learning hsp3m. conditioned learning definition: acquiring patterns of behaviour in the presence of...
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Classical Conditioning Key figure: Ivan Pavlov Pavlov’s dog Involves learning to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another Sounded bell right before giving the dog food Initially, the food caused the dogs to salivate Eventually the dogs salivated at the sound of the bell aloneTRANSCRIPT
LearningLearning
HSP3MHSP3M
Conditioned LearningConditioned Learning Definition: Acquiring patterns of Definition: Acquiring patterns of
behaviour in the presence of an behaviour in the presence of an environmental stimulusenvironmental stimulus i.e. learning to respond to a particular i.e. learning to respond to a particular
stimulus in a particular waystimulus in a particular way Two types:Two types:
Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning
Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning Key figure: Ivan PavlovKey figure: Ivan Pavlov Pavlov’s dogPavlov’s dog Involves learning to transfer a natural response Involves learning to transfer a natural response
from one stimulus to anotherfrom one stimulus to another Sounded bell right before giving the dog foodSounded bell right before giving the dog food Initially, the food caused the dogs to salivateInitially, the food caused the dogs to salivate Eventually the dogs salivated at the sound of Eventually the dogs salivated at the sound of
the bell alonethe bell alone
Classic Conditioning another Classic Conditioning another ExampleExampleTelephone RingingTelephone Ringing Conversation with FriendConversation with Friend
HappinessHappiness(CS)(CS) (UCS)(UCS) (UCR) (UCR)
Telephone RingingTelephone Ringing HappinessHappiness (CS)(CS) (CR) (CR)
(CS) – Conditioned Stimulus(CS) – Conditioned Stimulus(UCS) – Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) – Unconditioned Stimulus(UCR) – Unconditioned Response(UCR) – Unconditioned Response(CR) – Conditoned Response(CR) – Conditoned Response
Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is
paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS) to turn an unconditioned response to turn an unconditioned response (UCR) to a conditioned response (CR)(UCR) to a conditioned response (CR)
1.1. UCSUCS UCRUCR2.2. UCS + CSUCS + CS UCRUCR3.3. CSCS CRCR
Stimulus or Response?Stimulus or Response? A flashing lightA flashing light Answering this practice exerciseAnswering this practice exercise A stop signA stop sign An ant crawling on your armAn ant crawling on your arm VomitingVomiting CoughingCoughing Seeing and then smelling a piece of chocolate cakeSeeing and then smelling a piece of chocolate cake LaughingLaughing Screaming Screaming A feather tickling your armA feather tickling your arm
Identify the US, UR, CS, and CR in the following examples.
The overhead in Ms. D’s lab has a short circuit and gives her a shock every time she touches it. After a while Ms. D hesitates every time she is about to touch the overhead.
John gets hungry every time he goes into the kitchen.
Tom hates the sight of cats, because he is allergic to them
Your dog comes running every time he hears the can opener
Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning Key figure: BF SkinnerKey figure: BF Skinner Wondered if Pavlov’s idea of stimulus response
could explain more complex human behaviour Skinner realized that most behaviour is not the result Skinner realized that most behaviour is not the result
of the pairing of unrelated stimuliof the pairing of unrelated stimuli Skinner put a rat in a cage that had a bar that, when Skinner put a rat in a cage that had a bar that, when
pushed, would drop a food pellet into the cagepushed, would drop a food pellet into the cage The rat randomly pushed the bar and got foodThe rat randomly pushed the bar and got food The next time it pushed the bar, it got more foodThe next time it pushed the bar, it got more food Eventually it pushed the bar constantly, knowing it would get Eventually it pushed the bar constantly, knowing it would get
foodfood
Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning Using rewards to reinforce behaviours, and Using rewards to reinforce behaviours, and
punishments to discourage them – the process of punishments to discourage them – the process of changing behaviour by following a response with changing behaviour by following a response with reinforcementreinforcement
Positive reinforcement: an event/condition that Positive reinforcement: an event/condition that increases the likelihood that a certain behaviour will increases the likelihood that a certain behaviour will reoccurreoccur
Negative reinforcement: an event/condition that Negative reinforcement: an event/condition that decreases the likelihood that a certain behaviour decreases the likelihood that a certain behaviour will reoccurwill reoccur
Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning Which do you think is more effective, Which do you think is more effective,
rewards, or punishment?rewards, or punishment?
Observational LearningObservational Learning Key Figure: Albert BanduraKey Figure: Albert Bandura
Believes strongly in NURTUREBelieves strongly in NURTURE Studied MODELING and IMITATINGStudied MODELING and IMITATING
Behaviour that is not conditioned, but Behaviour that is not conditioned, but repeated based on seeing someone else do itrepeated based on seeing someone else do it Think about playing sports, driving a car etc.Think about playing sports, driving a car etc.
Most of our early skills are learned through Most of our early skills are learned through observationobservation
Observational LearningObservational Learning
1.1. AttentionAttention: Paying attention to the behaviour : Paying attention to the behaviour of othersof others
2.2. RetentionRetention: Remembering what you’ve : Remembering what you’ve observed (how they did it, the result)observed (how they did it, the result)
3.3. ReproductionReproduction: Trying it yourself (practicing): Trying it yourself (practicing)4.4. MotivationMotivation: Believing that the skill is useful : Believing that the skill is useful
enough to practice (can be internal or enough to practice (can be internal or external)external)
MemoryMemory
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See if you can remember See if you can remember this:this:
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Draw the image on aDraw the image on aloonie from memoryloonie from memory
Can you remember the names Can you remember the names of all your teachers from grade of all your teachers from grade school?school?
MemoryMemory The capacity to acquire, retain, and recall The capacity to acquire, retain, and recall
knowledge and skillsknowledge and skills Episodic memory: remembering things Episodic memory: remembering things
from the pastfrom the past Semantic memory: knowledge of how the Semantic memory: knowledge of how the
world worksworld works Procedural memory: knowing how to do Procedural memory: knowing how to do
thingsthings
3 Levels of Memory3 Levels of Memory Sensory MemorySensory Memory
Based on 5 sensesBased on 5 senses Only recorded for a few seconds – once Only recorded for a few seconds – once
you’ve recorded the necessary information, you’ve recorded the necessary information, the sensory memory fadesthe sensory memory fades
Examples:Examples: Taste of sandwich in your mouthTaste of sandwich in your mouth Sight of a squirrel crossing the roadSight of a squirrel crossing the road Feel of chair against your backFeel of chair against your back
3 Levels of Memory3 Levels of Memory Short-term memoryShort-term memory
What’s going on in your conscious mind right What’s going on in your conscious mind right nownow
Holds information for 15-20 secondsHolds information for 15-20 seconds Most people can remember about 7 separate, Most people can remember about 7 separate,
unorganized items in short term memoryunorganized items in short term memory Can work with more if you organize it into Can work with more if you organize it into
groupsgroups Example: someone tells you their phone Example: someone tells you their phone
number and you punch it into your cell number and you punch it into your cell phonephone
3 Levels of Memory3 Levels of Memory Long-term MemoryLong-term Memory Which is easier to remember, the name of Which is easier to remember, the name of
a friend, or the name of the waiter at the a friend, or the name of the waiter at the last restaurant you dined at?last restaurant you dined at? If it’s important to you, you’ll remember itIf it’s important to you, you’ll remember it
Long-term memory is unlimited, but we Long-term memory is unlimited, but we not always be able to recall the not always be able to recall the informationinformation
3 Levels of Memory3 Levels of Memory Tricks to improving your long term Tricks to improving your long term
memory?memory? Ascribe personal meaningAscribe personal meaning Mnemonic deviceMnemonic device Recall items regularlyRecall items regularly OrganizationOrganization