Endocrine System

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Learning Objectives – Endocrine System

Identify the endocrine glands and their hormones.

Gain an understanding of the functions of these hormones in the body.

Analyze medical terms related to the endocrine glands and their hormones.

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Learning Objectives (cont’d.)

Identify abnormal conditions resulting from excessive and deficient secretions of the endocrine glands.

Describe laboratory tests and clinical procedures related to endocrinology, and recognize relevant abbreviations.

Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

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The Endocrine System – p. 746

• Glands release hormones

• Hormones regulate the many and varied functions of an organism

• Hormones bind to receptors• Receptors are recognition sites in the various

target tissues on which hormones act• http://study.com/academy/lesson/hormones

-definition-function-intro-to-the-endocrine-system.html

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Two Types of Glands• ENDOCRINE glands

Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream

• EXOCRINE glandsSend chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBwCBdd0ru8

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Glands page 747

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Thyroid Gland – page 748

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Thyroid Function – page 748

• Two hormones secreted by thyroid:

– thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4)

– triiodothyronine (T3)

• Thyroid hormones aid cells in their uptake of oxygen and regulate metabolic rate

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Thyroid Gland

• Calcitonin: stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v

=bsM5-PV_ObQ• New hormone recently discovered

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Thyroid Gland: Hormones and Actions

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Parathyroid Gland: - page 749

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Parathyroid Glands – page 750

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Parathyroid Function• Parathyroid hormone (PTH):

causes calcium to mobilize from bones into the bloodstream

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Adrenal Glands – page 751

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ADRENAL GLANDS:

Each gland has two parts

– an outer portion, the adrenal cortex• Secretes corticosteriods or steriods, chemicals

derived from cholesterol

– an inner portion, adrenal medulla• Secretes catecholamines chemicals derived from amino acids

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Adrenal CORTEX Secretes• Glucocorticoids: influence metabolism of sugars,

fats, and proteins (cortisol) and are anti-inflammatory (cortisone).

Influences--SUGAR

• Mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolytes– Aldosterone: reabsorption of sodium/excretion of

potassium. Influences—SALT (and BLOOD PRESSURE)

• Gonadocorticoids: androgens and estrogens. Influences--SEX

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Adrenal MEDULLA Secretes

• Two types of catecholamine hormones

– Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose from storage

–Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): constricts vessels to raise blood pressure

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The Adrenal Cortexand Adrenal Medulla

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Pancreas – page 752

• Located near and partially behind stomach• Exocrine and endocrine organ

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Pancreas Function

• islets of Langerhans produce:

• Insulin: promotes movement of glucose into cells and promotes storage as glycogen

• Glucagon: promotes movement of glucose into the blood by breaking down glycogen stored in liver cells

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Pancreas Function

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Pituitary Gland – page 753

• Pea-sized gland in depression of skull (sella turcica) also called the hypophysis–Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)–Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

• Hypothalmus controls secretions of the pituitary via releasing factors (hormones)

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Pituitary Gland

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Pituitary Function – page 754• Anterior Pituitary secretes the following

hormomes:

–Growth hormone (GH) – increases bone and tissue growth

–Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; thyrotropin)

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Pituitary Function

–Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) – stimulates cortisol secretion

–Gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH)

–Prolactin (PRL)

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Pituitary Function (cont’d.)

• Posterior pituitary: stores and releases hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus

–Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin) – increases water reabsorption by kidneys

–Oxytocin (OT)29

Pituitary Gland: Hormones and Actions – page 755

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Ovaries and Testes: Hormones and Actions – page 755-756

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Table 18-2

• See page 756 for summary of major endocrine glands, hormones they produce, and their actions.

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GLANDS

• aden/o gland

• adren/o adrenal glands

• adrenal/o adrenal glands

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Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

COMBINING FORMS – page COMBINING FORMS – page 760760

Combining Forms

Combining Form Meaning

gonad/o sex glands (ovaries, testes)

pancreat/o pancreas

parathyroid/o parathyroid gland34

• pituitar/o pituitary gland;

• thyr/o thyroid gland

• thyroid/o thyroid gland

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Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning

Page 760 - GlandsPage 760 - Glands

• andr/o male

• calc/o, calici/o calcium (hypocalcemia)

• cortic/o cortex, outer region

• crin/o secrete (endocrine)36

Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

Combining Forms - Page Combining Forms - Page 760-761760-761

Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning

dips/o thirst (poly dipsia)

estr/o female

gluc/o, glyc/o sugar

(hyperglycemia)

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• home/o sameness

• hormon/o hormone

• kal/I potassium (an electrolyte)

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Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

Glands - Page 761Glands - Page 761

Glands

• Combining Form Meaning

• lact/o milk

• myx/o mucus

• natr/o sodium

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• phys/o growing

• somat/o body (somatotropin)

• ster/o solid structure

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Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

Glands - Page 762Glands - Page 762

Glands

Combining Form Meaning

• toc/o childbirth

• toxic/o position

• ur/o urine

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• -agon assemble, gather together

• -emia blood condition

• -in, -ine a substance

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SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning

Suffixes - page 763Suffixes - page 763

Suffixes

Suffix Meaning

• tropin stimulating the function of

• -uria urine condition

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• eu- good, normal (euthyroid)

• hyper- excessive, above

• hypo- deficient, below

• oxy- rapid, sharp, acid

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PrefixPrefix Meaning Meaning

Prefixes - page 763Prefixes - page 763

Prefixes

Prefix Meaning

• pan- all

• tetra- four

• tri three

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QUICK QUIZ:

4. Which term means a blood condition of too little potassium?

A. hyperkalemiaB. hypocalcemiaC. hypercalciuriaD. hypokalemia 46

Thyroid Abnormalities – page 764

Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroidhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVSBo065hmw

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Thyroid AbmormalitiesHypersecretion

Hyperthyroidism –Graves disease – Autoimmune • Exophthalmos and proptosis

Thyroid Abnormalities

HyposecretionHypothyroidism–Myxedema:swelling of the skin and underlying

tissues giving a waxy consistency, typical of patients with underactive thyroid glands.

– Cretinism: characterized by physical deformity, dwarfism, and mentalretardation, and often by goiter.

NeoplasmsThyroid carcinoma

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Thyroid carcinoma

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Parathyroid Abnormalities – page 765

HypersecretionHyperparathyroidism– Loss of bone density– Kidney stones– Hypercalcemia

– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sD9st1ZPFrQ

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Parathyroid AbnormalitiesHyposecretion:

Hypoparathyroidism–Deficient production of parathyroid

hormone leads to hypocalcemia which leads to tetany

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Abnormalities of Adrenal Cortex – page 766

Hypersecretion

• adrenal virilism – excessive androgens amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), hirsutism,

acne, voice deepening

• Cushing syndrome – excessive cortisol Obesity, moon-face, thoracic fat deposition

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hirsutism

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Abnormalities of Adrenal Cortex

Hyposecretion

• Addison disease – low cortisol and aldosterone levels

hyponatremia, fatigue, weakness, low blood pressure

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Abnormalities of Adrenal Medulla – page 767• Pheochromocytoma:

Benign tumor of adrenal medullaExcess epinephrine and norepinephrineHypertension, palpitations, severe

headaches, sweating, flushing of the face, and muscle spasms

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Abnormalities of the PancreasHypersecretion

• Hyperinsulinism – excessive secretion of insulin causing;Hypoglycemia, convulsions, fainting

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PancreasHyposecretion• Diabetes mellitus

Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch and fat metabolism in cells

Type 1 : childhood onset typicallyType 2 : adult onset typically

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Comparison of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

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Abnormalities Pituitary Gland: (Anterior Lobe)

Hypersecretion• acromegaly• gigantism

Hyposecretion• dwarfism• panhypopituitarism

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Abnormalities Pituitary Gland: (Posterior Lobe)

Hypersecretion• Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

Excess ADHExcess water retention

Hyposecretion• Diabetes insipidus

Deficient ADHPolyuria and polydipsia

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Review Abnormal Conditions of Endocrine Glands – page 748

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Laboratory Tests – page 748• Fasting blood sugar (FBS) – Measures circulating glucose in a patient

who has fasted at least 4 hours• Serum and urine tests– Measures hormones, electrolytes, glucose,

etc. in blood and urine as indicators of endocrine function

• Thyroid function tests– Measures T3, T4, and TSH in the

bloodstream

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Clinical Procedures – page 749

• exophthalmometry• computed tomography (CT) scan• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the

head• radioactive iodine uptake• thyroid scan• ultrasound examination

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QUICK QUIZ:

5. What is the pathologic condition in which enlargement of the extremities is caused by hypersecretion of the anterior pituitary after puberty?

A. Addison diseaseB. acromegalyC. Cushing syndromeD. Graves disease

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