leadership.drjma
TRANSCRIPT
LEADERSHIP Dr. James Malce Alo, RN,
MAN, MAPsych, PHD
Learning Outcomes
1. Explain why every nurse is a manager &can be a
leader.
2. Differentiate between leaders and managers.
3. Discuss how different theories explain leadership
and management.
4. Describe what management roles nurses fill in
practice.
5. Discuss how followership is essential to leadership.
6. Describe what makes a leader successful.
Manager, leader, supervisor, and
administrator
- are often used interchangeably, yet
they are not the same.
A Leader
Is anyone who uses interpersonal skills to
influence others to accomplish a specific
goals.
Exerts influence by using a flexible
repertoire of personal behaviors and
strategies
The Leader is Important in:
Forging links
Creating connections – among an
organization’s members
-to promote high levels of performance and
quality outcomes
Leaders Functions
To achieve a consensus within the group
about it’s goals
Maintain a structure that facilitates
accomplishing the goals
Supply necessary information that helps
provide direction and clarification
Maintain group satisfaction, cohesion and
performance.
A Manager
Individual employed by an organization
who is responsible and accountable for
efficiently accomplishing the goals of the
organization
Managers Focus on:
Coordinating and integrating resources
Using the function of planning, organizing,
supervising, staffing, evaluating,
negotiating, and representing.
Also, has the authority, responsibility,
accountability, and power defined by the
organization
Manager’s Job
Clarify the organizational structure
Choose the means by which to achieve
goals
Assign and coordinate tasks, developing
and motivating as needed
Evaluate outcomes and provide
feedback
All good managers are also good leaders
– the two go hand in hand
However, one may be a good manager
of resources and not be much of a leader
of people.
Likewise, a person who is a good leader
may not manage well
Both, roles can be learned; skills gained
can enhance either role.
LEADERSHIP May be:
1. Formal – when practice by a nurse with legitimate authority conferred by the
organization and described in a job description
Ex: nurse manger, supervisor, coordinator
- depends on personal skills
2. Informal – exercised by a staff member who
does not have a specified management role
- depends primarily on ones knowledge, status
Ex: APN, quality mgt coordinator, education
specialist, medical director
-personal skills in ; persuading and guiding others.
Traditional Leadership Theories
1. Trait Theories
- earliest studies researchers sought to identify inborn traits of successful leaders
2. Behavioral Theories
- 1930s focused on what leaders do
- In behavioral view of leadership, personal traits provide only a foundation for leadership
- Real leaders are made through education, training, and life experiences,
3. Contingency Theories
- Managers adapt their leadership styles in
relation to changing situation
- Leadership behavior range from authoritarian to
permissive and vary in relation to current needs
and future probabilities.
Ex: A nurse manager may use authoritarian style
when responding to emergency situation
(cardiac arrest) such as cardiac arrest but use a
participative style to encourage development of
a team strategy to care for patient multiple
system failure
The most effective leadership
style for a Nurse Manager
Is the one that best complements the:
1. Organizational development
2. Task to be accomplished
3. Personal characteristic of the people
involved in each situation.
CONTEMPORARY THEORIES
Leaders in today’s health care
environment place increasing value on
collaboration and teamwork in all aspects
of the organization.
Leaders in today’s health care
They recognize that;
1. health systems become more complex and
require integration
2. personnel who perform the managerial and
clinical work must cooperate
3. coordinate their efforts
4. produce joint results.
5. Must use additional skills; esp. group & political
leadership skills, to create collegial work envi.
1. Quantum Leadership Based on the concept of chaos theory
Reality is constantly shifting
Levels of complexity are constantly changing
Movement in one part of the system reverberates throughout the system
Roles are fluid and outcome oriented
It matters little what you did; it only matters what outcome you produced
Within this framework, employees become directly involved indecision making as equitable and accountable partners
Manager assume more of an influential facilitative role, rather than one of control( Malloch, 2010).
2. Transactional Leadership
Based on the principles of social exchange theory
The premise;
1. individuals engage in social interactions expecting to give and receive social, political, and psychological benefits or rewards
Exchange process bet. Leaders & followers is viewed as essentially economic
The nature of these transactions is determined
by the participating parties assessments of
what is in their best interest;
Ex: staff respond affirmatively to a nurse manger
request to work overtime in exchange for
granting special request for time off.
Leaders are successful to the extent that they
understand & meet the needs of followers &
use incentives to enhance employee loyalty
& performance.
Transactional Leadership is
aimed at:
1. Maintaining equilibrium or status quo,
by performing work according to policy &
procedures
2. Maximizing self-interest and personal
rewards
3. emphasizing interpersonal
dependence
4. Routinizing performance (Weston, 2008)
3. Transformational Leadership
Goes beyond transactional leadership to inspire & motivate followers (Marshall, 2010)
Emphasizes the importance of interpersonal relationship
NOT concerned with the status quo, but with effecting revolutionary change in organizations & human service.
FOCUSES on: merging the motives, desires, values, & goals of leaders & followers into a common cause.
GOAL to: generate employees commitment to the vision or ideal rather than to themselves.
They foster followers inborn desires to pursue higher values, humanitarian ideals, moral missions and causes.
Encourage others to exercise leadership
Inspires followers and uses power to instill a belief that followers also have the ability to do exceptional things.
T.L. may be a natural model for nursing managers, because nursing has traditionally been driven by its social mandate & it’s ethic of human service.
4. Shared Leadership
Reorganization, decentralization, and the
increasing complexity of problem solving
in health care have forced administrators
to recognize the value of S.L.
Based on the empowerment principles of
participative & transformational
leadership. (Everett, 2011).
Essential elements of S.L.
1. Relationships
2. Dialogues
3. Partnerships
4. Understanding boundaries
Application of S.L. Assumes
that:
1. A well educated, highly professional,
dedicated workforce is comprised of
many leaders.
2. The notion of a single nurse as the wise
and heroic leader is unrealistic & that
many individuals@ various levels in the
org. must be responsible for the
organization’s fate & performance.
Examples of S.L. in nursing
include:
1. Self-directed work teams – work groups
manage their own
planning,
organizing,
scheduling, &
day to day work activities.
2. Shared governance –
the nursing staff are formally organized at the
service area & organizational levels to make key
decisions about clinical practice standards,
quality assurance & improvement,
staff development,
professional development,
aspects of unit operation & research.
3. Co- Leadership
- Two people work together to execute a l. role
- Common in service-line management, where
the skills of both a clinical and administrative
leader are needed to successfully direct the
operations of a multidisciplinary service.
Ex: Nurse manager provides administrative
leadership in collaboration w/ a clinical nurse
specialist, who provides clinical leadership.
5. Servant Leadership
Based on the premise that leadership
originates from a desire to serve, and that
in the course of serving, one may be
called to lead (Keith, 2008).
3 Characteristics of a S.L.;
1. Empathy
2. Awareness
3. Persuasion (Saunders, 2008)
S.L. appeals to nurses for 2
reasons:
1. Our profession is founded on principles of
caring, service, & the growth & health of
others
2. Nurses serve many constituencies, often
quite selflessly, & consequently bring about
change in individuals, systems, &
organizations.
6. Emotional Leadership Emotional intelligence involves; 1. Personal competence w/c includes;
Self-awareness & self management
2. Social competence includes; Social awareness
Relationship mgt that begins w/ authenticity
Nurses w. their well-honed skills as compassionate caregivers are aptly suited to this direction in leadership that emphasizes emotions and relationship with others as primary attribute for success.
Ref: Eleanor J. Sullivan. (2013). Effective
Leadership & Mgt in Nsg. 8th
Ed.(International Edition)
- http://nursing,pearsonhighered.com
- THANK YOU! – Dr. James Malce Alo