leanban: the next step in the evolution of agile
TRANSCRIPT
Leanban: The Next Step in the Evolutionof AgileLean-Agile Transformation from the C-suite to Dev Ops
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@AlShalloway
CEO, Founder
Co-founder of Lean-Systems SocietyCo-founder Lean-Kanban University (no longer affiliated)Contributor to SAFe
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Lean ManagementProject
Management
technical
Lean for ExecutivesProduct Portfolio ManagementBusiness Product OwnerProduct Owner
Onsite SPC Leading SAFe®Agile ArchitectureProduct Manager/PO
Leanban / Kanban / Scrum ATDD / TDD / Design Patterns
ASSESSMENTS
CONSULTING
TRAININGCOACHING
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Absorb what is useful, reject what is useless, add what is specifically your own.
Bruce Lee
All models are wrong, some are useful.
George Box
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A brief history of Agile1995 – Scrum1999 – XP2001 – Agile Manifesto2004 – Lean Software2007 – Kanban2007 – Scrumban2009 – Kanban Method
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Lean-Kanban
Lean-Scrum
Webinar In a NutshellFocus on flow
Focus on Eco-System
Kanban
ScrumDisc
iplin
e Re
quire
d
Lean-Thinking
Leanban
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1. The Beginnings – Iterative Development2.The Rise & Challenge of Flow-Only Based
Agile3.Contrasting Iterative and Flow-Only Based
Agile4.The Case for the Next Evolutionary Step for
Agile5.The Requirements for the Next Phase of
Agile6.Leanban – Continuing the Evolution of Agile
Agile Evolution’s Next Step: Introducing Leanban
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Lessons from ScrumCross-functional teams are goodImprove collaborationEliminate wasteCadence coordinates different rolesIterations Create DisciplineShort term planning can be accurate
Principles are needed to learn
Theory without experience is useless. Experience without theory is expensive. - Paraphrase of Deming
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Lessons from XPTest-first and automated testing results in long-term high quality, maintainable codeContinuous integration is importantSmall stories are importantCollaboration is criticalShared understanding of Agility is critical
If we have too high a bar for adoption – even when the practices are good – few teams will move forward.
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1.The Beginnings – Iterative Development2. The Rise & Challenge of Flow-Only Based Agile3.Contrasting Iterative and Flow-Only Based
Agile4.The Case for the Next Evolutionary Step for
Agile5.The Requirements for the Next Phase of
Agile6.Leanban – Continuing the Evolution of Agile
Agile Evolution’s Next Step: Introducing Leanban
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Challenges Implementing Agile• Can’t always form cross-functional teams• Unfamiliar roles are sometimes resisted• Too much change is bad• Lack of management inclusion• Lack of flexibility required in IT
& product environments with heavy maintenance costs
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Lessons from KanbanUse kanban to manage flow with or without cross-functional teamsVisibility and explicit workflow greatly enhances learningIt is important to include managementHow to affect change when one can’t do any change at start
If we focus only on work flow, we will miss other opportunities for improvement.
Flow when you can, pull when you must. – many Lean senseis
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1.The Beginnings – Iterative Development2.The Rise & Challenge of Flow-Only Based
Agile3. Contrasting Iterative and Flow-Only Based Agile4.The Case for the Next Evolutionary Step for
Agile5.The Requirements for the Next Phase of
Agile6.Leanban – Continuing the Evolution of Agile
Agile Evolution’s Next Step: Introducing Leanban
© Copyright Net Objectives, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Scrum Kanban
Organize in cross-functional teams Use your current team organization. Team structure is orthogonal to some Kanban practitioners
Create new roles: PO, SM, Team Use existing roles
Just jump to Scrum and consider any impediments you face as issues to remove
Start where you are. Avoid making eco-system changes until after a kanban system has been put into place
Use time-boxed sprints for planning and guidance to finish things quickly
Do not have sprints nor plan work ahead besides creating a product backlog
Estimate work and use velocity based on estimates and work done to assist planning Do not estimate – considered wasteful activity
Create visibility of work going into and out of sprint as well as status of work being done. But don’t explain workflow rules.
Make all work visible to management including work status and workflow agreements.
Have learning retrospections at the end of every sprint Have explicit workflow policies that enable the use of kaizen to improve flow on a daily basis
Teams coached by a Scrum Master with no authority over them
Teams use existing team-leadership approaches in place prior to Kanban Method
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Framework/Method Tunnel Vision
Frameworks and methods do not preclude others de jureBut focusing on one thing precludes others de factoScrum tends to preclude flow, explicit policies, management (doesn’t have to, but often does)Some Kanban methods tends to preclude teams (doesn’t have to, but often does)
In theory, theory and practice are the same. But in practice they are different. Albert Einstein
Men occasionally stumble over the truth, but most of them pick themselves up and hurry off as if nothing had happened. Winston Churchill
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Scrum KanbanOrganize in cross-functional teams Use your current team organization. Team structure is
orthogonal to some Kanban practitionersCreate new roles: PO, SM, Team Use existing roles
Just jump to Scrum and consider any impediments you face as issues to remove
Start where you are. Avoid making eco-system changes until after a kanban system has been put into place
Use time-boxed sprints for planning and guidance to finish things quickly
Do not have sprints nor plan work ahead besides creating a product backlog
Estimate work and use velocity based on estimates and work done to assist planning Do not estimate – considered wasteful activity
Create visibility of work going into and out of sprint as well as status of work being done. But don’t explain workflow rules.
Make all work visible to management including work status and workflow agreements.
Have learning retrospections at the end of every sprint Have explicit workflow policies that enable the use of kaizen to improve flow on a daily basis
Teams coached by a Scrum Master with no authority over them
Teams use existing team-leadership approaches in place prior to Kanban Method
Why would we think we
have only two choices?
How can we pick the
appropriate practices?
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1.The Beginnings – Iterative Development2.The Rise & Challenge of Flow-Only Based
Agile3.Contrasting Iterative and Flow-Only Based
Agile4. The Case for the Next Evolutionary Step for Agile5.The Requirements for the Next Phase of
Agile6.Leanban – Continuing the Evolution of Agile
Agile Evolution’s Next Step: Introducing Leanban
© Copyright Net Objectives, Inc. All Rights Reserved
What’s Missing?• Transition Management• Learning theory• Double loop learning
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What’s Missing?• Transition Management• Learning theory• Double loop learning
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transition is a process
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Transition happens at all levelsOrganizationManagement: Business & TechnologyTeamIndividual
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The ideal rate of change depends on the ability of the organization to change
Ability to change
Amou
nt o
f cha
nge
attem
pted
Risk of resisti
ng change
Risk of insufficient change
Ideal Rate of Change
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What’s Missing?• Transition Management• Learning theory• Double loop learning
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Novice – tell them what to do with a little whyAdvanced Beginner - tell them more whyCompetent – provide optionsProficient – have them chose on their ownExpert – have them make up new choices
Phases of Learning
It’s not about ‘being’ or ‘doing’
it’s about learning
We need a way to start for novices that navigates people into competent and proficient.
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What’s Missing?• Transition Management• Learning theory• Double loop learning
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Double-Loop Learning – Chris Argyris
Assumptions(underlying beliefs form basis of
actions)
ActionsStrategies & Techniques
Results
Single-Loop LearningAdjust actions based on results keeping
approach you started with
Double-Loop LearningConsider new actions by challenging assumptions you made
based on results achieved
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1.The Beginnings – Iterative Development2.The Rise & Challenge of Flow-Only Based
Agile3.Contrasting Iterative and Flow-Only Based
Agile4.The Case for the Next Evolutionary Step for
Agile5. The Requirements for the Next Phase of Agile6.Leanban – Continuing the Evolution of Agile
Agile Evolution’s Next Step: Introducing Leanban
© Copyright Net Objectives, Inc. All Rights Reserved
It’s not enough to combine Scrum & Kanban. They must be put in the context of business value delivery.
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thinkingpoints
Requirements for Team-Level Agile (at Scale)
1. Work in context of enterprise • Helps ensure teams do the
core practices• Enables individuals to move
around more easily• Facilitates cross-team learning• Facilitates management
understanding
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thinkingpoints
Requirements for Team-Level Agile (at Scale)
1. Work in context of enterprise
2. Business driven
• All teams must focus on getting MBIs done in concert and not locally optimizing
• Provides the mindset for coordination across teams
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thinkingpoints
Requirements for Team-Level Agile (at Scale)
1. Work in context of enterprise
2. Business driven3. Adopt core practices
• Helps teams be effective without having to relearn the wheel
• Increases quality, predictability and velocity
• Take learnings from Scrum, XP, Kanban
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thinkingpoints
Requirements for Team-Level Agile (at Scale)
1. Work in context of enterprise
2. Business driven3. Adopt core practices4. Practices tailored to the
team
• Variations must be accounted for
• Whether have cross-functional teams
• Whether need iterations• Level of team’s discipline• Discipline of team’s
interacting with
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thinkingpoints
Requirements for Team-Level Agile (at Scale)1.Work in context of
enterprise 2.Business driven3.Adopt core
practices4.Practices tailored to
the team5. Attend to culture
• Culture is unique to a company.
• Requiring change may be a mistake but avoiding it usually is
• Must attend to culture and what degree of change is appropriate
© Copyright Net Objectives, Inc. All Rights Reserved
1.The Beginnings – iterative development2.The Rise & Challenge of Flow-Only Based
Agile3.Contrasting iterative and Flow-Only Based
Agile4.The Case for the Next Evolutionary Step for
Agile5.The Requirements for the Next Phase of
Agile6. Leanban – Continuing the Evolution of Agile
Agile Evolution’s Next Step: Introducing Leanban
© Copyright Net Objectives, Inc. All Rights Reserved
thinkingpoints
Requirements for Team-Level Agile (at Scale)
1. Work in context of enterprise
2. Business driven3. Adopt core practices
• Based on Lean principles• Helps teams be effective
without having to relearn the wheel
• Increases quality, predictability and velocity
• Take learnings from Scrum, XP, Kanban
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What Methods Profess Vs What Everyone Should Do
KANBANImproves flow within existing structure
Focus on FinishingEverything VisibleExplicit Workflow
Manage WIP
eXtreme ProgrammingTest-First Unit TDD
Paired ProgrammingContinuous Integration
Automated testing
Small batchesSelf-organizationDaily standups
Focus on finishing
SCRUMCross functional team
Sprints provide discipline
Use estimation & velocity
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Small batchesSelf-organizationDaily standups
Focus on finishingEverything visible
eXtreme ProgrammingTest-First Unit TDD
Paired ProgrammingContinuous Integration
Automated testing
KANBANImproves flow within existing structureEverything VisibleExplicit Workflow
Manage WIP
SCRUMCross functional team
Sprints provide discipline
Use estimation & velocity
What Methods Profess Vs What Everyone Should Do
© Copyright Net Objectives, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Small batchesSelf-organizationDaily standups
Focus on finishingEverything visibleExplicit workflow
eXtreme ProgrammingTest-First Unit TDD
Paired ProgrammingContinuous Integration
Automated testing
KANBANImproves flow within existing structureExplicit WorkflowManage WIP
SCRUMCross functional team
Sprints provide discipline
Use estimation & velocity
What Methods Profess Vs What Everyone Should Do
© Copyright Net Objectives, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Small batchesSelf-organizationDaily standups
Focus on finishingEverything visibleExplicit workflow
Manage WIP
eXtreme ProgrammingTest-First Unit TDD
Paired ProgrammingContinuous Integration
Automated testing
KANBANImproves flow within existing structureManage WIP
SCRUMCross functional team
Sprints provide discipline
Use estimation & velocity
What Methods Profess Vs What Everyone Should Do
© Copyright Net Objectives, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Small batchesSelf-organizationDaily standups
Focus on finishingEverything visibleExplicit workflow
Manage WIPUse estimation & velocity
eXtreme ProgrammingTest-First Unit TDD
Paired ProgrammingContinuous Integration
Automated testing
KANBANImproves flow within
existing structure
SCRUMCross functional team
Sprints provide discipline
Use estimation & velocity
What Methods Profess Vs What Everyone Should Do
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Adopt Test-First at Acceptance Level
Small batchesSelf-organizationDaily standups
Focus on finishingEverything visibleExplicit workflow
Manage WIPUse estimation & velocity
ATDD
XPTest-First Unit TDD
Paired ProgrammingContinuous Integration
Automated testing
KANBANCreate teams to extent possible
Adopt common cadence
SCRUMCross functional team
Sprints provide discipline
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Adopt Other Practices When Able
Small batchesSelf-organizationDaily standups
Focus on finishingEverything visibleExplicit workflow
Manage WIPUse estimation & velocity
ATDD
LEAN-XPTest-First Unit TDD
Paired ProgrammingContinuous Integration
Automated testing
LEAN-KANBAN
Create teams to extent possible
Adopt common cadence
LEAN-SCRUM
Cross functional team
Sprints provide discipline
Virtually everyone should be trying to do these
Virtually everyone should be doing these.
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thinkingpoints
Requirements for Team-Level Agile (at Scale)
1. Work in context of enterprise
2. Business driven3. Adopt core practices4. Practices tailored to the
team
• Variations must be accounted for
• Whether have cross-functional teams
• Whether need iterations• Level of team’s discipline• Discipline of team’s
interacting with
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call for Different Methods Different Situations
Do we need iterations for planning?Do we need iterations for discipline?Can we adopt test-driven development?Are our developers willing to pair?
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Determining Where to StartCan cross-functional teams be created?
No
Yes
Are iterations needed
for planning
or discipline
?Yes
No
Use Leanban with cross-functional
teams and iterations
Use Leanban with a pure flow model
without cross-functional teams
Use Leanban with a pure flow model
with cross-functional teams
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Plan decide on a practice (e.g., iterations)Do that practice
Study the result (is it working out?)
Act on the results. Keep doing it? Improve it? Do something new?
How To: Plan-Do-Study-Act
Plan
Do
Study
Act
Repeat
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Practice Value Provided Challenge Presented Alternative Method of Getting Value
Time Boxing
Cadence for:• Input• Output• Demo• RetrospectionDisciplineSmall batchesVisibility In & OutVelocityPlanning MethodFocus
Difficult to close out at end of time-boxNo real backlog, but rather small items come in on a regular basis making planning difficultCost of time-box management high
Can have independent cadencesMust bring discipline to each story since they make take longer than should without itUse small batches / storiesUse visual controls throughout workflowMeasure velocity via cadencePlan ahead if valuableTake a value centric approach
Cross-Functional Team
Limits WIPReduces HandoffsImproves FeedbackShort term delays in workflowImproves Collaboration Improves learning
Certain key people must be spread across several teams
Attending to flow while using as close to a true team structure can achieve these valuesKanban for key folksDynamic Feature Teams
Product owner
Reduces unneeded features Team understands what needs to be done
An equivalent “one-voice” is needed regardless of method
How to Adopt a Better Practice
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Practice Value Provided Challenge Presented Alternative Method of Getting Value
Time Boxing
Cadence for:• Input• Output• Demo• RetrospectionDisciplineSmall batchesVisibility In & OutVelocityPlanning MethodFocus
Difficult to close out at end of time-boxNo real backlog, but rather small items come in on a regular basis making planning difficultCost of time-box management high
Can have independent cadencesMust bring discipline to each story since they make take longer than should without itUse small batches / storiesUse visual controls throughout workflowMeasure velocity via cadencePlan ahead if valuableTake a value centric approach
Cross-Functional Team
Limits WIPReduces HandoffsImproves FeedbackShort term delays in workflowImproves Collaboration Improves learning
Certain key people must be spread across several teams
Attending to flow while using as close to a true team structure can achieve these valuesKanban for key folksDynamic Feature Teams
Product owner
Reduces unneeded features Team understands what needs to be done
An equivalent “one-voice” is needed regardless of method
How to Adopt a Better Practice
© Copyright Net Objectives, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Practice Value Provided Challenge Presented Alternative Method of Getting Value
Time Boxing
Cadence for:• Input• Output• Demo• RetrospectionDisciplineSmall batchesVisibility In & OutVelocityPlanning MethodFocus
Difficult to close out at end of time-boxNo real backlog, but rather small items come in on a regular basis making planning difficultCost of time-box management high
Can have independent cadencesMust bring discipline to each story since they make take longer than should without itUse small batches / storiesUse visual controls throughout workflowMeasure velocity via cadencePlan ahead if valuableTake a value centric approach
Cross-Functional Team
Limits WIPReduces HandoffsImproves FeedbackShort term delays in workflowImproves Collaboration Improves learning
Certain key people must be spread across several teams
Attending to flow while using as close to a true team structure can achieve these valuesKanban for key folksDynamic Feature Teams
Product owner
Reduces unneeded features Team understands what needs to be done
An equivalent “one-voice” is needed regardless of method
How to Adopt a Better Practice
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Focus on outcomes, not practicesOutcome to Achieve
Scrum Kanban What to Do
Coordination with other teams
Time-boxes all in synch Use cadence all in synch Use time-boxes or cadence
Intra-Team Collaboration
Cross-functional teams Insufficient, requires attempting to create teams
Create teams to the extent possible
Team in synch Daily standup Visual Control, daily standup Visual control, daily standup
Reality check Things not done at end of sprint are clear
Cycle time. Insufficient, requires tracking size of stories
Manage
Developer / tester relationship
Skills, but not roles.End of sprint checkpoint
Insufficient, ignores issue Time-boxing OR discipline with small storiesATDD highly recommended
Predictability of work done
Estimation and velocityInsufficient if don’t manage WIP
Insufficient, requires estimation
Estimation and velocity, Manage interruptions, Reduce technical debt
Smooth transition Often insufficient if teams don’t exist prior to transition
Can control rate of transition Use MBIs, create teams to the extent possible, sequence work, use ATDD
Reduce Technical Debt
Use XP style technical practices
Ignores Use test-first methods (ATDD/TDD), Continuous integration, Emergent Design
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Focus on outcomes, not practicesOutcome to Achieve
Scrum Kanban What to Do
Coordination with other teams
Time-boxes all in synch Use cadence all in synch Use time-boxes or cadence
Intra-Team Collaboration
Cross-functional teams Insufficient, requires attempting to create teams
Create teams to the extent possible
Team in synch Daily standup Visual Control, daily standup Visual control, daily standup
Reality check Things not done at end of sprint are clear
Cycle time. Insufficient, requires tracking size of stories
Manage
Developer / tester relationship
Skills, but not roles.End of sprint checkpoint
Insufficient, ignores issue Time-boxing OR discipline with small storiesATDD highly recommended
Predictability of work done
Estimation and velocityInsufficient if don’t manage WIP
Insufficient, requires estimation
Estimation and velocity, Manage interruptions, Reduce technical debt
Smooth transition Often insufficient if teams don’t exist prior to transition
Can control rate of transition Use MBIs, create teams to the extent possible, sequence work, use ATDD
Reduce Technical Debt
Use XP style technical practices
Ignores Use test-first methods (ATDD/TDD), Continuous integration, Emergent Design
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Focus on outcomes, not practicesOutcome to Achieve
Scrum Kanban What to Do
Finish stories quickly
Time boxes, small stories Managing WIP helps. Still insufficient as may not break stories down small enough
Time boxes OR discipline to complete stories quickly. Decompose to small stories using <given> <when> <then> story format.
Minimal delays in workflow
Cross-functional TeamsUse small stories
Manage WIP Cross-functional teams, Manage WIPUse small stories
Short feedback cycles
Use small storiesProduct owner and cross-functional teams
Manage WIPInsufficient – requires discipline
Use small stories, Manage WIPProduct owner and cross-functional teams
Balanced workload
Pull work based on velocity Manage WIP Pull work based on velocityManage WIP
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Create ChecklistsPractice What It Achieves Doing?Explicit workflow Enables everyone to know what’s happening. Facilitates learning
Daily standups Keeps people informed (often not needed if co-located)
Make everything visible Facilitates learning and management. Detect challenges.
Common cadence/sprints Enables early synchronization of different teams
Build incrementally and iterate on the increments
Short feedback cycles and learning
Focus on finishing Avoid too much WIP, look for opportunities to collaborate
Do continuous integration Detect out of synchronization errors
Estimate work items and compute velocity (unless a maintenance group)
Validates understanding of items being worked on by the teams. Facilitates planning.
Work in small batches Faster feedback. Easier to avoid workflow delays. Enables people moving around as needed.
Use small stories Faster feedback. Easier to avoid workflow delays. Enables people moving around as needed.
Manage work in process (WIP) Eliminate delay, speed up feedback
Create cross-functional teams to the extent possible
Eliminate delay, speed up feedback, learn faster
Use test-first methods Better understand what is needed, convey this better, improve collaboration between dev and test, facilitate automation of test
Paired Programming Collaboration, shared knowledge of code base, increased discipline
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thinkingpoints
Requirements for Team-Level Agile (at Scale)1.Work in context of
enterprise 2.Business driven3.Adopt core
practices4.Practices tailored to
the team5. Attend to culture
• Culture is unique to a company.
• Requiring change may be a mistake but avoiding it usually is
• Must attend to culture and what degree of change is appropriate
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Telling people “Just do it”
just doesn’t do it
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When an organization starts at the team level, the teams learn local optimizations which they later have to give up when they consider the entire value stream.When an organization starts with the whole in mind, the teams improve as much as they can within this larger context.
Bottom up? Holistic? Consider …
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thinkingpoints
Requirements for Team-Level Agile (at Scale)1.Work in context of
enterprise 2.Business driven3.Adopt core practices4.Practices tailored to
the team5.Attend to culture6. How teams work
together
• Teams coordinate using Lean principles
• Many approaches• Core teams• Dynamic Feature Teams• Shared backlogs
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Challenge: Can only create a few cross-functional teams
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Solution:
use Kanban for othersCreate those you can,
review
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Summary Scrum, XP and Kanban are all partial
implementations of Lean that we can learn from If we drop the labels and certifications and come
from Lean we can see what works best Leanban is based on Lean-Thinking It includes what everyone should be doing It provides a way to see how to tailor it It provides a way to see how to adopt new
practices as needed
© Copyright Net Objectives, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Lean ManagementProject
Management
technical
Lean for ExecutivesProduct Portfolio ManagementBusiness Product OwnerProduct Owner
Onsite SPC Leading SAFe®Agile ArchitectureProduct Manager/PO
Leanban / Kanban / Scrum ATDD / TDD / Design Patterns
ASSESSMENTS
CONSULTING
TRAININGCOACHING
Questions?
www.netobjectives.com/leanban