learn english grammar course 4

8/9/2019 Learn English Grammar Course 4

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Nouns

compound nouns countable & uncountable menu - nouns nationalities

noun gender plurals use of capital letters

NOUNS

COMPOUND NOUNS

Formation

Words can be combined to form compound nouns. These are very common,and new combinations are invented almost daily. They normally have two parts.

The second part identifies the object or person in question (man, friend,tank, table, room. The first part tells us what !ind of object or person it is,or what its purpose is ( police, boy, water, dining, bed "

What type / what purpose What or who

police man

boy friend

water tan!

dining table

bed room

The two parts may be written in a number of ways "

#. as one word.$%ample" policeman, boyfriend

. as two words joined with a hyphen.$%ample" dining-table

'. as two separate words.$%ample" fish tank.

There are no clear rules about this - so write the common compounds that you!now well as one word, and the others as two words.

The two parts may be !"amp#es

noun $ noun bedroomwater tankmotorcycle

http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/NOUNS4.cfm


http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/Nounsmenu.cfm















printer cartridge

noun $ %erbrainfallhaircuttrain-spotting

noun $ ad%erb

hanger-on

passer-by

%erb $ nounwashing machinedriving licenceswimming pool

%erb $ ad%erb&lookouttake-off drawback

ad'ecti%e $ noun greenhousesoftwareredhead

ad'ecti%e $ %erb dry-cleaning public speaking

ad%erb $ nounonlooker bystander

ad%erb $ %erb&

outputoverthrow upturninput

ompound nouns often have a meaning that is different from the two separatewords.Stress is important in pronunciation, as it distinguishes between a compoundnoun (e.g. greenhouse and an adjective with a noun (e.g. green house.)n compound nouns, the stress usually falls on the first syllable"

a *greenhouse + place where we grow plants (compound nouna green 'house + house painted green (adjective and nouna *bluebird + type of bird (compound nouna blue 'bird + any bird with blue feathers (adjective and noun& any common compound nouns are formed from phrasal verbs (verb adverbor adverb verb.$%amples" breakdown, outbreak, outcome, cutback, drive-in, drop-out, feedback, flyover, hold-up, hangover, outlay, outlet, inlet, makeup,output, set-back, stand-in, takeaway, walkover.

NOUNS

COUNT()*! (ND UNCOUNT()*! NOUNS

Countab#e nouns are for thin+s we can count



$%ample" dog, horse, man, shop, idea.

They usually have a singular and plural form.

$%ample" two dogs, ten horses, a man, six men, the shops, a few ideas.

Uncountab#e nouns are for the thin+s that we cannot count

$%ample" tea, sugar, water, air, rice.

They are often the names for abstract ideas or qualities.

$%ample" knowledge, beauty, anger, fear, love.

They are used with a singular verb. They usually do not have a plural form. Wecannot say sugars, angers, knowledges.

!"amp#es of common uncountab#e nouns"

money, furniture, happiness, sadness, research, evidence, safety, beauty,knowledge.

We cannot use a/an with these nouns. To e%press a quantity of one of thesenouns, use a word or e%pression li!e"some, a lot of, a piece of, a bit of, a great deal of...

$%amples"

There has been a lot of research into the causes of this disease.

e gave me a great deal of advice before my interview.

They*ve got a lot of furniture. an you give me some information about uncountable nouns/

0ome nouns are countable in other languages but uncountable in $nglish. 0omeof the most common of these are"

accommodationadvicebaggagebehaviourbreadfurnitureinformation

luggage

newsprogresstraffictraveltroubleweatherwor!

)! C(,!FU* with the noun 'hair' which is normally uncountab#e in $nglish"

She has long blonde hair

)t can also be countab#e when referring to individual hairs"

My father's getting a few grey hairs now



0ee also 1djectives - omparisons of quantity

S!CT-ON M!NU

2oun 3ender The 4lural of 2ouns

ountable and 5ncountable nouns ompound 2ouns 4roper 2ouns 2ationalities

NOUNS

2ouns answer the questions .What is it. and .Who is it. They give names tothings, people and qualities.

$%amples" dog, bicycle, man, girl, beauty , truth, world .

NOUN 0!ND!,

)n general there is no distinction between masculine, feminine and neuter in$nglish nouns. owever, gender is sometimes shown by different forms ordifferent words.

$%amples"

Different words"

Mascu#ine Feminine

manfatheruncleboyhusband

womanmotherauntgirlwife

Different forms"

Mascu#ine Feminine

actor

princeherowaiterwidower

actress

princessheroinewaitresswidow

0ome nouns can be used for either a masculine or a feminine subject"

$%amples"

http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/ADJECTIVES11.cfm

http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/NOUNS1.CFM
















cousin teenager teacher doctor

coo! student parent friend

relation colleague partner leader ary is a doctor. She is a doctor

4eter is a doctor. He is a doctor.

1rthur is my cousin. He is my cousin.

6ane is my cousin. She is my cousin.

)t is possible to ma!e the distinction by adding the words 'male' or 'female'.$%ample" a female student7 a male cousin8or professions, we can add the word *woman*$%ample" a woman doctor7 a woman journalist.)n some cases nouns describing things are given gender.$%amples"

) love my car. She (the car is my greatest passion. 8rance is popular with her (8rance*s neighbours at the moment.

) travelled from $ngland to 2ew 9or! on the :ueen $li;abeth, she (the

:ueen $li;abeth is a great ship.

NOUNS

T1! P*U,(* OF NOUNS

ost nouns form the plural by adding -s or -es2

Sin+u#ar P#ura#

boat boats

hat hats

house houses

river rivers

1 noun ending in -y preceded by a consonant ma!es the plural with -ies.

Sin+u#ar P#ura#

a cry cries



a fly flies

a nappy nappies

a poppy poppies

a city cities

a lady ladies

a baby babies

There are some irregular formations for noun plurals. 0ome of the mostcommon ones are listed below.

$%amples of irregular plurals"

Sin+u#ar P#ura#

woman women

man men

child children

tooth teeth

foot feet

person people

leaf leaves

half halves

!nife !nives

wife wives

life lives



loaf loaves

potato potatoes

cactus cacti

focus foci

fungus fungi

nucleus nuclei

syllabus syllabi<syllabuses

analysis analyses

diagnosis diagnoses

oasis oases

thesis theses

crisis crises

phenomenon phenomena

criterion criteria

datum data

0ome nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural.

$%amples"

Sin+u#ar P#ura#

sheep sheep

fish fish

species species



aircraft aircraft

0ome nouns have a plural form but ta!e a singular verb.

$%amples"

news The news is on at =.'> p.m.athletics thletics is good for young people.linguistics !inguistics is the study of language.darts "arts is a popular game in $ngland2billiards #illiards is played all over the world.

0ome nouns have a plural form and ta!e a plural verb.

$%amples"

trousers y trousers are too tight.

$eans er $eans are blac!.glasses Those glasses are his.

others include"

savings, thanks, steps, stair, customs, congratulations, tropics, wages,spectacles, outskirts, goods, wits

NOUNS

COUNT()*! (ND UNCOUNT()*! NOUNS

Countab#e nouns are for thin+s we can count

$%ample" dog, horse, man, shop, idea.

They usually have a singular and plural form.

$%ample" two dogs, ten horses, a man, six men, the shops, a few ideas.

Uncountab#e nouns are for the thin+s that we cannot count

$%ample" tea, sugar, water, air, rice.

They are often the names for abstract ideas or qualities.

$%ample" knowledge, beauty, anger, fear, love.

They are used with a singular verb. They usually do not have a plural form. Wecannot say sugars, angers, knowledges.



!"amp#es of common uncountab#e nouns"

money, furniture, happiness, sadness, research, evidence, safety, beauty,knowledge.

We cannot use a/an with these nouns. To e%press a quantity of one of these

nouns, use a word or e%pression li!e"some, a lot of, a piece of, a bit of, a great deal of...

$%amples"

There has been a lot of research into the causes of this disease.

e gave me a great deal of advice before my interview.

They*ve got a lot of furniture.

an you give me some information about uncountable nouns/

0ome nouns are countable in other languages but uncountable in $nglish. 0omeof the most common of these are"

accommodationadvicebaggagebehaviourbreadfurnitureinformationluggage

newsprogresstraffictraveltroubleweatherwor!

)! C(,!FU* with the noun 'hair' which is normally uncountab#e in $nglish"

She has long blonde hair

)t can also be countab#e when referring to individual hairs"

My father's getting a few grey hairs now

0ee also 1djectives - omparisons of quantity

NOUNS

US! OF C(P-T(* *!TT!,S W-T1 NOUNS

apital letters are used with"

Names and tit#es of peop#e

a. Winston hurchillb. arilyn onroec. the :ueen of $nglandd. the 4resident of the 5nited 0tatese. the eadmaster of $tonf. ?octor athews





g. 4rofessor 0amuels.

Note" The personal pronoun *)* is always written with a capital letter.

Tit#es of wor3s4 boo3s etc2

a. War and 4eaceb. The erchant of @enicec. rime and 4unishmentd. Tristan and )solde

Months of the year

6anuary 6uly

8ebruary 1ugust

arch 0eptember

1pril Actober

ay 2ovember

6une ?ecember

Days of the wee3

onday 8riday

Tuesday 0aturday

Wednesday 0unday

Thursday

Seasons

0pring

0ummer

1utumn

Winter

1o#idays

hristmas $aster 2ew 9ear*s ?ay



Bo%ing ?ay ay ?ay Than!sgiving ?ay

0eo+raphica# names...names of countries and continents

1merica $ngland 0cotland

hina 4eru 1lbania

1frica $urope 1sia

names of re+ions4 states4 districts etc2

0usse% alifornia :ueensland

4rovence Tuscany @aud

8lorida osta Brava Tyrol

names of cities4 towns4 %i##a+es etc2

Condon ape Town Dome

8lorence Bath Wagga Wagga

@ancouver Wellington 4e!ing

names of ri%ers4 oceans4 seas4 #a3es etc2

the 1tlantic the ?ead 0ea the 4acific

Ca!e Ceman Ca!e @ictoria Ca!e ichigan

the Dhine the Thames the 2ile

names of +eo+raphica# formations

the imalayas the 1lps the 0ahara

(d'ecti%es re#atin+ to nationa#ity nouns

8rance - 8rench music

1ustralia - 1ustralian animals

3ermany - 3erman literature



)srael )sraeli an )sraeli

6amaica 6amaican a 6amaican

6apan 6apanese a 6apanese

e%ico e%ican a e%ican

orocco oroccan a oroccan

2orway 2orwegian a 2orwegian

4eru 4eruvian a 4eruvian

the 4hilippines 4hilippine a 8ilipino

4oland 4olish a 4ole

4ortugal 4ortuguese a 4ortuguese

Dumania Dumanian a Dumanian

Dussia Dussian a Dussian

0audi 1rabia 0audi, 0audi 1rabian a 0audi, a 0audi 1rabian

0cotland 0cottish a 0cot

0erbia 0erbian a 0erb

the 0lova! Depublic 0lova! a 0lova!

0weden 0wedish a 0wede

0wit;erland 0wiss a 0wiss

Thailand Thai a Thai

The 501 1merican an 1merican

Tunisia Tunisian a Tunisian



Tur!ey Tur!ish a Tur!

@ietnam @ietnamese a @ietnamese

Wales Welsh a Welshman<Welshwoman

9ugoslavia 9ugoslav a 9ugoslav

2ote" We use the & nationality ad$ective ending in -ese or -ish with a pluralverb, to refer to all people of that nationality"he (hinese are very hard-wor!ing.he Spanish often go to sleep in the afternoon.

NOUNS

N(T-ON(*-T-!S

Country" ) live in %ngland 2

(d'ecti%e" e reads %nglish literature.

Noun" 0he is an %nglishwoman.

COUNT,5 (D6!CT-7! NOUN

1frica 1frican an 1frican

1merica 1merican an 1merican

1rgentina 1rgentinian an 1rgentinian

1ustria 1ustrian an 1ustrian

1utralia 1ustralian an 1ustralian

Bangladesh Bangladesh(i a Bangladeshi

Belgium Belgian a Belgian

Bra;il Bra;ilian a Bra;ilian

Britain British a Briton<Britisher

ambodia ambodian a ambodian



hile hilean a hilean

hina hinese a hinese

olombia olombian a olombian

roatia roatian a roat

the ;ech Depublic ;ech a ;ech

?enmar! ?anish a ?ane

$ngland $nglish an $nglishman<$nglishwoman

8inland 8innish a 8inn

8rance 8rench a 8renchman<8renchwoman

3ermany 3erman a 3erman

3reece 3ree! a 3ree!

olland ?utch a ?utchman<?utchwoman

ungary ungarian a ungarian

)celand )celandic an )celander

)ndia )ndian an )ndian

)ndonesia )ndonesian an )ndonesian

)ran )ranian an )ranian

)raq )raqi an )raqi

)reland )rish an )rishman<)rishwoman

)srael )sraeli an )sraeli

6amaica 6amaican a 6amaican



6apan 6apanese a 6apanese

e%ico e%ican a e%ican

orocco oroccan a oroccan

2orway 2orwegian a 2orwegian

4eru 4eruvian a 4eruvian

the 4hilippines 4hilippine a 8ilipino

4oland 4olish a 4ole

4ortugal 4ortuguese a 4ortuguese

Dumania Dumanian a Dumanian

Dussia Dussian a Dussian

0audi 1rabia 0audi, 0audi 1rabian a 0audi, a 0audi 1rabian

0cotland 0cottish a 0cot

0erbia 0erbian a 0erb

the 0lova! Depublic 0lova! a 0lova!

0weden 0wedish a 0wede

0wit;erland 0wiss a 0wiss

Thailand Thai a Thai

The 501 1merican an 1merican

Tunisia Tunisian a Tunisian

Tur!ey Tur!ish a Tur!

@ietnam @ietnamese a @ietnamese



Wales Welsh a Welshman<Welshwoman

9ugoslavia 9ugoslav a 9ugoslav

2ote" We use the & nationality ad$ective ending in -ese or -ish with a plural

verb, to refer to all people of that nationality"

he (hinese are very hard-wor!ing.

he SNOUNS

T1! P*U,(* OF NOUNS

ost nouns form the plural by adding -s or -es2

Sin+u#ar P#ura#

boat boats

hat hats

house houses

river rivers

1 noun ending in -y preceded by a consonant ma!es the plural with -ies.

Sin+u#ar P#ura#

a cry cries

a fly flies

a nappy nappies

a poppy poppies

a city cities

a lady ladies

a baby babies



trousers y trousers are too tight. $eans er $eans are blac!.glasses Those glasses are his.

others include"

savings, thanks, steps, stair, customs, congratulations, tropics, wages,spectacles, outskirts, goods, wits

panish often go to sleep in the afternoon.

Passi%e

active<passive equivalents form -past function get<have something done, % needs doing

T1! P(SS-7! 7O-C!

P(SS-7! T!NS!S (ND (CT-7! !8U-7(*!NTS

2otice that the tense of the verb to be in the passive voice is the same as thetense of the main verb in the active voice.

$%ample" to keep

T!NS! / 7!,) FO,M (CT-7! 7O-C! P(SS-7! 7O-C!

Simp#e present !eeps is !ept

Present continuous is !eeping is being !ept

Simp#e past !ept was !ept

Past continuous was !eeping was being !ept

Present perfect have !ept have been !ept

Past perfect had !ept had been !ept

future will !eep will be !ept

Conditiona# present would !eep would be !ept

Conditiona# past would have !ept would have been !ept

http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/Pass4.cfm











present infiniti%e to !eep to be !ept

perfect infiniti%e to have !ept to have been !ept

present particip#e/+erund !eeping being !ept

perfect particip#e having !ept having been !ept

$%ample sentences"

(cti%e" ) keep the butter in the fridge.Passi%e" The butter is kept in the fridge.

(cti%e" They stole the painting.Passi%e" The painting was stolen.

(cti%e" They are repairing the road.Passi%e" The road is being repaired .

(cti%e" 0ha!espeare wrote amlet.Passi%e" amlet was written by 0ha!espeare.

(cti%e" 1 dog bit him.Passi%e" e was bitten by a dog.

T1! P(SS-7! 7O-C!

P(SS-7!4 FO,M

The passive voice in $nglish is composed of two elements " the appropriateform of the verb 'to be' the past participle of the verb in question"

Sub'ect %erb 9to be9 past particip#e

The house was built ...

$%ample" to clean

Sub'ect %erb 9to be9 past particip#e

Simp#e present

The house is cleaned every day.



NOT!" *to be born' is a passive form and is most commonly used in the pasttense"

I was born in 1!". #hen were you born$ B5T" %round 1&& babies are born in this hospital every week.

-nfiniti%e form" infinitive of *to be* past participle" (to be cleaned This form is used after modal verbs and other verbs normally followed by aninfinitive, e.g.

9ou have to be tested on your $nglish grammar6ohn might be promoted ne%t year.0he wants to be invited to the party.

0erund or :in+ form being past participle" being cleaned

This form is used after prepositions and verbs normally followed by a gerund$%amples"

a. ost film stars hate being interviewed .b. ) remember being taught to drive.c. The children are e%cited about being taken to the ;oo.

NOT!" 0ometimes the passive is formed using the verb to get instead of theverb to be

a. e got arrested for dangerous driving.b. hey're getting married later this year.c. )*m not sure how the window got broken.

T1! P(SS-7! 7O-C!

P(SS-7!4 FUNCT-ON

The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object thate%periences an action rather than the person or object that performs theaction, e.g.

)he passive is used ..."

We are interested in the passive, not who uses it.

)he house was built in 1"*+"

We are interested in the house, not the builder. )he road is being repaired "

We are interested in the road, not the people repairing it.

)n other words, the most important thing or person becomes the subject of thesentence.0ometimes we use the passive voice because we don*t !now or cannot e%presswho or what performed the action"

I noticed that a window had been left open

very year people are killed on our roads.



The woman who/that spo3e at the meetin+ was %ery 3now#ed+eab#e2

2oun, subject of main clause

relative pronounreferring to *thewoman*, subjectof *spo!e*

verb rest of relative clause verb rest of main clause

=2 #ho, whom and which can be replaced by that. This is very common inspo!en $nglish.

>2 The relative pronoun can be omitted ( G when it is the ob6ect of the clause"

)he mouse that the elephant loved was very beautiful.37 )he mouse the elephant loved was very beautiful.

Both of these sentences are correct, though the second one is more common inspo!en $nglish.

The mouse that/? the e#ephant #o%ed was %ery beautifu#2

2oun, subject of mainclause

relative pronoun,referring to *themouse, object of*loved*

verb rest of relativeclause

verb rest of main clause.

(9ou can usually decide whether a relative pronoun is an object because it isnormally followed by another subject verb.

@2 #hose is used for things as well as for people.

$%amples")he man whose car was stolen. % tree whose leaves have fallen.

A2 #hom is very formal and is only used in written $nglish. 9ou can usewho/that, or omit the pronoun completely "

The doctor whom*who*that* ) was hoping to see wasn*t on duty.

B2 )hat normally follows words li!e something, anything, everything, nothing,all, and superlatives.

$%amples"

There*s something that you should know . )t was the best film that )'ve ever seen.

$%amples"

1 clown is someone who makes you laugh.



1n elephant is an animal that lives in hot countries.

The plums that were in the fridge were delicious. ) have eaten them.

Where are the plums that/ ) put in the fridge/

as anyone seen the book ) was reading/

2othing that anyone does can replace my lost bag.

Cet*s go to a country where the sun always shines.

They live in the house whose roof is full of holes.

,!*(T-7! C*(US!S

0ee also 4ronouns.

There are two different types of relative clause"

1 .definin+. or identifying clause, which tells us which person or thing

we are tal!ing about.

1 .non:definin+. or non-essential clause, which gives us more

information about the person or thing we are tal!ing about. This !ind

of clause could often be information included in brac!ets (...

$%ample"The farmer (his name was 8red sold us some potatoes.The farmer, whose name was 8red, sold us some potatoes.)t is important to see the difference between the two types of clause, as itaffects"a2 the choice of pronoun used to introduce the clause,b2 the punctuation - you must use commas with a non-defining clause.

,!*(T-7! C*(US!S

NON:D!F-N-N0 ,!*(T-7! C*(US!S

The information in these clauses is not essential. )t tells us more aboutsomeone or something, but it does not help us to identify them or it.ompare"

#. lephants that love mice are very unusual. (This tells us which elephantswe are tal!ing about.

. lephants, which are large and grey , can sometimes be found in 8oos. (Thisgives us some e%tra information about elephants - we are tal!ing about allelephants, not just one type or group.

'. 4ohn's mother, who lives in Scotland , has " grandchildren. (We !now who6ohn*s mother is, and he only has one. The important information is the numberof grandchildren, but the fact that she lives in 0cotland might be followed withthe words Hby the wayH - it is additional information.

Punctuation2on-defining relative clauses are always separated from the rest of thesentence by commas. The commas have a similar function to brac!ets"



5y friend 4ohn has 6ust written a best-selling novel. (e went to the sameschool as me 9 5y friend 4ohn, who went to the same school as me, has 6ustwritten a best-selling novel.

,e#ati%e pronouns in non:definin+ c#auses

Person Thin+ P#ace

Sub'ect who which

Ob'ect who<whom which where

Possessi%e whose

Notes

#. )n non-defining clauses, you cannot use $that$ instead of who, whom orwhich.

. 9ou cannot leave out the relative pronoun, even when it is the object of theverb in the relative clause"e gave me the letter, which was in a blue envelope.e gave me the letter, which I read immediately

'. The preposition in these clauses can go at the end of the clause, e.g. )his is2tratford-on-%von, which you have all heard about.

This pattern is often used in spo!en $nglish, but in written or formal $nglishyou can also put the preposition before the pronoun" e.g. 2tratford-on-%von,about which many people have written is 2hakespeare$s birthplace.

I. 2on-defining clauses can be introduced by e%pressions li!e all of, many of relative pronoun"

Person Thin+

all of : whom : which

any of : whom : which

0a/ few of : whom : which

both of : whom : which

each of : whom : which

either of : whom : which

half of : whom : which

many of : whom : which

most of : whom : which



much of : whom : which

none of : whom : which

one of : whom : which

two of etc1 : whom : which

$%amples"

a. There were a lot of people at the party, many of whom ) had !nown foryears.

b. e was carrying his belongings, many of which were bro!en.

J. The relative pronoun which at the beginning of a non-defining relativeclause, can refer to all the information contained in the previous part of thesentence, rather than to just one word.

a. hris did really well in his e%ams, which was a big surprise. (+ the fact thathe did well in his e%ams was a big surprise.

b. 1n elephant and a mouse fell in love, which is most unusual. (+ the factthat they fell in love is unusual.

$%amples"

a. y grandmother, who is dead now , came from the 2orth of $ngland.b. ) spo!e to 8red, who explained the problem.c. The elephant loo!ed at the tree, under which she had often sat.d. We stopped at the museum, which we1d never been into.e. 0he/s studying maths, which many people hate.

f. )/ve just met 0usan, whose husband works in !ondon.g. e had thousands of boo!s, most of which he had read

,!*(T-7! C*(US!

W1!,! TO PUT T1! P,!POST-T-ON -N ( ,!*(T-7! C*(US!

There are often prepositions in relative clauses, and the relative pronoun is theob6ect of the preposition. This means that the preposition can sometimes beomitted.

The preposition is normally placed at the end of the relative clause"

)s that the man (who you arrived with$ ?o you !now the girl (that 6ohn is tal!ing to$

)n formal or written $nglish, the preposition is often placed before the

relative pronoun, and in this case the pronoun cannot be omitted"

)he person with whom he is negotiating is the ;hairman of alarge company.



It is a society to which many important people belong.

owever, this is unusual in spo!en $nglish.

$%amples"

The jungle the elephant lived in was full of strange and unusualanimals.

e was very fond of the mouse that he lived with.

The tree under which they had their home was the largest and oldest

in the jungle. )n the middle of the jungle was a river that all the animals went to

every day . )t was the stream in which the elephant and the mouse preferred to

swim.

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