learning behaviorism chapter 7 a change in behavior due to experience
TRANSCRIPT
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LEARNINGBehaviorism
chapter 7
A change in behavior due to experience.
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGIvan Pavlov: Russian Scientist Early 1900’s
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Unconditioned Stimulus
UCS
A stimulus that leads to a certain response without any previous training.
ex. Food
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Unconditioned Response
UCR
A response that occurs naturally and automatically when the UCS is presented.
Ex. Salivation to food (natural).
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Neutral Stimulus
NS
A stimulus that has no effect on the organism.
Ex. Bell
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Conditioned Stimulus
CS
A neutral stimulus paired with the UCS.
Ex. Bell ----Food
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Conditioned Response
CR
A learned response.
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The Office
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John B. WatsonLittle Albert
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Generalization
A response spread from one specific stimulus to other stimuli that resemble the original.
Ex. White rat –White fur – White beard etc..
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Discrimination
The ability to respond differently to distinct stimuli.
Ex. White fur vs. Black fur
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Extinction
The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response because the CS (bell) is repeatedly presented without the UCS (Food).
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Aversion Conditioning Phobias and Treatment
Aversion Conditioning: (Garcia) Learning to hate what you love. Example “Clockwork Orange”Systematic Desensitization: Slowly deconditioning phobias (baby steps)Flooding/Exposure: Sudden overwhelming exposure to fear (roller coaster)
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OPERANT CONDITIONING
Subject operates on the environment and produces a result that will influence whether he or she will operate in the same way in the future.
Shaping
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B.F. Skinner
1904 – 1990
Walden Two
Shaping
Skinner Box
Behavior Modification
Schedules of Reinforcement
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Behavior ModificationB.F. Skinner
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TERMS TO KNOW
+ POSITIVE: TO PRESENT (ADD)
- NEGATIVE: TO REMOVE (SUBTRACT)
REINFORCEMENT = INCREASE BEHAVIOR
PUNISHMENT = DECREASE BEHAVIOR
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POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
GIVE A STIMULIS THAT INCREASES A BEHAVIOR.
EXAMPLES: Verbal Praise, Gold Star, High Grade, Attention, Warm Fuzzy
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NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
TAKE AWAY AN AVERSIVE STIMULUS CAUSING AN INCREASE IN THE RESPONSE.
EXAMPLES: Escape or Avoidance conditioning, Increased freedom or removal of restrictions after grades or appropriate behavior increases.
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POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
Give something bad to DECREASE a behavior.
EXAMPLES: A scolding, spanking, shock, lecture from P’s, A “Switch”
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NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
The removal of a good stimulus, causing a decrease in the response.
Examples: Grounded, Not being allowed to watch T.V. or play Games, not having dessert, being suspended from school (supposedly).
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CHART
+ R GIVE GOOD
- R TAKE BAD
+ P GIVE BAD
- P TAKE GOOD
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Behavior Modification
B.F. Skinner
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TERMS TO KNOW
+ POSITIVE: TO PRESENT (ADD)
- NEGATIVE: TO REMOVE (SUBTRACT)
REINFORCEMENT = INCREASE BEHAVIOR
PUNISHMENT = DECREASE BEHAVIOR
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POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
GIVE A STIMULIS THAT INCREASES A BEHAVIOR.
EXAMPLES: Verbal Praise, Gold Star, High Grade, Attention, Warm Fuzzy
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NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
TAKE AWAY AN AVERSIVE STIMULUS CAUSING AN INCREASE IN THE RESPONSE.
EXAMPLES: Escape or Avoidance conditioning, Increased freedom or removal of restrictions after grades or appropriate behavior increases.
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POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
Give something bad to DECREASE a behavior.
EXAMPLES: A scolding, spanking, shock, lecture from P’s, A “Switch”
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NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
The removal of a good stimulus, causing a decrease in the response.
Examples: Grounded, Not being allowed to watch T.V. or play Games, not having dessert, being suspended from school (supposedly).
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CHART
+ R GIVE GOOD
- R TAKE BAD
+ P GIVE BAD
- P TAKE GOOD
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Ratio = Behavior
Interval = Time
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Schedules Experiment O = attempt X = reward
X OOX OOX OOX OOX OOX OOX
X OOX OX OOOOOX OOX OOOOX
10 seconds X, 10 Seconds X, 10 seconds X
5 seconds X, 15 seconds X, 10 seconds X, 15 seconds X, 5 seconds X, 10 seconds X
(5 20 30 45 50 60)
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Fixed RatioReinforcement depends on a certain amount of behavior being emitted.
OOOXOOOXOOOXOOOXOOOX
Examples: Subway card, piece work, Commission.
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Variable Ratio
The number of required responses varies around some average rather than being fixed.
OXOOOOXXOOOOOOOOOXOOOX
Examples: Slot Machine, Sports (Baseball), Most Sales Jobs.
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FIXED INTERVAL
Reinforcement is available at a predetermined time.
10 seconds X, 10 seconds X, 10 seconds X,
Examples: School Bells, hourly pay, yearly salary, holidays.
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VARIABLE INTERVAL
The time at which a reinforcer will be available varies around some average rather than being fixed.
3 seconds X, 12 seconds X, 7 seconds X, 25 seconds X.
Examples: Weather, earthquakes, phone calls.
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Graph of Schedules
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STORY
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Concepts of Learning
Primary Reinforcer = natural reinforcer.
Conditioned Reinforcer=Signal for a reinforcer or punisher.
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Feedback
Necessary for learning.
Finding out the results of an action or performance.
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Transfer
Positive Transfer
A previous learned response helps you to learn a new task.
Negative Transfer
A previously learned task hinders learning.
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Practice
The repetition of a task helps to bind responses together.
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Learned Helplessness
Seligman
Numerous experiences in which actions have no effect on your world.
Learned Depression
Learned Laziness
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Chaining
Responses that follow one another in a sequence are put together.
Swimming, Bowling
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Social Learning
All learning in a social situation.
Albert Bandura “a more complex explanation for behavior is needed.”
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Observational Learning
Imitation – Parent to child. (Speech patterns, personal habits)
How you react to others.
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Modeling
Behavior of others increases the chance that we will do the same thing. (Social situations)
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Disinhibition
Threatening activity.