, produces personal commitment, the ideas of the leader are tangibly linked to those of the

followers (Bass, 1990; Shamir et al., 1993).

Often involving charisma on the part of the leaderSteve Jobs talks about managing people - YouTube.flv