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Learning English with CBC Listening Lessons for Intermediate Students Based on CBC Manitoba Radio Broadcasts

February 6, 2012

Lesson 75: Self Study Edition Level: CLB 6 and up

Topic: Weedless Wednesday: Kicking the Smoking Habi t

Language Skills and Functions: Listening – listening to a short interview for main ideas and detail;

Speaking – expressing feelings and opinions Reading – reading a text for main ideas and detail;

reading and analyzing a pie chart Writing – writing a paragraph;

writing arguments for a debate Language Competencies: Vocabulary, Pronunciation, Listening and Speaking

Strategies, Socio-cultural/sociolinguistic Competence Language Tasks: Answer questions about attitudes toward smoking in different countries

Listen for main ideas and detail in a radio interview with Yvonne Hansen, a smoker who gave up the habit 10 months ago

Write a paragraph summary of the main ideas expressed in the interview / Use context clues to arrange the transcript in sequence

Read/analyze a pie chart on smoking rates for detail and inference

Understand phrasal verbs / Use them to talk about giving up a habit

Read a text about second-hand smoke in Manitoba Public Housing for detail and inference

Express feelings and opinions about banning second-hand smoke in Manitoba Public Housing / Write arguments for a debate

Essential Skills: Reading text, document use, numeracy, oral communication, writing

Appendices: Transcript Smoking and Public Housing – To Ban or Not to Ban?

Self Study: Weedless Wednesday – Kicking the Smoking Habit Learning English with CBC of 22

Manitoba Memo

“Tobacco is the only consumer product that causes disease, disability

and death when used exactly as intended. Tobacco eventually kills

half of the people who get hooked on it.”1

That’s the grim message on the Manitoba government’s Tobacco Control and Cessation webpage. Although smoking rates have fallen significantly in the province since the 1960’s, approximately twenty percent of Manitobans continue to smoke regularly or occasionally. Most of them would like to quit. About one-half of smokers say they are able to stop smoking after two serious attempts to quit, but many others try to quit many times before they succeed. Still others just aren’t able to kick the habit. Why is it so difficult for people to stop smoking? Experts say that the nicotine in tobacco is as addictive as drugs like heroin or cocaine. Over time, a person becomes physically dependent on nicotine, as well as emotionally addicted to it. When nicotine is carried into the lungs and absorbed into the bloodstream, it gives a smoker a pleasant feeling. It may even help distract them from unpleasant things that are happening in their lives. The emotional “up” smoking provides makes it very difficult to stop.

National Non-Smoking Week was established in 1977 to help Canadians kick the habit. The goals of the week include educating Canadians about the dangers of smoking, providing resources to help people who want to quit smoking and preventing young people from beginning to smoke. The latter goal is critical. If a person makes it to adulthood without smoking, there’s a very good chance they will never start.

The past two decades have also seen concern rise about the health effects of second-hand smoke. Even if you don’t smoke, your health and well-being can be affected by those who do smoke. Laws and regulations which aim to limit people’s exposure to second-hand smoke continue to evolve. In the past decade, provincial and local governments have banned smoking in indoor workplaces, public spaces, restaurants and bars. In Manitoba, smoking is also prohibited in vehicles when young children are passengers. Private sector landlords are creating smoke-free apartment buildings and there is pressure to make multi-unit public housing developments smoke-free.

Will we see a smoke-free world in our future? Not if the tobacco companies can help it. As smoking becomes less acceptable and less common in Canada and other developed countries, the tobacco companies have found new markets. Today, the countries with the highest smoking rates are Nauru, Guinea, Namibia, Kenya, Bosnia and Herzegovina.2

1 From the Manitoba government’s Tobacco Control and Cessation webpage: www.gov.mb.ca/healthyliving/smoking.html#.TyXCmfmwVtM 2 From: http://www.forbes.com/2007/12/04/smoking-africa-asia-biz-cx_tvr_1203smoking.html


Background

1. Think about the following questions

� How common is it for people to smoke in your country of origin? Is it more common or less common than in Manitoba/Canada?

� Describe a typical smoker in your country. Do you think there’s any difference between a typical smoker in your country and a typical smoker in Canada?

� Are there restrictions on who can smoke in your country? Are children allowed to smoke/buy cigarettes? Are women allowed to smoke?

� Is cigarette advertising on TV, radio, billboards etc. allowed in your country? � Have you ever smoked? Have you tried to quit/successfully quit? Do you know

someone who has quit/is trying to quit? � How difficult do you think it is to quit smoking? On a scale where 1 means not very

difficult and 10 means very difficult, where would you put smoking? Why? � Are there programs in your country to encourage people to quit smoking/help them

to quit smoking? What kinds of programs? � What are the attitudes toward second-hand smoke in your country? Are there laws

to protect non-smokers from second-hand smoke? Can people smoke in public spaces? Restaurants? The workplace? Their apartments? Their vehicles?

2. Vocabulary definitions Here are some words you need to know to understand the CBC interview.

Vocabulary

Weedless Wednesday Weed is a slang word for tobacco. Weedless Wednesday is a day during National Smoking Week when Canadians are encouraged to give up smoking using a “one day at a time” approach.

to break up with If you break up with someone/something you are ending your relationship. For example: When Jenna quit smoking, she said she was breaking up with tobacco forever.


to have first-hand knowledge of To have first-hand knowledge of something means that you have had experience with it and know a lot about it. For example, if you have quit smoking yourself, you have first-hand knowledge of how difficult it is to quit.

to be indelible If something has an indelible impact on you, it means you remember the event or experience well. You don’t forget about it easily.

to butt out When someone butts out a cigarette, they put out or extinguish the end of the cigarette after it has been smoked.

a pledge A pledge is when you make a formal promise or a resolution to do something before you actually do it.

withdrawal symptoms When you suddenly stop using a substance your body is dependent on, your body reacts and you experience withdrawal symptoms. Someone who quits smoking may experience different withdrawal symptoms for a period of time. The symptoms may include headaches, nausea, agitation and depression.

a nicotine fit A nicotine fit is a feeling that comes over a smoker when they have gone too long without a cigarette. For example, their heart beats very quickly, their body becomes tense and they have a craving for a cigarette that just will not go away.

to be agitated Someone who is agitated is nervous, upset and unable to think calmly.

to be reactive Someone who is described as reactive responds very quickly to things that happen to them. They don’t stop to think about whether their reaction is appropriate for the situation.

to crave something If you crave something, you have a very strong desire for it. For example: When Gudrun was pregnant, she craved chocolate. She could eat it any time of day.

depression Depression is a medical condition that makes you feel very unhappy or anxious and can prevent you from living a normal life.

out of the blue This idiom is used to describe an experience that happens suddenly or unexpectedly. For example: I wasn’t even looking for a job in my field and then out of the blue, I got a great job offer.


to grab the tail of (something) This idiom is used to say that something is difficult to manage or cope with. The original idiom was “grab a tiger by the tail.” It implies holding onto or attempting something dangerous (the tail of the tiger) and trying to manage or control (tame) it.

to be tempted If you are tempted to do something, it means you have a strong desire to do it, even though you know you should not do it. For example: Everyone at the party was smoking. Mordecai quit months ago but he was tempted to just have one cigarette. It was really tough to resist the temptation and say no.

to have a positive disposition Your disposition is your character or temperament. If you have a positive disposition, you tend to be happier and are able to see what’s good or positive in a situation.

from a health perspective If you are looking at something from a health perspective, you are looking at how it affects or could affect your mental and/or physical health.

cardio Any type of exercise that makes the heart stronger is described as cardio exercise.

to take the plunge This idiom has its roots in swimming, e.g. when someone plunges or jumps into a cold pool or lake. When you take the plunge, it means you decide to do something that’s likely to be difficult and could be risky.


3. Vocabulary Match

Learning new vocabulary before you listen makes it easier for you to understand the story. Can you match these vocabulary words or phrases with their meaning? The first one is completed for you as an example.

Vocabulary Word Meaning 1. _e weed a) to be lasting; something you cannot forget

2. __ to break up with b) to have a strong desire for something

3. __ to have first-hand knowledge of something

c) an expression meaning suddenly and unexpectedly

4. __ to be indelible d) to experience physical/mental symptoms when you stop using/withdraw from a drug or other substance

5. __ to butt out e) slang for tobacco

6. __ a pledge f) to have the kind of personality where you focus on what’s good in life

7. __ to be in withdrawal g) to have a strong desire for something, even though you know you shouldn’t have it

8. __ to be agitated h) a condition that makes someone feel very unhappy or sad

9. __ depression i) to have personal experience with something

10. __ out of the blue j) to end a relationship with someone/something

11. __ to crave something k) a type of exercise that makes the heart stronger

12. __ to be tempted l) to put out a cigarette

13. __ to have a positive disposition

m) the opposite of being calm

14. __ to take the plunge n) a promise to do something; a resolution

15. __ cardio o) to decide to do something that could be difficult and risky


4. Predict what the interview is about

In this interview, Terry MacLeod interviews Yvonne Hansen. Yvonne quit smoking about ten months ago.

Can you predict the kinds of questions Terry might ask Yvonne? Here are some examples:

He might ask her… if it was difficult to kick the habit. Maybe he’ll ask her ...if she still has cravings for cigarettes. Another thing he might ask is…whether giving up smoking has changed her life in any way. I’d like him to ask her…what advice she has for others who are trying to quit smoking.

5. Get ready to listen

In this podcast, you will hear three speakers. You will hear:

Marcy Markusa – host Terry MacLeod – interviewer Yvonne Hansen – former smoker Play the podcast for the first time.


6. Listen for the main ideas and write a paragraph summary

Often when we’re listening, we need to be able to summarize what has been said in a few main points. We may want to have the information to look at on a later date or we want to be able to share it with others. The most common way to keep track of main ideas when we are listening is to make a few notes. Read the sentence starters on the writing guide below before you listen to the podcast for a second time, so you know what information to listen for. Then, make a few notes of key words or main points in the left column of the writing guide as you listen. This will help you complete the paragraph summary of Terry’s interview with Yvonne.

Topic sentence In today’s podcast, Terry MacLeod interviews Yvonne

Hansen about…

Detail sentences Yvonne quit smoking on…. At first she experienced symptoms of withdrawal. For example, she… Now she is experiencing positive changes. For example, she....

Closing sentence Yvonne would like listeners to take the plunge and …


7. Can you put the interview in order, using contex t clues?

First, print this page and cut � out what each speaker says. You’ll have twelve pieces of paper.

Second, arrange the papers in logical pairs on a desk top or table. Match chunks of the conversation by determining how Yvonne would respond to Terry’s greeting or question. Watch for context clues. For example: Terry: How are you? Yvonne: I’m great.

Third, see if you can recall the order of their conversation and put all the lines in order. You may need to listen to the podcast one or more times to complete the task. When you finish, you can check the transcript to correct your work.

Terry I was going to so I was going to say so you remember it indelibly right?

Terry How are you?

Terry And when did you have your last cigarette?

Terry And what was the feeling that you had when you butted it out at that time?

Terry In what way did you change though? Some people say when they

quit they become a kind of different person.

Terry Now what about cravings, do you still have them?

Yvonne I had my last cigarette on March the third at 10:20 p.m. I remember the time.

Yvonne Actually, I do and they’re y’know, they they happen outta the blue, I don’t even,

like last night, I was at a meeting, it was a dinner meeting, and right after I finished

dinner, I thought, ah, a cigarette would be nice, then it passes, y’know.

Yvonne I’m great.

Yvonne Well at that moment, it was like, no big deal. Y’know, ‘cause in my mind I was

thinking I can have another one, but on the other hand it was like, wow, oh my

goodness, like I’ve just take the pledge. It was scary. It was really scary.

Yvonne

You do actually and those were the things I wasn’t ready for. I was ready for the

withdrawals, the nicotine fits, those type of things, I wasn’t ready for ah um the

agitation. And when I say agitation I mean I became very reactive, my personality,

ahm, which I am to a degree anyway being Irish, but more so.

And um I’m also quick to anger and I also became sad, and almost, it was a

depression and I didn’t see that coming.

Yvonne Yes. When I butted that last cigarette out.


After you Listen

a) Review your pre-listening predictions

Were you able to predict able to predict the kinds of questions Terry asked Yvonne?

b) Can you use phrasal verbs to talk about giving up a habit?

In English there are special verbs that are made up of two or three words. These are called phrasal verbs. There are different types of phrasal verbs: Phrasal Verb Form Meaning Use

verb + preposition Example: give + up

to stop/ to quit

I’ve decided to give up smoking on Weedless Wednesday.

verb + adverb

Example: turn + down

to say no to

How can you turn down one of those cupcakes? They look delicious!

Read the following sentences and select the phrasal verb from the box below that has the same meaning as the words in the brackets. The first one is completed for you as an example. 1. I really need to break up with tobacco. (end my relationship) 2. When I _____________ on our years together, it’s scary. We’ve been together too long. (remember/recall) 3. I can’t ________ quitting any longer. (delay or postpone) 4. To start, I could just _________ for a couple of days and _______ my last few cigarettes. (smoke less) (finish the supply) 5. Or maybe I should ________ getting a nicotine patch. (investigate) 6. A nicotine patch might make it easier for me to __________ a cigarette when I’m at a party. (say no to) 7. I’m ____________ a life without cigarettes. I’m going to ___________ my plan. (excited about the future) (continue with) 8. I will ________ cigarettes on Weedless Wednesday! Nothing can _____ me _______now! (quit a habit)

look into stick to give up turn down break up put off cut back looking forward to think back use up hold back


Now it’s your turn. Can you think of a habit you’d like to break? Answer the following questions with complete sentences. Use phrasal verbs in your answers. 1. What habit would you like to give up? 2. Have you put off giving up this habit in the past? Why do you think it’s so hard to give it up? 3. Do you think you can you develop a plan you can stick to? Or is there still something

holding you back?


c) Analyze a pie chart on smoking rates by age

At work and at home, we are often provided with information that is presented as a chart, graph or table. It’s important to be able to read and analyze this information. Take a look at the chart below. It tells you what percentage of Manitobans in each age group smoke. Can you answer the following detail and inference questions using information from the chart?

1. This chart is called a pie chart. How do you think it got its name? 2. Circle or underline the age category that has the largest percentage of smokers. 12 to 19 20-34 35-44 45-64 65 and over 3. Circle or underline the age category that has the lowest percentage of smokers. 12 to 19 20-34 35-44 45-64 65 and over


4. Can you think of any reasons why the 35 to 44 age category has a significantly lower percentage of smokers that the age categories on either side of it? (20-34 / 45-64)

__________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 5. There’s also a big difference between the percentage of smokers who are 45 to 64

and those who are over 65. What factors might explain this difference? __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 6. The Manitoba government has put a lot of resources into programs to stop teens from

starting to smoke. Does it look like these programs are being effective? Why or why not?

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 7. Think about your country of origin compared to Manitoba. What percentage of

smokers would you guess would fall into each age group in your country? Be sure that your total adds up to 100 percent.

Age group Percentage of

smokers, Manitoba

Percentage of smokers, __________

12 to 19

5%

20-34

35%

35-44

16%

45-64

38%

65 and over

6%

Total 100% 100%

8. In Manitoba, there is no significant gender difference for smokers. Seventeen percent of women smoke and 21% percent of men smoke. What about in your country of origin? Are men or women more likely to be smokers? What factors influence whether men/women smoke?


d) Read about smoking in public housing3and answer detail and inference questions

Read Appendix 2: Smoking and Public Housing - To Ban or Not to Ban? and then read the statements below. Decide if they are true or false. The first one is completed for you as an example. 1. Complaints about second-hand smoke in multi-unit housing

complexes and apartments are increasing. True False

2. There are enough smoke-free multi-unit housing options in Canada to meet the public demand.

True False

3. As of October 2006, all the apartment buildings managed by Manitoba’s largest landlord went completely smoke-free.

True False

4. Pat Cook would like to see smoking banned in Manitoba Housing buildings.

True False

5. She is very upset about the problem. True False

6. She doesn’t think people who smoke should be allowed to live in public housing buildings.

True False

7. Billy Kennedy lives in the same building and shares Pat’s concerns about second-hand smoke.

True False

8. Billy doesn’t think Manitoba Housing has the right to tell him that he can’t smoke in his own home.

True False

9. Billy and Pat would likely get along well if they lived in neighbouring units.

True False

10. It isn’t clear what other residents of Pat and Billy’s building think. True False

11. In Ontario, some affordable housing units are smoke-free. True False

12. Manitoba Housing supports a ban on smoking inside public housing buildings.

True False

13. What do you think? Should smoking be banned in Manitoba Public Housing Buildings? Why or why not?

3 Manitoba Public Housing provides housing options for low income residents of Manitoba. The rent is subsidized by the government.


e) Write arguments for a debate on whether smoking should be banned in public housing

Everyone needs to know how to develop arguments and present counter arguments. We debate informally at work, in class and with friends and family. Formal debates focus on one question. One person or team argues in favour, the other person or team argues against. Your question is: Should smoking be allowed in Manitoba Public Housing developments? The main argument in favour of allowing smoking in Manitoba Public Housing developments is that it is a person’s home and they should be able to smoke in the privacy of their home. A ban of this kind would be going too far. The main argument against smoking in Manitoba Public Housing developments is that it is unhealthy and unpleasant. Second-hand smoke affects non-smoking residents when their home is in the same building as smoking residents. Here are some sentence starters you can use. On the next page, you will find a worksheet which where you can write arguments and counter-arguments on this topic.

To express your opinion… To disagree… I think… I don’t think that… In my opinion… I think it would be better if… As far as I’m concerned… I don’t agree… I’m convinced that… I completely disagree… I strongly believe that… The truth of the matter is… I feel that… What you really need to consider is… I’m certain that… The problem with your point of view is…


Arguments Worksheet The main argument in favour of banning smoking in public housing is: Supporting arguments are:

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The main argument against banning smoking in public housing is:

Supporting arguments are:

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Want to know more…

The Manitoba government’s Healthy Living website has smoking facts and statistics, information on legislation related to smoking and information about how to talk to your kids about smoking: www.gov.mb.ca/healthyliving/bot/index.html#.TyrJ3vlnCeU

The information on smoking rates in Manitoba is from a 2010 report by the Physicians for a Smoke-free Canada. To view, type the following link into your internet browser: www.smoke-free.ca/pdf_1/2011/manitoba-2010.pdf

Information on the campaign for smoke-free housing for people who live in multi-unit dwellings can be found at: http://www.smokefreehousing.ca/about_us.html If you are trying to quit smoking, you can call the smokers help line at 1-877-513-5333 (in Manitoba) or go to their website at www.smokershelpline.ca

The Canadian Lung Association website has a lot of helpful information: http://lung.ca/home-accueil_e.php

For more on this topic, take a look at Learning English with CBC Manitoba, Lesson 48 – Second-hand Smoke: www.cbc.ca/manitoba/eal/lessons.html

CBC does not endorse and is not responsible for the content of external websites


Appendix 1: Transcript4

January 18, 2012 (broadcast date)

Speaker Podcast Line

Marcy Hi I'm Marcy Markusa and you're listening to Learning English with

CBC. Well Weedless Wednesday is the day that Canadians are

encouraged to break up with tobacco using a “one day at a time”

approach. In this interview, Terry Macleod speaks with Yvonne

Hansen. Yvonne has first-hand knowledge of just how hard it is to

give up smoking.

5

Terry Hello Yvonne.

Yvonne Good morning.

Terry How are you?

Yvonne I’m great. 10

Terry And when did you have your last cigarette?

Yvonne I had my last cigarette on March the third at 10:20 p.m.

I remember the time.

Terry I was going to so I was going to say so you remember it indelibly

right?

15

Yvonne Yes. When I butted that last cigarette out.

Terry And what was the feeling that you had when you butted it out at

that time?

Yvonne Well at that moment, it was like, no big deal. Y’know, ‘cause in my

mind I was thinking I can have another one, but on the other hand

it was like, wow, oh my goodness, like I’ve just take the pledge. It

was scary. It was really scary.

20

Terry In what way did you change though? Some people say when they

quit they become a kind of different person.

4 To hear the complete interview, go to CBC Podcasts: www.cbc.ca/podcasting/pastpodcasts.html?56#ref56 and locate the interview by its date.


Yvonne

You do actually and those were the things I wasn’t ready for. I was

ready for the withdrawals, the nicotine fits, those type of things, I

wasn’t ready for ah um the agitation. And when I say agitation I

mean I became very reactive, my personality, ahm, which I am to a

degree anyway being Irish, but more so.

And um I’m also quick to anger and I also became sad, and

almost, it was a depression and I didn’t see that coming.

25

30

Terry Now what about cravings, do you still have them?

Yvonne Actually, I do and they’re y’know, they they happen outta the blue,

I don’t even, like last night, I was at a meeting, it was a dinner

meeting, and right after I finished dinner, I thought, ah, a cigarette

would be nice, then it passes, y’know.

35

Terry But how do you let them go? How do you not grab onto the tail of

the craving and just say, ok, I’ll just have one.

Yvonne A (meaning point A), I don’t have any. I’m not tempted at all.

Terry Wow. 40

Yvonne And I think it’s because it’s it’s really hard to quit initially, and once

you do that, you don’t wanna go through that whole process again.

Terry You don’t want to do it again. Now there must be some positive

changes though right?

Yvonne Oh, absolutely. I’m starting to feel so much better about myself,

getting that positive disposition back. Um from a health

perspective, there’s lots of really great things going on.

45

Terry Such as?

Yvonne Like my cardio, um, just um…

Terry What about taste and smell? People talk about that. 50

Yvonne Ah, incredible. Like food, I don’t even have to put salt on on food

anymore, and ah it’s great.

Terry Okay, so it’s Weedless Wednesday, for people who are thinking of

taking the plunge as you have, whaddya say?

Yvonne I say, y’know what, just just go for it today and worry about

tomorrow when it gets here. Ah just one day at a time.

55


Appendix 2: Smoking and Public Housing - To Ban or Not to Ban?

Background

People who live in multi-unit dwellings are often exposed to second-hand smoke. The smoke drifts into their homes and into hallways from neighbouring units. There are an increasing number of complaints about second-hand smoke in these situations.

Even though the majority of Canadians do not smoke, there are few smoke-free buildings for those who want to live smoke-free. A recent survey found that 64% of all the people who live in multi-unit dwellings would likely choose a smoke-free building over one where smoking is permitted if they had the choice.

Manitoba's largest landlord put in place a smoke-free policy for all their 60 apartment buildings in October 2006. Existing tenants are allowed to smoke until they move out, but all new tenants must sign agreements that they will keep their suites, patios and balconies smoke-free.

The Situation in Manitoba Public Housing 5 One Manitoba Housing resident is asking the provincial government to ban smoking inside the province's public housing developments but others argue that a ban would intrude on their lives.

Pat Cook, who lives in a Manitoba Housing complex in Winnipeg's Gilbert Park neighbourhood, says she is fed up with cigarette smoke seeping into her suite.

Cook, who has asthma, told CBC News she is forced to hold her breath every time she ventures into the halls to retrieve her mail.

"It's just unreal. I have to open my windows so I can actually breathe, because it gets so stenchy," she said in an interview.

Cook said her neighbours should smoke outside. But another Manitoba Housing resident, Billy Kennedy, says he disagrees.

"Your home, I feel, is kind of being invaded," he said. "If you're being told what you should and should not do in your house … that's just not right to me."

On January 1, 2012, Maine became the first U.S. state to ban smoking in all of its public housing developments. About 5,000 affordable housing units in Ontario are smoke-free.

The Manitoba government says it is looking at the issue of smoking inside public housing buildings, but a spokesperson told CBC News that officials don't want to unfairly intrude on people's homes.

5 This story is a slightly adapted version of the original CBC story: www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/story/2012/01/15/mb-public-housing-smoking-ban-debate.html?cmp=rss


Answers to Worksheets

Vocabulary Match 1. e 2. j 3. i 4. a 5. l 6. n 7. d 8. m 9. h 10. c 11. b 12. g 13. f 14. o 15. k Using Phrasal Verbs 1. break up 2. think back 3. put off 4. cut back, use up 5. look into 6. turn down 7. looking forward to, stick to 8. give up, hold (me) back

Analyze a pie chart 1. It’s shaped like a pie and cut into pieces/wedges like a pie. 2. 45-64 3. 12 to 19 4. One possibility is that there are a lot of parents in this age category who may be

concerned about the effect of second-hand smoke on their young children and therefore don’t smoke.

5. In the over 65 age category, some smokers may have died due to smoking related illnesses/other causes. Another possibility is that people in this age category have been diagnosed with illnesses when they were younger and decided to quit smoking.

6. It appears the strategy has been effective as the smoking rate among teens is low. Answers will vary for questions 7 and 8.


Read for detail and inference 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. T 11. T 12. F

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