learning goals examine a map and articulate strengths and weaknesses of the map correctly identify 6...
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learning GoalsExamine a map and articulate strengths and
weaknesses of the mapCorrectly identify 6 different types of
projectionsDifferentiate between latitude and longitude
and utilize coordinates to locate specific places on a map
Explain the correlation between lines of longitude and time zones
Relate remote sensing technology to every-day situations
Translate a contour map into a topographic map
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Questions for DiscussionWhat makes a good map?
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Latitude Originates at the equator, an imaginary horizontal line located
at 0
separates it into two equal halves called hemispheres .
Everything above is NORTH and everything below is SOUTH
measures distance in degrees north or south of the equator.
run parallel to the equator – AKA parallels.
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The value in degrees of each line of latitude is determined by measuring the imaginary angle created between the equator, the center of Earth, and the line of latitude.
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Longitude Originates at the Prime Meridian, an imaginary line located at
0
separates it into two equal halves called hemispheres .
Everything west is WEST and everything east is EAST
measures distance in degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian.
they all meet at the poles.
These are also known as meridians
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The degree value of each line of longitude is determined by measuring the imaginary angle between the prime meridian, the center of Earth, and the line of longitude.
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Special LinesPrime Meridian - 0○Equator - 0○Tropic of Cancer- 23.5○ NTropic of Capricorn – 23.5○ SArctic Circle - 66.5○ NAntarctic Circle – 66.5○ SInternational Date Line - 180○North pole - 90○ NSouth pole - 90○ S
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The GridThe lines of latitude and longitude cross to
create a gridThe intersection of a line of latitude and a
line of longitude is called a coordinateThese coordinates allow for accurate
location on the globe.
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Time ZonesEarth’s 24 time zones corresponds roughly to a
line of longitude and represents a different hour. There are some exceptions…The International Date Line, 180 meridian,
serves as the transition line for calendar days.Traveling west across the International Date
Line advances your calendar one day. Traveling east moves your calendar back one
day.
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ProjectionsCartographers use projections to make maps. A map projection is made by transferring
points and lines on a globe’s surface onto a sheet of paper.
The biggest problem facing cartographers is that the earth is round and trying to put it on a flat surface.
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A Mercator projection is a map that has
parallel lines of latitude and longitude.
It clearly indicates direction in straight lines.
It is used for the navigation of ships and planes.
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Mercator Projection
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A conic projection is made by projecting points
and lines from a globe onto a cone.
It has a high degree of accuracy for limited areas.
It is used to make road maps and weather maps.
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Conic Projection
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A gnomonic projection is made by projecting
points and lines from a globe onto a piece of
paper that touches the globe at a single point.
It is most useful for planning long travel routes.
It is used for navigation.
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Gnomonic Projection
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Topographic Maps
• Index contours are contour lines labeled with a number that indicates the elevation.
• Depression contour lines have hachures, • They indicate the
direction of elevation change.
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Geologic Maps
• A geologic map is used to show the distribution, arrangement, and type of rocks
• May show geologic features • fault lines.
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Map Legends
Common legend symbols
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Map Scales• These are used to represent distances
on a map• Verbal scales
• When referring to maps, verbal scales are
statements used to express distance.• Graphic Scale
• Represented by a line that represents a certain distance
• Fractional Scale• Represented by a ratio between units
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What type of scale is missing?
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Questions for Discussion…What type of map scale is MOST useful?
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Remote Sensing…Landsat SatelliteTOPEX/PoseidonSeabeamGlobal Positioning SystemGeographic Information System
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LandsatVarious instruments mounted on satellites,
airplanes and ships gather informationVisible and infrared information is converted
to a digital image.Also used to study phenomena like tectonic
activity and pollution.
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TOPEX/Poseidon SatelliteUses radar to map the ocean floorThis is done using high frequency signals
bouncing off of the surface of the oceanYES THE SURFACE
Also used for tidal/current movement and sea level
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Sea BeamTraditional sonar to “see” the ocean’s
featuresused by fishing fleets, deep-sea drilling
operations, oceanographers, volcanologists, and archaeologists
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The Global Positioning SystemLike the name says, this system gives
approximate position on the surface of Earth.Can also tell: elevation, direction of movement,
and speedUsed in planes, ships and even in everyday
travelThere are 27 GPS satellites hovering over
EarthUsing at least 3 to triangulate, position can me
approximates to 10 meters
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The Geographic Information SystemA database of information used to “layer”
maps for a more comprehensive experienceThe layers are linked so that it is interactive
and allows for changes to be quickly made