learn mandarin starter guides -...
TRANSCRIPT
INDEX
ABOUTMANDARINTONES
HOWTOPRACTISEYOURMANDARINTONES
LEARNTOCOUNT
LEARNBODYPARTS
DAILYUSECHINESEVOCABULARY
BASICMANDARIN
BASICBUSINESSMANDARIN
BASICJOBINTERVIEW
ABOUTCHINESEWORDS
HOWTOWRITECHINESEWORDS
ABOUTMANDARINTONES1
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Mandarintonesareof tenoneof themost signif icant problemsforbeginninglearnersof Mandarin,and
arealsooverlookedlateron.Andif theblogosphereisanythingtogoby,they’resomethingthat classes
don’t handleverywell.
So,here’sasomegoodwaystostudytonescheaplyorforf ree,f romanywhereintheworld.I’mnot
goingtorankorsaythisis‘howtolearntones’,but anycombinat ionof theseshouldbegoodfor
studyingthem.
HOWTOPRACTISEYOURMANDARINTONES1
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InKarate,youpract iceakickhundredsof t imessothat youcandoit unconsciously.Youcreatea
musclememory.Af tersomanyrepet it ions,youbodyinst inct ivelyknowshowtoproduceawellformed
kick.WhenstudyingChinese,youneedtodevelopyourmouth’s“tonemusclememory”.Youneedto
pract icetonesincombinat ionunt ilyoucansaythemcorrect lywithout thinkingabout it .Here’satableof
the20wordsyouneedtodoget bet tertones.
x-1x-2x-3x-4x-5
1-xtāshuō他说tālái他来tāzǒu他走tāzuò他做shuōle说了
2-xméishuō没说méilái没来méizǒu没走méizuò没做méile没了
3-xnǐshuō你说nǐlái你来nǐzǒu你走nǐzuò你做zǒule走了
4-xjiùshuo1就说jiùlái就来jiùzǒu就走jiùzuò就做zuòle做了
Just pract icesayingoneroworcolumnat at imeandthenmoveontothenext roworcolumn.That ’sall
it t akes.
Basically,youshouldstart withthebasics,andmovetomoredif f icult content .
1)Start withindividualtones
Youshouldst illstart byget t ingfamiliarwiththeindividualtonesonebyone.Forexample:
chī(f irst tone–“toeat ”)
niú(secondtone–“cow”)
mǎ(thirdtone–“horse”)
ròu(fourthtone–“meat ”)
Youcanlistentothemseparately(throughanat ivespeaker,orwitharesourcelikeFluentU).
2)Start withsimplertonepairs(theoneswhichincludef irst andfourthtone)
Then,youcanmoveontothesimplertonepairs.Most peoplef indthef irst toneandthefourthtonetobe
theeasiest ,soyoucanlearnthetonepairswhichincludethem.
Forexample:
chīlà(f irst toneandfourthtone–“toeat somethingspicy”)
3)Builduptomoredif f icult tonepairs(theoneswhichincludesecondandthirdtone)
Onceyoufeelcomfortablewithtonepairs,youcanlearnmoreof thetonepairswhichincludethe
second(rising)toneandthethird(low)tone.
Forexample:
měiguó(thirdtoneandsecondtone–“America”)
HOWTOPRACTISEYOURMANDARINTONES2
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4)Importanceof Feedback
Throughout allof this,makesurethat youneedtomakesurethat you’reget t ingenoughfeedback.You
shoulddef initelyget feedbackthroughateacherornat ivespeakerwhocancandidlypinpoint the
mistakesthat you’remaking.Youdon’t want ateacherwhoispolite,but not that helpful.
5)TackleDif f icult SentencesWhichCombineT rickyPinyinandToneCombinat ions
Later,whenyoufeelcomfortablewitheventhemoredif f icult tonepairs,youcanmoveontomore
complexsentenceswhichchallengebothyourtonesandpinyin.(Don’t neglect tocont inuetolearnand
improveyourpinyin).Forexample,herearemy2favorites:
nĭshìbùshìxiăngchī(“Doyouwant toeat ornot?”)
wŏxiăngmăiyīliàngzìxíngchē(“Iwouldliketobuyabicycle”)
Bythet imeyouget tothef if thstep,youshouldbeget t ingreallygood,assumingthat you’vehadanat ive
speakertoprovideyouregularfeedback.
DAILYUSECHINESEVOCABULARY1
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YourChinesevocabularyshouldbeginwithwordsyoucoulduseinyourdailylif eandshouldbefamiliar
withalready.BelowaresomeusefulChinesevocabularyandexpressionsforChinesegreet ings,
Chinesedaysof theweek,Chinesewordsforfamilymembers,Chinesewordsformealt imes,Chinese
t imesof theday,andChinesewordsforColors.
DAILYUSECHINESEVOCABULARY2
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Yes shì
No búshì
Thankyou xìexìe
Thankyouverymuch f ei- chánggànxìe/henvgànxìe
You'rewelcome buyongxie
Please qíng
Excuseme qivngràng,duibuqi
Hello Nihao
Goodbye zàijiàn
Solong zàijiàn
Goodmorning zaovan- .
Goodafternoon wuvan- .
Goodevening wanvshànghaov.
Goodnight wanvan- .
Idonotunderstand wovbùmíngbái/wovbùdovng
Howdoyousaythisin[English]? zheyòng[hànyuv]zenmejiavng?
Doyouspeak... nivhùijiavng...ma?
English yi-ngyuv.
French f áyuv.
German déyuv.
Spanish xi- bányáyuv.
Chinese puvto-nghùa/hànyuv.
I wov.
We wovmén
You(singular,familiar) niv.
You(singular,formal) nín
You(plural) nivmén
They t a- mén
Whatisyourname? nivjiàoshenmemíngz i?
Nicetomeetyou. henvgao- xìngyùjiànniv.
Howareyou? nivhaovma?
Good haov.
Bad bùhaov.
Soso háihaov.
Wife qi- z iv.
Husband zhàngfu- .
Daughter nüver
Son érz i
Mother ma- ma
Father ba- ba
Friend péngyouv.
Whereisthebathroom?Whereisthetoilet?
xivshouvjian- zai- nali?
zero líng
one yi- .
two èr
three san- .
four sì
five wuv.
six lìu
seven qi- .
eight ba- .
nine jiuv.
ten shí
eleven shíyi- .
twelve shíèr
thirteen shísan- .
fourteen shísì
fifteen shíwuv.
sixteen shíliù
seventeen shíqi- .
eighteen shíbav.
nineteen shíjiuv.
twenty èrshí
twentyone èrshíyi- .
thirty san- shí
forty sìshí
fifty wuvshí
sixty liùshí
seventy qi- shí
eighty ba- shí
ninety jiuvshí
onehundred yìbaiv.
onethousand yìqianv.
onemillion yìbaivwàn
Howmuchdoesthiscost? zheduo- shaovqián?
Whatisthis? zheshishenme?
I'llbuyit. wovmaiv.
Iwouldliketobuy... wovyàomaiv...
Doyouhave... niyouvméiyouv...
Doyouacceptcreditcards? nijie- shòuxìnyòngkavma?
Open kai- .
Closed guan- .
Postcard míngxìnpiàn
Stamps yóupiào
Alittle yidian(r)er
Alot henvduo- .
All quánbù
Breakfast zaovcan- .
Lunch wuvcan- .
Dinner wanvcan- .
Vegetarian sùshízhev.
Kosher yóutàihéfavshíwù
Cheers! ganbei
Pleasebringthebill. qingvjíezhàng.
Bread miànbao- .
Beverage yinvliào
Coffee ka- fei- .
Tea chá
Juice guovzhi- .
Water shuiv.
Beer píjiuv.
Wine jiuv.
Salt yán
Pepper hújiao- .
Meat roù
Beef niúroù
Pork zhu- roù
Fish yú
Poultry jia- qinv.
Vegetable cài
Fruit shuivguov.
Potato mavlíngshuv.
Salad sa- là
Dessert t iánpinv.
Icecream bing- qi- lín/xuevgào
Whereis...? ...zaivnaliv?
Howmuchisthefare? che- fèiduoshaov?
Ticket piao
Oneticketto...,please. yìzha-ngqù...depiào.
Whereareyougoing? nivqùnaliv?
Wheredoyoulive? nivzhùzàinaliv?
Train huovche- .
Bus gong- gòngqìche- /gong- che- .
Subway,Underground dìt iev.
Airport f ei- ji- changv.
Trainstation huovche- zhàn
Busstation gong- gòngqìche- zhàn/gong- che- zhàn
Subwaystation,Undergroundstation dìt ievzhàn
Departure chu- jìng
Arrival rùjìng
Carrentalagency chu- zu- qìchèzhang- .
Parking t íngche- changv.
Hotel lü'guanv.
Room kèfáng
Reservation yùdìng
Arethereanyvacanciesfortonight? jin- wanvyouvméiyouvkong- fáng?
Novacancies kèmanv/méiyouvkong- fáng
Passport hùzhào
Left zuov.
Right yòu
Straight zhí
Up shàng
Down xià
Far yuanv.
Near jìn
Long cháng
Short duanv.
Map dìtù
TouristInformation liuvyóuwènxúnchù
Postoffice yóujú
Museum bówúguanv.
Bank yínháng
Policestation jingvchájú
Hospital yi- yuàn
Pharmacy,Chemists yàofáng
Store,Shop diàn
Restaurant jiuvlóu
School xúexiáo
Church jiàotáng
Restrooms xivshouvjian- .
Street jie- .
Square f ang- ,guangchang
Mountain shan- .
Hill shan- /qiu- .
Valley shan- guv.
Ocean haiv,yang
Lake hú
River hé
SwimmingPool yóuyongvchí
Tower t av.
Bridge qiáo
Whattimeisit? jídianvzhòngle?
7:13,Seventhirteen qi- dianvshísan- fen- .
3:15,Threefifteen san- dianvshíwuvfen- .
3:15,Aquarterpastthree san- dianvyíkè
11:30,Eleventhirty shíyi- dianvsan- shífen- .
11:30,Halfpasteleven shíyi- dianvbàn
1:45,Oneforty- five yi- dianvsìshíwuvfen- .
1:45,Aquartertilltwo yi- dianvsìshíwuvfen- .
Day rì/t ian- .
Week xing- qi- .
Month yùe.
Year nián.
Monday xing- qi- yi- .
Tuesday xing- qi- èr
Wednesday xing- qi- san- .
Thursday xing- qi- sì
Friday xing- qi- wuv.
Saturday xing- qi- liù
Sunday xing- qi- rì/xing- qi- t iàn
January yi- yùe
February èryùe
March san- yùe
April sìyùe
May wuvyùe
June liùyùe
July qìyùe
August bàyùe
September jiuvyùe
October shíyùe
November shíyi- yùe
December shíèryùe
Spring chun- .
Summer xià.
Fall,Autumn qiu- .
Winter dòng.
Today jin- t ian- .
Yesterday zúot ian- .
Tomorrow míngt ian- .
DAILYUSECHINESEVOCABULARY3
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DAILYUSECHINESEVOCABULARY3
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BASICBUSINESSMANDARIN
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SpeakingChineseinabusinessset t ingisof tenchallenging.Let 'sseeadialoguebelow.
KeyLearningPoints(Preview):
你(nĭ)and您(nín):pronyou
第一天上班Dìyīt iānshàngbānFirst dayof work
LǐQiáng:Nĭhăo,nĭshìxīnláideba?Rúguŏwŏméijìcuò,nĭjiàoJiékè,duìma?
李强:你好,你是新来的吧?如果我没记错,你叫杰克,对吗?
LiQiang:Hello,aren't youanewcomerhere?Andif I'mnot mistaken,youmust beJack,right?
JiéKè:Shìde,zhèshìwŏdìyīt iānshàngbān.
杰克:是的,这是我第一天上班。
Jack:Yes,Iam.It 'smyf irst dayhere.
LǐQiáng:Nĭhăo,wŏshìzhègegōngsīdezŏngjīnglĭ,wŏjiàoLĭQiáng!
李强:你好,我是这个公司的总经理,我叫李强!
LiQiang:Howdoyoudo!Iamthegeneralmanagerof thiscompanyandmynameisLiQiang.
JiéKè:Nínhăo,LĭZŏng,jiǔyăngníndedàmíng.
杰克:您好,李总,久仰您的大名。
Jack:Howdoyoudo!Mr.Li,I'veheardagreat dealabout you.
LǐQiáng:Bùgăndāng,hěngāoxìngjiàndàonĭ!
李强:不敢当,很高兴见到你!
LiQiang:Iamaf raidthat isanoverstatement .Goodtomeet you.
JiéKè:Jiàndàonínwŏyěgăndàofēichángróngxìng.
杰克:见到您我也感到非常荣幸。
Jack:Pleasuretomeet you,too.
LǐQiáng:NĭshìMěiguórén,duìba?Nĭdehànyǔjiăngdehěnbúcuò!
李强:你是美国人,对吧?你的汉语讲得很不错!
BASICJOBINTERVIEW
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InyourChineseinterview,youcansaythefollowingphrases:我叫…(wǒjiào…)Mynameis…,
我来自…(wǒláizì…)I'mf rom…,我性格外向活泼(wǒxìnggéwàixiànghuópo)I'moutgoingandact ive.
Basically,peoplealwayssaythesethreethingsabout themselvesat aChineseinterview:name,
personalit y,aswellashabit s.Forexample,"我叫李华,我性格沉稳踏实。我比较爱好文学和音乐(Wǒ
jiàoLǐHuá,wǒxìnggéchénwěntāshi.Wǒbǐjiàoàihàowénxuéhéyīnyuè)."
Agood,completeself -int roduct ionforajobinterviewinChineseshouldbelikethis:
Inthef irst paragraph,youshouldgiveyourname,andgreet others.
我叫XXX(yourname),很高兴见到您。WǒjiàoXXX,hěngāoxìngjiàndàonín.
Second,youcantalkabout yourinterests,hobbies,educat ionbackground,andyourpersonalit ysuchas
我的兴趣比较广泛,喜欢阅读,音乐和体育运动。我性格开朗,容易与人相处(Wǒdexìngqùbǐjiào
guǎngfàn,xǐhuɑnyuèdú,yīnlèhét ǐyùyùndòng.Wǒxìnggékāilǎng,róngyìyǔrénxiāngchǔ)andsoon.Last but not least ,showthat youhavepract icalexperienceandtalkabout someof yourpreviousjobs.
Forexample,我在一家外企做销售兼职,学会了团队合作,还学会了与人相处,管理自己的时间。
(Wǒzàiyìjiāwàiqǐzuòxiāoshòujiānzhí,xuéhuìletuánduìhézuò,háixuéhuìleyǔrénxiāngchǔ,guánlǐ
zìjǐdeshíjiān.)
ABOUTCHINESEWORDS1
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TheChinesewrit ingsystemisanuniquephenomenoninthemodernworldof alphabet scripts.Instead
of afewdozenlet ters,it hasdevelopedthousandsof complexsignsor"characters"that represent
morphemesandwords.Evenrelatedwrit ingsystemssuchasJapaneseandKorean,whilesharing
manyof thesamecharacters,canfullyfunct ionaspurelyphonet icscripts.Andwhileit isnot theonly
livinglogographicwrit ingsysteminthemodernworld,it istheonlyoneservingastheprimarywrit ing
systemforhundredsof millionsof people.
Thef irst recognizableformof Chinesewrit ingdatesf rom3,500yearsago,but manyarguethat it s
originsliemuchdeeperinthepast .Regardlessof it sactualage,Chinesehasevolvedsubstant iallyover
t imeyet hasretainedit sancient core,makingit oneof thelongest cont inuouslyusedwrit ingsystemin
theworld.
Origin
Thecommonconsensusisthat writ inginChinaevolvedf romearliernon-linguist icsymbolicsystems.
DuringtheLateNeolithicperiod,at thelat terhalf of the3rdmillenumBCE,manysymbolsor
"pictograms"startedtobeincisedonpot teryandjades.Thesesymbolsarethought tobefamilyorclan
emblemsthat ident if ytheownershiporprovenanceof thepot teryorjades
.
ABOUTCHINESEWORDS2
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Whilethesepictogramsarenot t rulyChinesecharacters,theydobearsomeresemblancetothe
earliest Chinesecharacters.Andat least inoneinstanceanemblem,namelybirdwithasolarsymbol,
cont inuestobeusedasclannameinearlyShangdynastyonbronzeart ifacts.Theprevalent thought is
that at somepoint int imethesesymbolsceasedtorepresent theobjectstheyillust ratebut instead
cametorepresent thewordsof theobjects.Inotherwords,thesymbolsacquiredlinguist icvaluesand
becamelogograms.However,exact lywhenthisswitchhappenedisunknown.Perhapsit alreadyhad
whenthesesymbolswereincisedintothepot tery,whichcouldmeanthat theseart ifactshavewrit ingon
them,but thereisnowaytoproveonewayoranother.At best wecansayisthat thesymbolswere
precursorstoChinesewrit ing.
TheEarliest ChineseWrit ing
Whatevertheobscureinit ialphaseof writ tenChinesewas,it sappearanceduringtheShangdynasty
alreadyexhibitedsignof averycomplexsystem.Theearliest formof Chinesewrit ingiscalledtheoracle
bonescript ,usedf rom1500to1000BCE.Thisscript wasetchedontoturt leshellsandanimalsbones,
whichwerethenheatedunt ilcrackswouldappear.Byinterpretat ingthepat ternof thecracks,Shang
court of f icialswouldmakedivinat ionsof futureevents,hencegivingthename"oraclebones"tothese
animalbones.Anexampleof anoracleboneisillust ratedinthefollowingexample.
ABOUTCHINESEWORDS3
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Stagesof ChineseWrit ing
Givenit simmenset imedepth,theChinesewrit ingsystemisfarf romstat ic.Af tertheearlyevolut ion
duringtheShangdynasty,thescript cont inuedtoevolved.Visuallyit becameincreasinglymorelinear,
morestylizedandlessresemblingof thenaturalobjects.It alsogrewincomplexit y,astheinnovat ionsof
semant icdeterminat ives(radicals)andphonet iccomplementscont inuedtobeappliedtoformnew
words.
Scholarshaveconvenient lydivideddif ferent stylesof Chinesewrit ingintoanumberof "scripts".The
followingchart comparesdif ferent Chinesecharactersinvariousformsthroughout t ime.
ABOUTCHINESEWORDS4
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Thef irst fourphasesof Chinesewrit ingt racethef irst 1,500-yearhistoryof Chineseandessent ially
encompasstheevolut ionf romanascent pictographicandambiguouswrit ingscript toastandardized
systemcontainingthousandsof charactersst illinusetoday.
Jiaguwen(甲骨文),orOracleBoneScript .Thisistheearliest formof Chinesewrit ing,usedf romthe
MiddletoLateShangdynasty(approximately1500BCEto1000BCE).Thisscript wasetchedonto
turt leshellsandanimalsbones,whichwerethenusedfordivinat ionintheroyalShangcourt ,hencethe
name"oraclebones".Consequent ly,scholarshavebeenusingoraclebonesashistoricaldocumentsto
invest igatethereignsof laterShangmonarchs,andsurprisinglyconf irmingtheveracit yof thet radit ional
list of Chineseemperorsthat wasdeemedmythologicalratherthanhistorical.Theshapeof these
charactersareof tendescribedas"pictographic",inthat theyresemblestylizeddrawingsof objectsthey
represent .
Dazhuan(大篆),orGreaterSeal.Thisstageof Chinesewrit ingf lourishedf romtheLateShangtothe
WesternChoudynast ies(1100BCEto700BCE).UnlikeJiaguwen,whichwascarvedonbones,
Dazhuanmainlyappearedoncast bronzevessels.Infact ,JiaguwenandDazhuanoverlappedint ime,
andtheymight havebeenthesamescript but astheywereinscribedondif ferent materialstheirvisual
stylesdif ferduetothequalit yof thesurfaces.
Xiaozhuan(小篆),orLesserSeal.Thiselegant script isthedirect parent of themodern,unsimplif ied
Chinesescript .Not onlyareXiaozhuancharactersaremorestylizedandless"pictographic"like
JiaguwenandDazhuan,but alsoexhibit ssystemat icandextensiveuseof radicalsmuchlikemodern
Chinese.Thisscript hassurvivedthepassageof t imeandcont inuestobeusedinthepresent agein
calligraphyandseals.
Lishu(隸書),orClerklyScript .Asit snameimplies,thisscript wasusedbygovernment bureaucrats.
Whileit probablyappearedat approximately500BCE,LishubecamewidelyusedintheQin(221to207
BCE)andHan(206BCEto220CE)dyanst ieswhenthebureaucratsneededafast andef f icient script
tohandlestatemat ters.Themarkeddif ferencebetweenthisscript andtheXiaozhuanisthat LiShu
charactershavelessst rokesandamoref lowingstyle,thereforeeasilyadaptabletobrushesandpens.
Lishuisst illoccassionallyusedinthemodernage.
Theshapeof Lishucharactersareident icaltomodernChinesecharacters.Furthermore,characters
werestandardizedtoremoveregionalvariat ions,andthesestandardcharactersareforthemost part
thesamecharacterswrit teninthepresent .Therefore,it canbesaidthat Chinesewrit ingreachedit s
maturit yat thist ime(unt ilt he20thcentury).
ABOUTCHINESEWORDS5
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Evolut ionof Chinesewrit ingaf terLishuisat rendof increasinglycursivescripts.Thesescriptsareused
primarilyincalligraphy.
Kaishu(楷書),orStandardScript ,isessent iallythet radit ionalscript usedtoday(except inthePeople's
Republicof China).It isverysimilartoLishu,but slight lymorecursiveandcontainsserif -like(hookor
anchor-like)elementsat thecornersandendof st rokes.Kaishuappearedtowardtheendof theHan
dynasty(220CE).
Xingshu(行書),orRunningScript ,canbeconsideredacursiveversionof Kaishu.Of tenseveralst rokes
aremergedintoone,especiallysequent ialdotsortwost rokesperpendiculartoeachother.It also
appearedshort lyaf tertheHandynasty.
Caoshu(草書),orGrassScript ,isthemost cursiveChinesescript .It appearedduringtheQindynasty.
Theshapeof it scharactersof tendonot resemblethecorrespondingLishuorKaishucharacter,inthat
somest rokesaremergedintooneandothersaresimplylef t out .
HOWTOWRITECHINESEWORDS1
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St rokeTypes
St rokesaret radit ionallyclassif iedintoeight basicforms,eachappearinginthecharacter"eternally"and
listedbelowaccordingtotheircontemporarynames.Thoughsomewhat arbit rary,thissystemhas
remainedpopularfornearlytwomillenia.
1."Dian"-Asimpledot .2."Heng"-Horizontalst roke,lef t toright .
3."Shu"-Vert icalst roke,toptobot tom.4."Gou"-Hookappendedtootherst rokes.
5."T i"-Diagonalst roke,risingf romlef t toright .6."Pie"-Diagonalst roke,fallingf romright tolef t .
7."DuanPie"-Short diagonalst roke,fallingf romright tolef t .
8."Na"-Horizontalst roke,fallingf romlef t toright .
HOWTOWRITECHINESEWORDS2
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Thesebasicst rokesaresomet imescombinedwithout thepenleavingthepaper.Intheaboveexample
of "eternally",st rokes2-3-4arewrit tenasonecont inuousst roke,asarest rokes5-6.Hencein
dict ionariesthischaracterisindexedashavingf iveseparatest rokes.
St rokeOrder
Writ ingcharactersinthecorrect orderisessent ialforthecharactertolookcorrect .Twobasicrulesare
followed:
1.Topbeforebot tom2.Lef t beforeright
Theserulesconf lict wheneveronest rokeistothebot tomandlef t of another.Severaladdit ionalrules
resolvemanyof theseconf lict s.
3.Lef t vert icalst roke(usually)beforetophorizontalst roke
4.Bot tomhorizontalst rokelast
5.Centerst rokebeforewings
6.Horizontalst rokesbeforeintersect ingvert icalst rokes
7.Lef t -fallingst rokesbeforeright -fallingsrokes
Af inalrulecancont radict theothers:
8.Minorst rokes(of ten)last
Despitetheseconf lict sbetweenrulesmost studentsquicklyacquireanaturalfeelfortheproperst roke
order.
Component Order
Most Chinesecharactersarecombinat ionsof simpler,component characters.Usuallythetwopartsare
writ tenat topandbot tom
orlef t andright
sothat themaintwost rokeorderrulesreadilyapply.Occasionallytheserulesalsoconf lict withrespect
tocomponents.Whenonecomponent isat thebot tom-lef t ,andtheotherat thetop-right ,thetop-right
component issomet imeswrit tenf irst .
Whenthereareseveralcomponents,topcomponentsarewrit tenf irst .
Theserulesusuallyimplyeachcomponent iswrit teninit sent iretybeforeanothercomponent iswrit ten.
Except ionsmayarisewhenonecomponent dividesanother,
encompassesanother,ortheindividualcomponentsarenolongerdiscernibleinmodernwrit ing.
Fordetailedst rokeordersforthousandsof characters,seeOcrat .com.Youcanaccesstherelevant
st rokeinformat ionat Ocrat .comf romthiswebsitebyclickingonthelarge"+"signaccompanyingeach
characterent ry.
Forinformat iononChinesecalligraphypleaseseeChinatheBeaut iful.
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