*Learn Organic Nomenclature Rules*Any compounds that produce ions in solution,

should have those written in ionic form WRITE NET IONIC EQUATIONS!

*All reactions on AP EXAM DO occur. There are NO no reactions!

*Need to balance equations*No requirement to use state symbols *Don’t expect to know all the equations*Can get partial credit; 1 pt. for reactants and

two possible for products•Have THREE, net ionic equations from sentences and answer a question about the reaction.

First step Categorize the equation:

1.Double replacement (Metathesis)2.Simple Redox3.Non-simple Redox4.Hydrolysis5.Complex Ion Formation6.Organic

1. Double replacement (Metathesis)

Where two ions are substituted….. Usually involve acids, bases and salts.

AcidsHave H written first and donate ONE H+

Organic acids have the H+ written in the COOH group: CH3COOH Organic acids are weak!

KNOW the strong acids: HCl, HBr, HI and acids where the number of oxygen’s present exceeds the number of hydrogen’s by two or more:

HNO3 H2SO4

AcidsStrong acids loose only one Hydrogen; H2SO4 H+ + HSO4

-

Carbonic acid, H2CO3, is weak and prefers CO2 + H2O. If represented as an acid (on the left side of equation) then:

H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

Sulfurous acid, H2SO3, is written as H2SO3 H+ + HSO3

- (if a reactant) NOT dissociated if written as a product!

Bases Formula ends in OH, except Ammonia and organic bases that contain Nitrogen. (has a lone pair of electrons that can be donated)

Organic alcohols are NOT bases.

KNOW the strong bases: Group I & II hydroxides and ammonium hydroxide.

BUT ammonium hydroxide prefers: NH4OH NH3 + H2O

Salts

Salt is a compound where the hydrogen ion in an acid have been replaced by metal or ammonium ions.

KNOW the solubility rules for salts!

If they use the term EQUIMOLAR, that means: reactants react in a 1:1 ratio some of the ionizable Hydrogen’s in an acid

are being replaced

Slightly soluble salts may be written in dissociated or undissociated form

Examples of Double Replacement:

Solutions of sodium phosphate and calcium Chloride are mixed.

3Ca+2 + 2 PO4-3 Ca3(PO4)2

A dilute solution of lithium hydroxide is mixed with dilute hydrobromic acid.

H+ + OH- H2O

Hydrogen sulfide gas is bubbled through a solution of silver nitrate.

H2S + 2Ag+ 2H+ + Ag2S

2. Simple Redox

A reaction where electrons are transferred from one species to another.

Single displacement, Combustion, Combination and Decomposition

Single Displacement: Halogen displacement, Hydrogen displacement, One metal replacing another in solution.

Combustion: organic compounds forming CO2 & H2O, metals burning in air

Combination: element & element, non-metal oxide & water(acid), metal oxide & water (base), metal oxide & non-metal oxide (salt)

a. Magnesium metal is added to a solution of Iron (III) Chloride.

Mg + 2Fe+3 2Fe+2 + Mg+2 Hint:

Know that Mg will oxidize Know that Fe+3 goes to Fe+2 Know that Cl- is a spectator ion

Question: What color change may be observed? Fe+3 is yellow/brown and Fe+2 is pale green

b. Solid magnesium carbonate is heated

MgCO3 MgO + CO2

Hint:Know that when CO3

-2 is heated CO2 gas is made

Question: How might one test for the gas produced in this reaction?

CO2 will turn a solution of lime water ‘milky’

Ca(OH)2

3. Non-Simple Redox

A reaction involving the transfer of electrons. In these reactions an oxidizing agent will cause the oxidation of another compound and in the process, itself will be reduced.

a. Potassium Manganate(VII) is added to a solution containing acid and bromide ions.

2MnO4- + 10Br- + 16 H+ 5 Br2 + 2Mn+2 + 8 H2O

Hints:If it says it contains acid, add H+

Learn the common oxidizing and reducing agents

Question: What is the oxidation number of Mn before and after the reaction?

b. Aqueous potassium dichromate is added to a solution containing tin(II) nitrate.

Cr2O7-2 + 3Sn+2 + 14H+ 3Sn+4 + 2Cr+3 + 7 H2O

Hints: write the two half-reactions here and balance. That’s where the H+ and H2O came from.

Cr2O7-2 Cr+3

Sn+2 Sn+4

Question: Which substance is being oxidized in the reaction? Explain.

c. Concentrated Hydrochloric acid is added to solid manganese (IV) Oxide.

4H+ + 2Cl- + MnO2 Mn+2 + Cl2 + 2H2O Hints:

Know what MnO2 turns into. Write the acid as separate ions Know that Cl- on one side will oxidize to Cl2

Question: Which species in the equation is the reducing agent ?

4. Hydrolysis

A reaction with water.Examples: Anion of a weak acid + water Weak acid and OH- Cation of a weak base + water Weak base + OH-

Non-metal Halide + H2O H+ + element + combination

PCl3 + 3H2O 3H+ + 3Cl- + H3PO3 PCl5 + 4 H2O 5H+ + 5Cl- + H3PO4

a. Solid lithium hydride is added to water

LiH + H2O Li+ + OH- + H2

Question: Describe a test for the gas produced in this reaction.

b. Phophorous tribromide is added to water PBr3 + 3H2O 3H+ + 3Br- + H3PO3

Question: What would be the expected shape of a phosphorous tribromide molecule?

Trigonal pyramidal

5. Transition Metal Chemistry

A reaction involving a transition metal ion in aqueous solution either undergoing ligand exchange (often with ammonia or hydroxide) or the destruction of complexes with acids.

Hints: Aluminum and zinc act like transition metal ions and form complexes Excess often appears in these questions Know complexes and how to name them Most first row transition metal complexes exist in solution as hexaaqua ions. (6 waters)

a. A solution of ammonium thiocyanate is added to a solution of iron(III) chloride.

[Fe(H2O)6]+3 + SCN- [Fe(SCN-)(H2O)5]+2 + H2O

Question: What type of bond is formed between the ligand and the central transition metal in complexes? Dative Bond

b. Excess dilute nitric acid is added to a solution containing tetraamminecadmium (II) ions.

4H+ + [Cd(NH3)4]+2 Cd+2 + 4NH4+

Question: What type of hybridization is found around the nitrogen atom in the product? sp3 hybridization

6. Organic Chemistry A reaction where an organic compound is involved.

Hints:Most often, combustion or oxidation Addition reactions; breaking a double bond and adding a halogen or hydrogen Substitution; removing hydrogen with somethingEsterification; Carbon acid + alcohol giving an ester and water Know names and rules for organic compounds.

a. methane is mixed with an excess of bromide gas CH4 + 4Br2 CBr4 + 4HBr

Question: What type of reaction is taking place? a substitution; H atoms replaced by Br

b. 1-propanol is burned completely in air 2CH3CH2CH2OH + 9O2 6CO2 + 8 H2OQuestion: If four moles of 1-propanol were burned, how many moles of carbon dioxide would be formed?

c. Ethanoic acid is refluxed with ethanol and a catalyst for several hours.

CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

Question: What is a common use of the organic product in this reaction?

Esters are often used as artificial fruit flavors.