leafy vegetables-shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5382/9/09...10. schleichera oleosa...

64

Sixteen ethnovegetables selected for detailed phytochemical-nutritional and

medicinal evaluation –studies, represent leafy vegetables, flower vegetables, fruit and

seed.

Leafy Vegetables-

1. Caesulia axillaris (Asteraceae)

2. Celosia argentea (Amaranthaceae)

3. Chlorophytum tuberosoum (Liliaceae)

4. Commelina benghalensis

5. Corchorous trilocularis

(Commelinaceae)

(Tiliaceae)

6. Digera muricata (Amaranthaceae)

7. Goniocaulon indicum (Asteraceae)

8. Merremia gangetica (Convolvulaceae)

9. Rivea hypocrateriformis (Convolvulaceae)

10. Schleichera oleosa (Sapotaceae)

11. Scilla hyacinthiana (Liliaceae)

Flower vegetables-

12. Bombax ceiba (Bombacacae)

13. Cassia fistula (Caesalpiniaceae)

14. Oroxylum indicum (Bignoniaceae)

15. Telosma pallida (Asclepiadacae)

Fruit –

16. Oroxylum indicum (Bignoniaceae)

Seed –

17. Bauhinia vahlii (Caesalpiniaceae)

65

Caesulia axillaris Roxb. Young leaves

A glabrous erect or decumbent herb, distributed almost throughout India in

marshy places. It is a less common wild edible used only by tribals of Melghat region

(Distt. Amravati) in Vidarbha. The fresh young herb is cooked with rice and eaten by

the tribals of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa (Anonymous 2002).

For analysis young tender leaves were collected from marshy places around

the ponds.

Table 1a : Nutrients per 100 gm fresh weight

1 Moisture Content 84.5 %

2 Total Lipids 0.04 gm

3 Ascorbic Acid(Vitamin-C) 2.826 mg

4 Anthocyanin 0.93 mg

5 Lycopene 5.06 mg

6 Carotenoids 360 mg

7 Vitamin A 600000 IU

8 Retinol 0.18 gm

9 Chlorophyll

i)Chlorophyll-a

ii)Chlorophyll-b

iii)Total Chlorophyll

0.1164 gm

0.0542 gm

0.17 gm

66

Table 1b : Nutrient content per 100 gm fresh/dry weight.

Sr. No. Nutrient Per 100 gm fresh

weight

Per 100 gm dry

weight

1

Total Carbohydrates

0.694 gm

4.47 gm

2

Starch

0.167 gm

1.08 gm

3

Reducing Sugar

0.309 gm

1.995 gm

4

Non-Reducing Sugar

0.218

1.405 gm

5

Protein (N×6.25)

0.713gm

4.6gm

6

Crude Fat

0.75gm

4.9 gm

7

Total Phenols

8.137 mg

52.5 mg

8

Crude Fibre

3.95gm

25.5 gm

9

Food energy K cal.

12.376

80.38

67

Table 1c : Quantitative Ash values per 100 gm dry weight

1 Ash Yield 14.41 gm

2 Water Soluble Ash 42.86 %

3 Water Insoluble Ash 57.14 %

4 Acid Soluble Ash 70 %

5 Acid Insoluble Ash 30 %

6 Sulphated Ash 56.8 %

Table 1d : Qualitative Mineral Profile

1 Sulphur ++

2 Calcium ++

3 Magnesium +

4 Iron

Test-A +++

Test-B +++

5 Sodium +++

6 Chloride +++

7 Phosphorus +++

8 Aluminum -

9 Manganese ++

10 Copper -

11 Nickel -

Table 1e : Minerals per 100 gm dry weight

1 Calcium 0.042 gm

2 Potassium 0.5 gm

3 Sodium 1.29 gm

4 Phosphorus 0.084 gm

5 Iron 0.0576 gm

68

Table 1f : Phytochemical Profile (Bioactive molecules)

Sr.No Test Response Intensity Inference

1 Iridoids

a) Acubin type Yellow -- Absent

b)Harpagide --

2. Alkaloids

a) Mayer’s reagent Orange green -- Absent

b)Dragendorff’s reagent Orange -- Absent

c)Wagner’s reagent -- Absent

3 Anthraquinones

Test-a White turbidity -- Absent

Test-b No change -- Absent

Test-c No change -- Absent

4 Cardenolide

Test –a Dirty green -- Absent

Test-b -- Absent

5 Flavanoids

a)Shinoda test Yellow orange ++ Flavones present

b)Flavanonol test Cream -- Absent

c)Flavonol test Yellow -- Absent

d)Flavone,Flavonol &

Flavanone test

Orange -- Absent

e)Rao& Sheshadri test

(Flavonone)

Red -- Absent

6 Leucoanthocyanin Yellow -- Absent

7 Simple phenolics

Test – a) with FeCL3 Deep green ++ Napthol/ catechol

present

Test – b) Addition of

NaOH

No change -- Hydroquinone

absent

Test – c) Excess FeCl3 Red +++ Catechol present

8 Steroids/Triterpenoid

Test-a) No change -- Absent

Test – b) Salkowaski test --

9 Tannin

Test – a) tannin No change -- Absent

Test – b) Pseudo- tannin No PPT -- Absent

10 Saponins

11 Fatty and organic acids No forth -- Absent

12 Juglone Brown -- Absent

13 Emodines Dirty green -- Absent

14 Polyoses Brown -- Absent

15 Polyuronoides Brown -- Absent

16 Anthracene glycosides Light yellow -- Absent

69

Celosia argentea L. Young leaves

A common, weed throughout India. Occasionally ascending up to 5000 feet’s

in the Himalayas. Found in cultivated fields, hedges, open places, river banks. Very

commonly used as vegetable and also cultivated in many parts of world

Common wild vegetable used throughout Vidarbha. Plants growing along the

stream with ample anthocyanin (stems red and leaves with dark red streaks ) are

preferred by locals. Same material was collected for analysis.




3 Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin-C) 5.088 mg


5 Lycopene 4.144 mg

6 Carotenoids 47.5 mg


8 Retinol 0.02376gm

9 Chlorophyll

i)Chlorophyll-a

ii)Chlorophyll-b


0.04 gm

0.0398 gm

0.0798 gm

70


Sr. No. Nutrient Per 100 gm

fresh weight

Per 100 gm dry

weight

1

Total Carbohydrates

0.348 gm 2.71 gm

2

Starch

0.0418 gm

0.353 gm

3

Reducing Sugar

0.143 gm

1.216 gm

4

Non-Reducing Sugar

0.164 gm

1.384 gm

5

Protein (N×6.25)

3.934gm

30.64gm

6

Crude Fat

0.130gm

1.1 gm

7

Total Phenols

4.245 mg

35.86 mg

8

Crude Fibre

0.893gm

7.55 gm

9

Food energy K cal.

18.298

143.3

71


1 Ash Yield 20.6 gm





6 Sulphated Ash 48 %


1 Sulphur ++

2 Calcium +++

3 Magnesium +++

4 Iron

Test-A +++

Test-B +++

5 Sodium +++

6 Chloride +++

7 Phosphorus +++

8 Aluminum +

9 Manganese ++

10 Copper -

11 Nickel -


1 Calcium 2.884 gm

2 Potassium 0.515 gm

3 Sodium 1.854 gm


5 Iron 0.0370 gm

72


Sr. No. Test Response Intensity Inference

1 Iridoids


b)Harpagide --

2. Alkaloids

a) Mayer’s reagent Green -- Absent

b)Dragendorff’s reagent Yellow -- Absent

c)Wagner’s reagent Orange -- Absent

3 Anthraquinones




4 Cardenolide

Test –a Light yellow -- Absent

Test-b Brown layer -- Absent

5 Flavanoids

a)Shinoda test Yellow ++ Flavone present

b)Flavononol test Yellow -- Absent

c)Flavonol test Pale yellow -- Absent


Flavanone test

Yellow ++ Flavone and

Flavonol present

e)Rao & Sheshadri test

(Flavonone)

Orange -- Absent

6 Leucoanthocyanin Light yellow -- Absent

7 Simple phenolics

Test – a) with FeCL3 Green +++ Napthol/catechol

present


NaOH

No change ++ Hydroquinone

present

Test – c) Excess FeCL3 Red ++ Catechol present


Test-a) Greenish tint + Steroid present

Test – b) Salkowaski test Yellow -- Absent

9 Tannin

Test – a) tannin No PPT -- Absent

Test – b) Pseudo- tannin

10 Saponins ---- - Absent

11 Fatty and organic

acids

Dense stable

forth

++ Present


13 Emodines Colourless -- Absent




73

Chlorophytum tuberosum (Roxb.) Young leaves

Found in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal

extending into Peninsular India up to an altitude of 1,350 m. Usually leaves and tubers

are used as food. Tubers are collected during July-August. Leaves were found to be

used widley in Vidarbha region.


1

Moisture Content

87.3 %

2

Total Lipids

0.5 gm

3

Ascorbic Acid(Vitamin-C)

4.316 mg

4

Anthocyanin

1.096 mg

5

Lycopene

4.9 mg

6

Carotenoids

126 mg

7

Vitamin A

210000 IU

8

Retinol

0.063 gm

9

Chlorophyll

i)Chlorophyll-a

ii)Chlorophyll-b


0.091 gm

0.024 gm

0.114 gm

74

Table 3b : Nutrient content per 100 gm fresh/dry weight

Sr. No. Nutrient per 100 gm fresh

weight

per 100 gm dry

weight

1

Total Carbohydrates

0.388 gm

3.05 gm

2

Starch

0.064 gm

0.506 gm

3

Reducing Sugar

0.137 gm

1.075 gm

4

Non-Reducing Sugar

0.187 gm

1.455gm

5

Protein (N×6.25)

2.4gm

18.9 gm

6

Crude Fat

0.435%

3.4 gm

7

Total Phenols

10.508 mg

82.16 mg

8

Crude Fibre

6.387 %

49.9 gm

9

Food energy K cal.

15.067

118.4

75





4 Acid Soluble Ash 84.4 %

5 Acid Insoluble Ash 15.6 %



1 Sulphur ++

2 Calcium ++

3 Magnesium +

4 Iron

Test-A +++

Test-B +++

5 Sodium ++

6 Chloride +

7 Phosphorus +++

8 Aluminum +

9 Manganese ++

10 Copper -

11 Nickel -


1 Calcium 1.095 gm

2 Potassium 0.76 gm

3 Sodium 3.034 gm


5 Iron 0.1136 gm

76


Sr.No Test Response Intensity Inference

1 Iridoids

a) Acubin type Light brown -- Absent

b)Harpagide

2. Alkaloids


b)Dragendorff’s reagent Yellowish brown -- Absent

c)Wagner’s reagent Orange brown -- Absent

3 Anthraquinones




4 Cardenolide

Test –a Yellow -- Absent

Test-b Yellow brown -- Absent

5 Flavanoids

a)Shinoda test Red brown -- Absent

b)Flavononol test Orange -- Absent

c)Flavonol test No change -- Absent


Flavonone test

brown -- Absent


(Flavonone)

Brown -- Absent

6 Leucoanthocyanin Yellow brown -- Absent

7 Simple phenolics

Test – a) with FeCL3 Red brown ++ Pyrogallol

Test – b) Addition of NaOH --

Test – c) Excess FeCL3 --

8 Steroids/Triterpenoid --

Test-a) Green tint + Steroid

present

Test – b) Salkowaski test Light yellow --

9 Tannin

Test – a) tannin No ppt -- Absent

Test – b) Pseudo- tannin Yellow colour -- Absent

10 Saponins --- --- Absent

11 Fatty and organic acids Dense stable forth ++ Present



14 Polyoses Crimson ++ Present


16

Anthracene glycosides

Colourless -- Absent

77

Commelina benghalensis L. Young leaves

Found throughout India in moist regions. Commonly in Karnataka, Rajasthan

and Maharashtra and in Vidarbha it is very common in the regions like Gadchiroli,

Amravati and Yavatmal.

Table 4a : Nutrients per 100 gm fresh weight.

1

Moisture Content

84.5 %

2

Total Lipids

0.23 gm

3

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin-C)

4.25 mg

4

Anthocyanin

0.8 mg

5

Lycopene

2.05 mg

6

Carotenoids

200 mg

7

Vitamin A

333333.3 IU

8

Retinol

0.1 gm

9

Chlorophyll

i)Chlorophyll-a

ii)Chlorophyll-b


0.12 gm

0.038 gm

0.17 gm

78


Sr. No. Nutrients Per 100 gm

fresh weight

Per 100 gm dry

weight

1

Total Carbohydrates

0.675 gm

4.35 gm

2

Starch

0.252 gm

1.629 gm

3

Reducing Sugar

0.121 gm

0.782 gm

4

Non-Reducing Sugar

0.302 gm

1.948 gm

5

Protein (N×6.25)

4.659gm

30.62 gm

6

Crude Fat

0.325gm

2.1 gm

7

Total Phenols

3.193 mg

20.66 mg

8

Crude Fibre

2.98 gm

19.25 gm

9

Food energy K cal.

24.55

158.78

79


1 Ash Yield 25.1 gm

2 Water Soluble Ash 20 %

3 Water Insoluble Ash 80 %



6 Sulphated Ash 60%


Sr. no. Nutrients Results 1 Sulphur ++

2 Calcium +

3 Magnesium +

4 Iron

Test-A +++

Test-B +++

5 Sodium +++

6 Chloride +++

7 Phosphorus +++

8 Aluminum ++

9 Manganese ++

10 Copper -

11 Nickel -


1 Calcium 0.627 gm

2 Potassium 0.87 gm

3 Sodium 4.2 gm


5 Iron 0.292 gm

80



1 Iridoids

a) Acubin type Light yellow -- Absent

b)Harpagide --

2. Alkaloids

a) Mayer’s reagent Green yellow -- Absent

b)Dragendorff’s reagent Greenish yellow -- Absent

c)Wagner’s reagent Reddish orange -- Absent

3 Anthraquinones




4 Cardenolide

Test –a Light yellow -- Absent

Test-b Light yellow -- Absent

5 Flavanoids

a)Shinoda test Orange ++ Flavone present

b)Flavononol test Cream -- Absent

c)Flavonol test Light yellow -- Absent


Flavanone test


Flavonol present


(Flavonone)

Orange -- Absent


7 Simple phenolics

Test – a) with FeCL3 Yellowish green ++ Napthol present

Test – b) Addition of NaOH Orange -- Catechol absent

Test – c) Excess FeCL3 No change -- Catechol absent



Test – b) Salkowaski test No change -- Absent

9 Tannin

Test – a) tannin Yellow -- Absent

Test – b) Pseudo- tannin --- -- Absent

10 Saponins No forth -- Absent







81

Corchorous trilocularis L. Young leaves.

Common throughout as a weed in cultivated fields and gardens. It is a less

known wild edible used only in few parts of Maharashtra i.e. around Mumbai and

Amravati Yavatmal and Buldhana district of Vidarbha.


1

Moisture Content

93.3 %

2

Total Lipids

0.02 gm

3


2.98 mg

4

Anthocyanin

0.87 mg

5

Lycopene

7.6 mg

6

Carotenoids

320 mg

7

Vitamin A

533333.3 IU

8

Retinol

0.16 gm

9

Chlorophyll

i)Chlorophyll-a

ii)Chlorophyll-b


0.118 gm

0.044 gm

0.1636 gm

82

Table 5b : Nutrients content per 100 gm fresh/dry weight.

Sr. No. Nutrients Per 100 gm

fresh weight

Per 100 gm

dry weight

1

Total Carbohydrates

0.724 gm

10.8 gm

2

Starch

0.153 gm

2.297 gm

3

Reducing Sugar

0.059 gm

0.884 gm

4

Non-Reducing Sugar

0.512 gm

7.649 gm

5

Protein (N×6.25)

1.368gm

20gm

6

Crude Fat

0.18gm

2.7 gm

7

Total Phenols

3.22 mg

48.1 mg

8

Crude Fibre

1.02gm

15.35 gm

9

Food energy K cal.

9.98

147.5

83

Table 5c : Quantitative Ash values per 100 gm dry weight.

1 Ash Yield 10.8 gm







Sr. no. Nutrients Results 1 Sulphur +

2 Calcium ++

3 Magnesium +

4 Iron

Test-A ++

Test-B ++

5 Sodium ++

6 Chloride -

7 Phosphorus +

8 Aluminum ++

9 Manganese +

10 Copper -

11 Nickel -


Sr. No. Nutrients Results

1 Calcium 0.756 gm


3 Sodium 1.35 gm


5 Iron 0.0615 gm

84


Sr.No. Test Response Intensity Inference

1 Iridoids


b)Harpagide -- --

2. Alkaloids

a) Mayer’s reagent Yellow orange -- Absent


c)Wagner’s reagent Red orange -- Absent

3 Anthraquinones




4 Cardenolide

Test –a -- Absent

Test-b -- Absent

5 Flavanoids

a)Shinoda test Reddish orange +++ Present

b)Flavononol test Light orange -- Absent

c)Flavonol test Yellow green -- Absent


Flavanone test

Orange +++ Flavanone present


(Flavonone)

Brown -- Absent


7 Simple phenolics

Test – a) with FeCL3 Deep green ++ Napthol/ catechol

present


NaOH

No change -- Hydroquinone

absent




Test -b) Salkowaski test No change -- Absent

9 Tannin


Test – b) Pseudo- tannin Yellow -- Absent



acids

Little dense

forth

--

Absent

12 Juglone Yellow -- Absent





85

Digera muricata (L.) Young leaves.

Common weed found throughout the plains of India, Rajasthan, Uttar

Pradesh., Delhi, Karnataka, Maharashtra. Tender shoots are preferred by the locals for

vegetable, hence same were collected for the analysis.


1

Moisture Content

93.8 %

2

Total Lipids

0.256gm

3


3.683 mg

4

Anthocyanin

1.14 mg

5

Lycopene

4.78 mg

6

Carotenoids

648.1 mg

7

Vitamin A

1080160 IU

8

Retinol

0.32405 gm

9

Chlorophyll

i) Chlorophyll-a

ii) Chlorophyll-b

iii) Total Chlorophyll

0.1012 gm

0.0314 gm

0.1326 gm

86



weight

Per 100 gm dry

weight

1

Total Carbohydrates

0.441 gm

7.11 gm

2

Starch

0.020 gm

0.329 gm

3

Reducing Sugar

0.038 gm

6.06 gm

4

Non-Reducing Sugar

0.383 gm

0.74 gm

5

Protein (N×6.25)

0.249gm

4.08gm

6

Crude Fat

0.161gm

2.6 gm

7

Total Phenols

1.359 mg

21.93 mg

8

Crude Fibre

2.681gm

43.25gm

9

Food energy K cal.

4.199

68.12

87









1 Sulphur ++

2 Calcium ++

3 Magnesium +

4 Iron

Test-A +++

Test-B +++

5 Sodium +++

6 Chloride ++

7 Phosphorus +++

8 Aluminum ++

9 Manganese ++

10 Copper -

11 Nickel -


1 Calcium 3.25 gm

2 Potassium 0.61 gm

3 Sodium 2.169 gm


5 Iron 0.138 gm

88



1 Iridoids


b)Harpagide --- -- ---

2. Alkaloids

a) Mayer’s reagent Light yellow -- Absent

b)Dragendorff’s reagent Green -- Absent

c)Wagner’s reagent Reddish

brown

++ Alkaloid Present

3 Anthraquinones




4 Cardenolide

Test –a Green -- Absent


5 Flavanoids



c)Flavonol test Green -- Absent


Flavanone test


Flavonol

present


(Flavonone)

Yellow -- Absent

6 Leucoanthocyanin Orange -- Absent

7 Simple phenolics

Test – a) with FeCL3 Deep green ++ Napthol/

catechol present

Test – b) Addition of NaOH Yellow ++ Hydroquinone

present

Test – c) Excess FeCL3 No change -- Catechol absent




9 Tannin


Test – b) Pseudo- tannin ----- -- Absent

10 Saponins No forth - Absent



13 Emodines Yellow -- Absent



16 Anthracene glycosides Colourless -- Absent

89

Goniocaulon indicum (Klein ex Willd.) Young leaves.

Distributed in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Less known edible; found to

be used only in Vidarbha. There is no mention of its medicinal or edible use in earlier

literature.


1

Moisture Content

77.3%

2

Total Lipids

0.01gm

3


3.818 mg

4

Anthocyanin

0.74 mg

5

Lycopene

1.44 mg

6

Carotenoids

275 mg

7

Vitamin A

458330 IU

8

Retinol

137490 gm

9

Chlorophyll

i)Chlorophyll-a

ii)Chlorophyll-b


0.19gm

0.078gm

0.2699gm

90



fresh weight

Per 100 gm dry

weight

1

Total Carbohydrates

2.06 gm

9.08gm

2

Starch

0.126 gm

0.558 gm

3

Reducing Sugar

0.131 gm

0.58gm

4

Non-Reducing Sugar

1.805 gm

7.95 gm

5

Protein (N×6.25)

2.553gm

11.25gm

6

Crude Fat

0.63gm

2.8 gm

7

Total Phenols

10.91 mg

48.16 mg

8

Crude Fibre

3.25gm

14.35 gm

9

Food energy K cal.

24.01

106.52

91


1 Ash Yield 14.9gm






Table 7d : Qualitative Mineral Profile.

1 Sulphur +++

2 Calcium ++

3 Magnesium ++

4 Iron

Test-A +++

Test-B +++

5 Sodium ++

6 Chloride +++

7 Phosphorus +++

8 Aluminum ++

9 Manganese ++

10 Copper -

11 Nickel -

Table 7e : Minerals per 100 gm dry weight.

1 Calcium 2.75 gm

2 Potassium 0.29 gm

3 Sodium 1.788 gm


5 Iron 0.0506 gm

92

Table 7f : Phytochemical Profile (Bioactive molecule)


1 Iridoids


b)Harpagide -- -- ---

2. Alkaloids

a) Mayer’s reagent Milky dirty green -- Absent


c)Wagner’s reagent Brown -- Absent

3 Anthraquinones




4 Cardenolide


Test-b Yellow -- Absent

5 Flavanoids

a)Shinoda test Green -- Absent

b)Flavononol test Green -- Absent

c)Flavonol test Yellow green ++ Flavonol present


Flavanone test

Green -- Absent


(Flavonone)

Yellow -- Absent


7 Simple phenolics

Test – a) with FeCL3 Deep green ++ Napthol

/catechol present

Test – b) Addition of NaOH No change -- Hydroquinone

absent

Test – c) Excess FeCL3 Red brown ++ Catechol present



Test – b) Salkowaski test No change --

9 Tannin

Test – a) tannin No change --

Test – b) Pseudo- tannin Tint green + Chlorogenic acid

present


11 Test – b) Fatty and organic

acids

No forth -- Absent

12 Juglone Green tint -- Absent

13 Emodines Colour less -- Absent

14 Polyoses Crimson -- Present



93

Merremia gangetica (L.) Young leaves.

A prostrate, perennial, much branched herb, found in damp places in upper

Gangetic plain, Bihar, West Bengal, North circles, Madras, Western Ghats, Deccan,

Maharashtra and Gujarat ascending to 900 meters in the hills. Used as pot herb in

North Karnatak and Rajasthan . In Vidarbha it is used in Amravati and Yavatmal

district.


1

Moisture Content

61.9 %

2

Total Lipids

0.11 gm

3


2.787 gm

4

Anthocyanin

0.54 mg

5

Lycopene

6.0414 mg

6

Carotenoids

178.5 mg

7

Vitamin A

1006830 IU

8

Retinol

0.30205 gm

9

Chlorophyll

i)Chlorophyll-a

ii)Chlorophyll-b


0.207 gm

0.105 gm

3.12 gm

94

Table 8b : Nutrient content per 100 gm fresh/ dry weight.


fresh weight

Per 100 gm dry

weight

1

Total Carbohydrates

6.57 gm

17.26 gm

2

Starch

0.539 gm

1.415 gm

3

Reducing Sugar

0.788 gm

2.07 gm

4

Non-Reducing Sugar

5.252 gm

13.79 gm

5

Protein (N×6.25)

7.2gm

18.9gm

6

Crude Fat

0.762gm

2gm

7

Total Phenols

49.949 mg

131.1 mg

8

Crude Fibre

8.420gm

22.1 gm

9

Food energy K cal.

61.93

162.6

95


1 Ash Yield 11 gm







1 Sulphur +

2 Calcium +

3 Magnesium +++

4 Iron

Test-A +++

Test-B +++

5 Sodium ++

6 Chloride ++

7 Phosphorus +++

8 Aluminum +++

9 Manganese ++

10 Copper -

11 Nickel -


1 Calcium 3.08 gm

2 Potassium 0.2 gm

3 Sodium 1.87 gm


5 Iron 0.44 gm

96



1 Iridoids

a) Acubin type Orange -- Absent

b)Harpagide -- -- --

2. Alkaloids

a) Mayer’s reagent Light green -- Absent



3 Anthraquinones




4 Cardenolide


Test-b Red layer -- Absent

5 Flavanoids

a)Shinoda test Red ++ Flavone present


c)Flavonol test Yellowish

brown

-- Absent

d)Flavone,Flavonol & Flavanone

test

Crimson ++ Flavanone

present


(Flavonone)

Crimson -- Absent

6 Leucoanthocyanin Light red + Present (weak)

7 Simple phenolics

Test – a) with FeCL3 Deep green ++ Napthol/catech

ol present

Test – b) Addition of NaOH No change -- Hydroquinane

absent

Test – c) Excess FeCL3 Red colour -- Catechol

present


Test-a) Red tint ++ Triterpenoids

present

Test – b) Salkowaski test Light yellow -- Steroids Absent

9 Tannin

Test – a) tannin No ppt Absent

Test – b) Pseudo- tannin Tint green ++ Chlorogenic

acid present



12 Juglone Green colour -- Absent




16 Anthracene glycosides Yellow -- Absent

97

Rivea hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Young leaves.

A large climbing shrub found almost throughout India. Leaves and young

shoots eaten as vegetable and also used in preparing Roti. Fruits are eaten in

Rajasthan. Leaves were found to be used in Amravati, Gadchiroli and Washim district

of Vidarbha. Various preparations are made from leaves.


1

Moisture Content

76.4 %

2

Total Lipids

0.2 gm

3


1.32 mg

4

Anthocyanin

3.31 mg

5

Lycopene

7.85 mg

6

Carotenoids

144.9 mg

7

Vitamin A

2415000 IU

8

Retinol

0.7245 gm

9

Chlorophyll

i)Chlorophyll-a

ii)Chlorophyll-b


0.134 gm

0.092 gm

0.204 gm

98



fresh weight

Per 100 gm dry

weight

1

Total Carbohydrates

1.711 gm

7.25 gm

2

Starch

0.248 gm

1.055 gm

3

Reducing Sugar

0.041 gm

1.76 gm

4

Non-Reducing Sugar

1.422 gm

4.44 gm

5

Protein (N×6.25)

0.724gm

3.064gm

6

Crude Fat

1.014gm

4.3 gm

7

Total Phenols

7.882 mg

33.4 mg

8

Crude Fibre

1.860gm

14.9gm

9

Food energy K cal.

18.8

79.95

99









1 Sulphur +++

2 Calcium +++

3 Magnesium +++

4 Iron

Test-A +++

Test-B +++

5 Sodium +++

6 Chloride +++

7 Phosphorus +++

8 Aluminum ++

9 Manganese ++

10 Copper -

11 Nickel -


1 Calcium 2.66 gm

2 Potassium 0.28 gm

3 Sodium 1.434 gm


5 Iron 0.0423 gm

100



1 Iridoids


b)Harpagide --

2. Alkaloids

a) Mayer’s reagent Orange -- Absent


c)Wagner’s reagent Red ++ Present (doubtful)

3 Anthraquinones




4 Cardenolide


Test-b Reddish brown -- Absent

5 Flavanoids


b)Flavononol test Greenish yellow -- Absent

c)Flavonol test Pale yellow -- Absent

d)Flavone, Flavonol &

Flavonone test

Crimson ++ Flavonone present


(Flavonone)

Orange -- Absent


7 Simple phenolics

Test – a) with FeCL3 Deep green +++ Napthol /

catechol present

Test – b) Addition of NaOH Yellow --- Hydroquinone absent

Test – c) Excess FeCL3 Red +++ Catechol present




9 Tannin


Test – b) Pseudo- tannin Green colour ++ Chlorogenic

acid present

10 Saponins ----- - Absent







101

Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken. Young leaves.

It is a medium size to large deciduous to evergreen tree, distributed throughout

Indo-Malaysian region. It is an excellent host for lac-insect and the seeds yield the

Macassar oil (Anonymous 2003).

In India it is usually found in the sub-Himalayan tract from Kashmir to West

Bengal and in Central and Peninsular India, especially in the moist localities. One of

the fine shade bearer and frost and drought hardy tree. Tender leaves, fruit and seed

oil is used by the local people. For present study only tender leaves are selected for

analysis.




3 Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin-C) 1.786 mg


5 Lycopene 1.909 mg



8 Retinol 0.09 gm

9 Chlorophyll

i)Chlorophyll-a

ii)Chlorophyll-b


0.002 gm

0.002 gm

0.005 gm

102



weight

Per 100 gm dry

weight

1

Total Carbohydrates

1.449 gm

3.75 gm

2

Starch

0.201 gm

0.522 gm

3

Reducing Sugar

0.489 gm

1.267 gm

4

Non-Reducing

Sugar

0.759 gm

1.6 gm

5

Protein (N×6.25)

0.723gm

3.064gm

6

Crude Fat

0.35gm

0.93gm

7

Total Phenols

126.06 mg

326.6 mg

8

Crude Fibre

3.47gm

9 gm

9

Food energy K cal.

11.8

35.62

103


1 Ash Yield 4.58 gm







1 Sulphur +

2 Calcium +

3 Magnesium +

4 Iron

Test-A ++

Test-B +++

5 Sodium +++

6 Chloride ++

7 Phosphorus +++

8 Aluminum ++

9 Manganese +

10 Copper -

11 Nickel -


1 Calcium 0.114 gm


3 Sodium 0.709 gm


5 Iron 0.014 gm

104


Sr. No Test Response Intensity Inference

1 Iridoids

a) Acubin type Light orange -- Absent

b)Harpagide

2. Alkaloids



c)Wagner’s reagent reddish +++ Present

3 Anthraquinones




4 Cardenolide

Test –a Green -- Absent

Test-b No layer -- Absent

5 Flavanoids

a)Shinoda test Red colour ++ Present

b)Flavononol test Red colour -- Absent



Flavanone test

Yellow ++ Flavone &

Flavonol present


(Flavonone)

Orange colour -- Absent

6 Leucoanthocyanin Red colour +++ Present

7 Simple phenolics

Test – a) with FeCL3 Deep green ++ Napthol/catechol

present


NaOH

No change -- Hydroquinone absent




Test - b) Salkowaski test No change -- Absent

9 Tannin


Test – b) Pseudo- tannin Yellow -- Absent



acids

Dense forth

form

++ Present


13 Emodines -- Absent

14 Polyoses Brown red ++ Present

15 Polyuronoides brown -- Absent

16 Anthracene glycosides Milky white -- Absent

105

Scilla hyacinthiana (Roth) Young leaves.

Distributed in Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Chotta Nagpur, Maharashtra and

Madras. No mention of Scilla hyacinthiana was found in earlier literature either as

medicinal or as edible. In Vidarbha also it is used in Amravati district only.


1

Moisture Content

89 %

2

Total Lipids

0.1 gm

3


4.22 mg

4

Anthocyanin

1.12 mg

5

Lycopene

4.431 mg

6

Carotenoids

127.5 mg

7

Vitamin A

212500 IU

8

Retinol

0.06375 gm

9

Chlorophyll

i)Chlorophyll-a

ii)Chlorophyll-b


0.056 gm

0.050 gm

0.106 gm

106



weight

Per 100 gm dry

weight

1

Total Carbohydrates

0.685 gm

6.22 gm

2

Starch

0.121 gm

1.103 gm

3

Reducing Sugar

0.049 gm

4.540 gm

4

Non-Reducing Sugar

0.515 gm

0.593 gm

5

Protein (N×6.25)

0.674gm

6.129gm

6

Crude Fat

0.638gm

5.8 gm

7

Total Phenols

4.323 mg

39.33 mg

8

Crude Fibre

1.573gm

14.3 gm

9

Food energy K cal.

11.17

101.59

107









1 Sulphur +

2 Calcium ++

3 Magnesium ++

4 Iron

Test-A +++

Test-B +++

5 Sodium ++

6 Chloride +

7 Phosphorus ++

8 Aluminum +

9 Manganese +

10 Copper -

11 Nickel -


1 Calcium 1.307 gm

2 Potassium 0.68 gm

3 Sodium 1.961 gm


5 Iron 0.0791 gm

108



1 Iridoids


b)Harpagide --

2. Alkaloids


b)Dragendorff’s reagent Orange ++ Alkaloid Present

c)Wagner’s reagent Reddish orange -- Absent

3 Anthraquinones

Test-a White

turbidity

-- Absent



4 Cardenolide


Test-b Yellow brown -- Absent

5 Flavanoids


b)Flavononol test No change -- Absent



Flavanone test

Red brown -- Absent


(Flavonone)

No change -- Absent


7 Simple phenolics

Test – a) with FeCL3 Reddish brown ++ Pyrogallol

present





9 Tannin


Test – b) Pseudo- tannin --


11 Fatty and

organic acids

No forth -- Absent

12 Juglone Brown colour -- Absent




16 Anthracene glycosides Colour less -- Absent

109

Bombax ceiba L. Flowers.

In Peninsular India, the tree is very common in the dry and moist, mixed

deciduous forests. In West Bengal and Assam, it is found in the mixed evergreen

forests also. The tree grows in the mixed deciduous forests in the sub-Himalayan

region and lower valleys. Generally scarce in the hilly region. It is very common in

the Bhabar tracts of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. It also found on Satpura ranges on hard

trap. The trees are grown along avenues.

Flowers of of B. ceiba L. are sweet and juicy; while tubers are starchy, testing

like sweet potato. Though this wild edible finds use only in Yavatmal district of

Vidarbha, it is eaten in many other parts of India.

For phytochemical studies only flower material was selected since collection

of root tubers would have been a destructive activity. This fact also was tried to be

explained to people digging out root tubers.






5 Lycopene 0.19 mg


7 Vitamin A 133333.3 IU

8 Retinol 0.4 gm

9 Chlorophyll

i)Chlorophyll-a

ii)Chlorophyll-b


-

-

-

110


Sr. No. Nutrient 100 gm fresh

weight

100 gm dry

weight

1

Total Carbohydrates

1.48 gm

10.36 gm

2

Starch

0.0617 gm

0.432 gm

3

Reducing Sugar

1.314 gm

9.19 gm

4

Non-Reducing Sugar

0.107 gm

0.75 gm

5

Protein (N×6.25)

0.73gm

5.1 gm

6

Crude Fat

0.75gm

0.53gm

7

Total Phenols

13.708 mg

95.86 mg

8

Crude Fibre

2.58 gm

18.1 gm

9

Food energy K cal.

15.59

66.61

111


1 Ash Yield 5.47 gm






Table 12d : Qualitative Mineral Profile.

1 Sulphur +

2 Calcium +

3 Magnesium ++

4 Iron

Test-A ++

Test-B +++

5 Sodium ++

6 Chloride +++

7 Phosphorus +++

8 Aluminum -

9 Manganese +

10 Copper -

11 Nickel -


1 Calcium 0.273 gm

2 Potassium 0.18 gm

3 Sodium 1.039 gm


5 Iron 0.04 gm

112



1 Iridoids

a) Acubin type Orange red -- Absent

b)Harpagide - -- Absent

2. Alkaloids

a) Mayer’s reagent Crimson colour -- Absent

b)Dragendorff’s reagent Crimson colour -- Absent

c)Wagner’s reagent Crimson colour -- Absent

3 Anthraquinones



Test-c White colour -- Absent

4 Cardenolide

Test –a Yellow green -- Absent

Test-b Brown colour -- Absent

5 Flavanoids

a)Shinoda test Red colour ++ Present

b)Flavanonol test Brick red colour -- Absent



Flavanone test

Crimson +++ Flavanones

present


(Flavonone)

Crimson -- Absent

6 Leucoanthocyanin Crimson red ++ Present

7 Simple phenolics

Test – a) with FeCL3 Deep green ++ Napthol /

catechol present

Test – b) Addition of NaOH No change ++ Hydroquinone

present

Test – c) Excess FeCL3 Red catechol +++ Present



Test – b) Salkawaski test -- Absent

9 Tannin

Test – a) Tannin No ppt -- Absent

Test – b) Pseudo- tannin Green ++ Present


11 Fatty and organic acids Little forth

12 Juglone Yellow colour -- Absent

13 Emodines -- Absent

14 Polyoses Brown colour -- Absent

15 Polyuronoides Brown colour -- Absent


113

Cassia fistula L. Flowers.

The tree is one of the most widespread occurring in deciduous forests of India.

It is common throughout the Gangetic valley, Central India and South India. The tree

is not gregarious, but is scattered in mixed, deciduous forests, it occurs frequently in

sal forests. It is often cultivated in the gardens.

It is widely used as edible (leaves, flowers, fruits) throughout India. In

Vidarbha region only flowers are found to be used in Amravati, Yavatmal and

Washim district.






5 Lycopene 0.8488 mg



8 Retinol 0.12501 gm

9 Chlorophyll

i)Chlorophyll-a

ii)Chlorophyll-b


-

-

-

114



weight

Per 100 gm dry

weight

1

Total Carbohydrates

2.287 gm

7.67 gm

2

Starch

0.237 gm

0.797 gm

3

Reducing Sugar

1.564 gm

5.25 gm

4

Non-Reducing

Sugar

0.486gm

1.63 gm

5

Protein (N×6.25)

0.182gm

6.12gm

6

Crude Fat

0.93gm

3.13 gm

7

Total Phenols

10.51 mg

35.33 mg

8

Crude Fibre

0.98gm

3.3 gm

9

Food energy K cal.

18.248

83.33

115


1 Ash Yield 7.99 gm







1 Sulphur ++

2 Calcium +

3 Magnesium +++

4 Iron

Test-A +++

Test-B +++

5 Sodium +++

6 Chloride ++

7 Phosphorus +++

8 Aluminum ++

9 Manganese ++

10 Copper -

11 Nickel -


1 Calcium 0.23 gm

2 Potassium 0.22 gm

3 Sodium 1.358 gm


5 Iron 0.0559 gm

116



1 Iridoids


b)Harpagide

2. Alkaloids

a) Mayer’s reagent Orange colour -- Absent

b)Dragendorff’s reagent Orange colour -- Absent

c)Wagner’s reagent Red colour ++ Present

3 Anthraquinones




4 Cardenolide

Test –a Orange -- Absent

Test-b Reddish -- Absent

5 Flavanoids

a)Shinoda test Yellow orange ++ Flavone present




Flavonone test

Crimson ++ Flavonone

present


(Flavonone)

Orange colour -- Absent


7 Simple phenolics

Test – a) with FeCL3 Red brown ++ Pyrogallol

present




Test-a) Pinkish tint ++ Present


9 Tannin


Test – b) Pseudo- tannin No change -- Absent

10 Saponins No forth Absent

11 Fatty and organic acids Little dense forth + Present

12 Juglone Pafce brown -- Absent

13 Emodines Milky white -- Absent



16

Anthracene glycosides

Light yellow -- Absent

117

Oroxylum indicum (L.) -Flower

A genus of trees found in Indo-Malaysian region and China.

A medium sized deciduous tree found throughout the greater part of India up

to an altitude of 1,200 meters; present mostly in ravines and moist places in the forests

and rare in the Western drier regions.

Young shoots are eaten as vegetable. Fruits are used in Haryana and Nicobar;

while flowers are used as vegetable in Darjeeling Distt. In Vidarbha it was found to

be used in Nagpur Distt. only.






5 Lycopene 0.16 mg



8 Retinol 0.1306 gm

9 Chlorophyll

i) Chlorophyll-a

ii) Chlorophyll-b

iii) Total Chlorophyll

0.036 gm

0.002 gm

0.004 gm

118


Sr. No. Nutrient per 100 gm

fresh weight

per 100 gm dry

weight

1

Total Carbohydrates

2.79 gm

22.18 gm

2

Starch

0.060 gm

0.425 gm

3

Reducing Sugar

1.101 gm

7.702 gm

4

Non-Reducing Sugar

1.634 gm

11.428 gm

5

Protein (N×6.25)

0.128gm

1.021 gm

6

Crude Fat

0.543gm

3.8 %

7

Total Phenols

40.04 mg

280 mg

8

Crude Fibre

1.923gm

13.45 gm

9

Food energy K cal.

16.55

127

119


1 Ash Yield 9.9 gm







1 Sulphur ++

2 Calcium +++

3 Magnesium ++

4 Iron

Test-A +++

Test-B +++

5 Sodium ++

6 Chloride ++

7 Phosphorus +++

8 Aluminum ++

9 Manganese ++

10 Copper -

11 Nickel -



1 Calcium 2.475 gm

2 Potassium 0.38 gm

3 Sodium 1.089 gm


5 Iron 0.0163 gm

120


Sr. No Test Response Intensity Inference

1 Iridoids

a) Acubin type Orange -- Absent

b)Harpagide --

2. Alkaloids



c)Wagner’s reagent Reddish colour -- Absent

3 Anthraquinones




4 Cardenolide


Test-b Brown -- Absent

5 Flavanoids



c)Flavonol test Brown -- Absent


Flavanone test

Crimson ++ Flavanone present


(Flavonone)

Orange -- Absent


7 Simple phenolics

Test – a) with FeCL3 Black ++ Tannic acid,

gallic acid present




Test-a) Reddish tint + Triterpenoid

present

Test – b) Salkowaski test Yellow -- Absent

9 Tannin


Test – b) Pseudo- tannin --


11 Fatty and organic acids Dense forth

form

++ Present





16 Anthracene glycosides Colourless -- Absent

121

Telosma pallida (Roxb.) Flowers

Not common, climber found in dry open wastelands. Found from tropical

Himalayas to Sikkim, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Gujarat. The flowers are used as

edible in regions of Rajasthan and Gujarat.


1

Moisture Content

85.5 %

2

Total Lipids

0.2 gm

3


1.566 mg

4

Anthocyanin

1.07 mg

5

Lycopene

0.62 mg

6

Carotenoids

172.52 mg

7

Vitamin A

287530 IU

8

Retinol

0.08626 gm

9

Chlorophyll

i)Chlorophyll-a

ii)Chlorophyll-b


0.012 gm

0.00001 gm

0.0134

122


Sr. No. Nutrient per 100 gm fresh

weight

per 100 gm dry

weight

1

Total

Carbohydrates

1.58 gm

10.89 gm

2

Starch

0.043 gm

0.299 gm

3

Reducing Sugar

0.131 gm

0.909 gm

4

Non-Reducing

Sugar

1.406 gm

9.691 gm

5

Protein (N×6.25)

0.88gm

6.12gm

6

Crude Fat

0.48gm

3.36gm

7

Total Phenols

6.452 mg

44.5 mg

8

Crude Fibre

0.93gm

6.45 gm

9

Food energy K

cal.

13.71

98.28

123


1 Ash Yield 11.4 gm





6 Sulphated Ash 40%


1 Sulphur ++

2 Calcium ++

3 Magnesium +

4 Iron

Test-A +++

Test-B +++

5 Sodium ++

6 Chloride +

7 Phosphorus +

8 Aluminum +

9 Manganese +

10 Copper -

11 Nickel -



1 Calcium 1.026 gm

2 Potassium 0.56 gm

3 Sodium 2.394 gm


5 Iron 0.0798 gm

124



1 Iridoids


b)Harpagide -- -- --

2. Alkaloids




3 Anthraquinones

Test-a White tubidity -- Absent



4 Cardenolide


Test-b Yellow layer -- Absent

5 Flavanoids

a)Shinoda test Yellowish

orange ++ Flavonus

present

b)Flavononol test -- Absent

c)Flavonol test Orange -- Absent


Flavonone test

Orange ++ Flavonones

present


(Flavonone)

No change -- Absent


7 Simple phenolics

Test – a) with FeCL3 --

Test – b) Addition of NaOH Orange -- Absent





9 Tannin


Test – b) Pseudo- tannin Tint green + Chlorogenic

present


11 Fatty and organic acids Dense forth ++ Present

12 Juglone Colour less -- Absent




16 Anthracene glycosides Light green -- Absent

125

Oroxylum indicum (L.) -Fruit


1

Moisture Content

80 %

2

Total Lipids

0.1 gm

3


2.74 mg

4

Anthocyanin

0.8 mg

5

Lycopene

0.22 mg

6

Carotenoids

252 mg

7

Vitamin A

420000 IU

8

Retinol

0.126 gm

9

Chlorophyll

i)Chlorophyll-a

ii)Chlorophyll-b


-

-

-

126


1

Total Carbohydrates

1.677 gm

8.38 gm

2

Starch

0.051 gm

0.257 gm

3

Reducing Sugar

0.691 gm

3.459 gm

4

Non-Reducing Sugar

0.935 gm

4.674 gm

5

Protein (N×6.25)

3gm

15.32gm

6

Crude Fat

0.46gm

2.3 gm

7

Total Phenols

29.06 mg

145.33 mg

8

Crude Fibre

4.92gm

24.6 gm

9

Food energy K cal.

22.84

115.5

127


1 Ash Yield 5.8 gm







Sr. no. Nutrients Results 1 Sulphur +

2 Calcium +++

3 Magnesium ++

4 Iron

Test-A +++

Test-B +++

5 Sodium +++

6 Chloride +

7 Phosphorus +++

8 Aluminum ++

9 Manganese +

10 Copper -

11 Nickel -



1 Calcium 1.305 gm

2 Potassium 0.28 gm

3 Sodium 1.363 gm


5 Iron 0.0191 gm

128



1 Iridoids


b)Harpagide --

2. Alkaloids

a) Mayer’s reagent Orange --

b)Dragendorff’s reagent Green yellow --

c)Wagner’s reagent Reddish brown --

3 Anthraquinones




4 Cardenolide



5 Flavanoids

a)Shinoda test Greenish yellow -- Absent


c)Flavonol test Battle brown -- Absent


Flavonone test

Crimson ++ Flavonone

present


(Flavonone)

Orange --


7 Simple phenolics

Test – a) with FeCL3 Black +++ Tannic acid,

gallic acid

present

Test – b) Addition of NaOH




Test – b) Salkowaski test Light yellow -- Absent

9 Tannin


Test – b) Pseudo- tannin Light yellow -- Absent

10 Saponins No stable forth -- Absent







129

Bauhinia vahlii Wight and Arn Seeds

A huge climber with densely pubescent branchlets. Mainly found in Assam,

Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Punjab. Seeds are supposed to be highly

nutritious and are widely eaten throughout India.

Table 17a : Nutrients per 100 gm dry weight

1

Moisture Content

10.8%

2

Total Lipids

10.57 gm

3


1.84 mg

4

Anthocyanin

0.24 mg

5

Lycopene

1.16 mg

6

Carotenoids

3.6 mg

7

Vitamin A

6000 IU

8

Retinol

0.0018 gm

9

Chlorophyll

i)Chlorophyll-a

ii)Chlorophyll-b


-

-

-

130



weight

Per 100 gm dry

weight

1

Total

Carbohydrates

5.05 gm

5.66 gm

2

Starch

0.55 gm

0.621 gm

3

Reducing Sugar

2.09 gm

2.348 gm

4

Non-Reducing

Sugar

2.41 gm

2.785 gm

5

Protein (N×6.25)

14.747gm

18.38gm

6

Crude Fat

15.34gm

17.2 gm

7

Total Phenols

41.032 mg

46.33 mg

8

Crude Fibre

5.81 gm

6.52 gm

9

Food energy K cal.

217.8

251.3

131









1 Sulphur +

2 Calcium +++

3 Magnesium ++

4 Iron

Test-A +++

Test-B +++

5 Sodium +

6 Chloride -

7 Phosphorus +

8 Aluminum ++

9 Manganese +

10 Copper -

11 Nickel -


1 Calcium 0.095 gm


3 Sodium 0.736 gm


5 Iron 0.0116 gm

132



1 Iridoids

a) Acubin type Milky white -- Absent

b)Harpagide

2. Alkaloids

a) Mayer’s reagent White turbidity -- Absent

b)Dragendorff’s reagent Yellow -- Absent


3 Anthraquinones



Test-c -- Absent

4 Cardenolide

Test –a Orange -- Absent

Test-b Brown -- Absent

5 Flavanoids

a)Shinoda test No change -- Absent




Flavonone test

Pink tint + Flavonone present


(Flavonone)

No change -- Absent

6 Leucoanthocyanin Tint pink -- Absent

7 Simple phenolics

Test – a) with FeCL3 Black +++ Tannic acid /

gallic acid

Test – b) Addition of NaOH

Test – c) Excess FeCL3


Test-a) Pinkish tint ++ Triterpenoid

present

Test – b) Salkowaski test No change

9 Tannin


Test – b) Pseudo- tannin Dirty yellowish -- Absent



12 Juglone Milky white -- Absent

13 Emodines Milky white --- Absent



16 Anthracene glycosides Milky white -- Absent

leafy vegetables-shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5382/9/09...10. schleichera oleosa...

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