„ Catch a man a fish, and you can sell it to him.

Teach a man to fish, and you ruin a wonderful

business opportunity.”

Marx

(on opportunity)

Learn from a „great” scientist….

Who is the good engineer?

Characterization of the engineer from „Black Diamond” wrote

by famous Hungarian writer Mor Jokai and published in 1870 he was engineer

he has conducted foreign studies, which is

strongly supported by the EU nowadays,

he trained himself continuously, life long

education

he was aware of the latest achievements of

science and technology

he spoke several languages

he had oversight on questions of (mine)law

he had shares, owned money on stoke market, he had high level of

economical knowledge

he was an excellent team worker and even team leader

creative, innovative, full of ideas

he was able to make decisions by himself, a man to fit challenges and

changing expectations

Modell of professional succes

Main components of the effective competence development

and deployment

(„V” model)

Personal

behaviour

Basic

knowledge

Profes-

sional

knowledge

Tacit

knowledge

(practice)

Fortune

Doctoral

Schools and

supervisors

Prof.-Dr. József Rohács Department of Aeronautics, Naval Architect and Railway Vehicles

Budapest University of Technology and Economics

Introduction

1. New sciences

2. Aeronautical sciences

3. Development processes

4. New technologies

5. Summary

Vehicle, Transportation and Logistics Systems

Introduction

Nowadays the aeronautical engineer must have

good personal behavioiurs (culture, talent, moral good mental

condition) and

must have competeneces in basic sciences (matematics, physics, thermodynamics, materials

science, control theory, etc,)

profesional sciences (aerodynamics, flight mechanics, flight dynamics

and control, theory of propulsion, airframe , … design.., operation,

etc.)

new sciences (innovation theory, technology policy, logistics, systems

engineering, lean production, etc.) and

new special knowledge (legacy, environmental protection, lunguages,

etc.)

This lecture gives basic information on aircraft development

philosophy, required knowledge and competences.

1. New Sciences 1.1. Innovation theory

innovation is introducing any idea

(object, product, service) into market

by an individual or other unit of adoption

for public goods

5. Generation innovation process

Innovation diffusion

0

20

40

60

80

100

inno

vato

rs

early

ado

pter

s

early

maj

ority

late

maj

ority

lagg

ards

1. New Sciences 1.1. Innovation theory – connt’d.

Technology is a specific set of industrial methods and systems of

production including both physical equipment and related

organizational rules,

knowledge, which is

applied systematically

in order to combine

inputs and transform

them into output.

1. New Sciences 1.2. Technology

Technology life - is that time during which the given technology has

considerable advantages comparing to other (analogical) technologies.

Technology life cycle - is a commercial gain of a technology (or product)

through the expense of research and development phase, and the financial

return during its "vital life" (its successful deployment).

Product life - total life time of developing product (or service)including the

research, development, engineering, production, operation (usage, service,

maintenance, repair) and recycling.

Foresight - is a knowledge (or sound judgment) into a future event that may

or not may occur.(This is an act of looking forward.)

Forecast - is a prediction of the future on basis of estimation.

Scenario - is a synoptical collage of an event or series of actions and event.

Roadmap - it is a plan or guide for future actions that matches the given

terms of goals with technology solutions to help meet those goals.

Technology brokering - is the creation of the breakthrough innovations in

markets in fields of otherwise disconnected industries

1. New Sciences 1.2. Technology – cont’d.

Thinking out of the box - original, radigally new technologies

The new technologies:

(sustainable) innovative

disruptive

subversive

Idő

Innovative

Disruptive

Tec

hnolo

gy l

evel

1. New Sciences 1.3. Technology and product development

1. New Sciences 1.3. Technology and product development – cont’d.

• Pearl Harbor Systems engineering • short time for reproduscing the navy

• development of the logistics and systems engineering

• results

• military standard MIL 499 System Engineering, 1959

• MIL-STD-499A: Engineering Management, 1974

• succesful application: Apolló Program

• important

• it is a tool of management

• basises

• logic series of actions

and decisions

• interdisciplinary

approach

• life-cycle ballance system solution

1. New Sciences 1.4. Systems engineering

To

tal

cost

of

the

pro

ject

Costs of phases A and B

minimum maximum

Project cycles: A0 – advanced studies

A – preliminary analysis

B – definitions – preliminary plans

C - design

D – development (engineering)

E - operation

1. New Sciences 1.4. Systems engineering – cont’d.

1. New Sciences 1.4. Systems engineering – cont’d.

Logistics management tries to have the

• “right product”, in the

• “right quantity”, at the

• “right place”, at the

• “right time”,

• with the “right cost”

Logistics management must balance 2 basic targets:

• Quality of Service

• Low Cost

1. New Sciences 1.5. Logistics

Value-added management

1. New Sciences 1.5. Logistics – cont’d.

Craft production

- decentrailezed

- masters (of craft)

- costumized

- specialized

Mass production

- vertical hierarchy

- scientific management

- assembly line

- interchangeable parts,

- production line

Knowledge-based

production

- network alliances

- team - based works

- single IT

- flexibility

1. New Sciences 1.6. Lean technology

Nightingale - Lean Supply Chain Management Principles and Practices 2005 © 2005 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-852j-integrating-the-lean-enterprise-fall-2005/lecture-notes/7_lean_sup_ch_mg.pdf

Supplier integration in aerospace industry: Architectural or structural integration (how the components are linked in product)

System integration

Knowledge integration

Production flexibility

1. New Sciences 1.6. Lean technology - cont’d.

2. Aeronautical sciences 2.1. Aerodynamics – basic forces

lift – is a component of aerodynamic force

it is perpendicular to flow (aircraft) velocity

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html

L - lift

R –

aerodynamic

force

D- drag

There are some examples only.

2. Aeronautical sciences 2.1. Aerodynamics – lift generation

Lift generates due to leading edge bauble

(closed airfield) and Kutta condition.

full flow separation at

high angle of attack

2. Aeronautical sciences 2.1. Aerodynamics – lift coefficient

Application of dimensional analysis to lift calculation:

general relationship

possible function

dimensional equality

simple calculations

lift dependence

simple transformations dynamic pressure: wing area:

final result

where is the non-dimensional lift coefficient.

)( VlfL

zyx lVcL

zyx

ms

m

m

kg

s

kg

32

m

. - 2- :secfor and

, -31 :mfor equation

, 1 :kg toaccordancewith

y

zyx

x

22lVcL

2

2Vq

2lS

SV

cSVcS

VcL22

2

2

2 2

L

22

cc

2L

qScL L

2. Aeronautical sciences 2.1. Aerodynamics - stall

a

LCstall

critical angle of attack

2. Aeronautical sciences 2.1. Aerodynamics - drag

drag

parasite drag induced drag

pressure drag

skin-friction drag

flow separation drag

wave drag

interference drag

3D drag

aircraft components’ drag

only) case, 2D (in

drag profileascalled

flow 3D in

case 2Dfor

wingrock

www.nas.nasa.govAbout

Profile Imagesharrier.jpg

It is connected with

lift generation

2. Aeronautical sciences 2.1. Aerodynamics - skin friction drag

generated in flow by frictions between the flow elements

(see boundary layer theory, lecture aer6)

Remember: flow velocity on the surface equals to zero.

2. Aeronautical sciences 2.1. Aerodynamics – wave drag

drag generated at high and supersonic speed

Shock waves generated at high

speed

Drag determined by flow separation

after shock wave

theoretical

curve

M = 1

sound wall

it begins with effect of

flow compressibility

2. Aeronautical sciences 2.1. Aerodynamics – sonic boom

Sonic boom is generated

at supersonic flight

httpwww.nonoise.orglibraryanimals11.gif

.cos

,sin

Vdt

d

g

WWL

dt

dV

g

WWDT

Dynamic, theoretical

and service ceilling

2. Aeronautical sciences 2.2. Fligtht mechanics - climb

D

L

c

ck

k

WT

T thrust

L lift

W - weight

D drag

-

-

-

,

2

2

,,

2

2

SV

c

SV

c

W

D

L

WT

LWDT

D

L

rT

aTT

V

321 HHH

4

3

2

1

H

H

H

H

2. Aeronautical sciences 2.2. Fligtht mechanics - cruise mode of flihgt

2. Aeronautical sciences 2.2. Fligtht mechanics - flight envelope

2. Aeronautical sciences 2.2. Fligtht mechanics - load envelope

Really Invisible Aircraft

1. Size effects – cont’d.

As Concorde teaches

the supersonic airplane can be

used effectively if it would have

300 seats as minimum,

radically reduced sonic boom.

Hypersonic aircraft

only in small versions are tested

large airplanes only on paper,

critical challenge:

aerodynamic heating

https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=pCdCwj2homg

2. Aeronautical sciences 2.2. Fligtht mechanics - hypesonic flights

Scramjet – propulsion airframe integration

2. Aeronautical sciences 2.3. Theory of propulsion systems

2. Aeronautical sciences 2.4. Airframe

Structural solution

Load tests

Airbus A350

Boeing 787

See http://www.popularmechanics.com/flight/g2428/7-airplane-wing-stress-tests/

2. Aeronautical sciences 2.4. Airframe

new ideas, principles

theoretical investigation

evaluation of results

decisions

plan of labor-

atory studies

product

specification

design,

engineering

investigation

with prototype

model and

laboratory inv.

evaluation

of results decisions

production

preliminary

research

product

development

3. Development process

3.1. Development chain

plan for

experiences

flight

experiences

evaluation

of results decisions

3. Development process

3.2. Structured Development

Airbus R&D

philosophy

3. Development process

3.3. Goodness factor

goodness factor

time

goodness factors

time

functional (technical)

goodness factors

economic goodness

factors

goodness factor

time

earlier

development

later development

goodness factor

time

„fellow”

development

Design Philosophy – an Important Part of Aircraft Design Courses J. Rohacs, B. Gati

idő

jósági

fok

lassú fejlesztés

gyors fejlesztés0 %

15 %

30 %

45 %

piaci részesedés

goodness

factor

market share

quick development

slow development

time

3. Development process

3.3. Goodness factor – cont’d.

goodness factor

time

selling

modernisation

3. Development process

3.3. Goodness factor – cont’d.

4. New Technologies

4.1. Technological Underpinnings

• development of informatics

– Moore’s Law on microprocessor cost/performance

– Gilder’s Law on bandwidth performance

– Metcalf’s Law on network performance

• unwritten rules – law of abundance

– unwritten rule of gridlock

• evolution – Kurzweil’s Law of

Accelerating Returns

– Golden Rule of the information age

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Pentium4 Processor

PentiumⅢ Processor

PentiumⅡ Processor

Pentium Processor

486DX Processor

386 Processor

286

8086

8080 8008

4004 1000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

100,000,000

transistors

time

Demonstration of Moor’s law

B. J. Holmes: Transformation in Transportation Systems of the 21st Century, Invited lecture on the ICAS Congress, 2004, Yokohama

4. New Technologies 4.2. Characteristics of Transformation

• Integrated Radar, Flight Plan and Digital Video Data Fusion for SMGCS – INTERVUSE (A-SMGS – Advanced SMGS – ICAO )

• Surface Movement

Guidance and Control

System (SMGCS)

• virtual reality

4. New Technologies 4.3. Characteristics of Transformation – cont’d.

Flow control by MEMS at UCLA

4. New Technologies 4.4. MEMS Technology – Nano Technology

size effects ratio between surface and body forces ( at < 1mm dimensions)

ratio between the device and length scale

force effects surface forces

Van der Waals forces

polarity: Keesom

inductivity: Debey

electron correlation: London

electrostatic forces (at <0.1 m)

steric forces (in case of long molecules)

4. New Technologies 4.4. New Science: Micro Fluid Mechanics

4. New Technologies 4.5. Morphing

NASA and Lockheed Martin concepts

4. New Technologies 4.6. New materials

4. New Technologies 4.7. Out of the Box Solutions

innovative – sustainable technologies

radiclly new, disruptive solutions

thinking out of the box

4. New Technologies 4.9. Radically new solutions

GABRIEL (Integrated Ground and on-Board system for

Support of the Aircraft Safe Take-off and Landing) is an EU

supported L1 level project. (12 partners from 6 countries).

Its solution – MagLev track and

cart – sledge system

Summary

knowledge in development philosophy is important

esspecially for countries with small and limited

aeronautical industry

we had ointegrated this philosophy into the BSc and

MSc programs on aeronautical sciences, namely

aircraft,

air transport and

ATM specialisation

Summary

Thinking out of the box Think unconventionally