learning powerplant basics
TRANSCRIPT
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POWER GENERATION
PROCESSBASICS
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BOILER / STEAM TURBO-GENERATOR
UTILITY PLANT
Boiler
100%
Fuel
Air
Stack
Steam
Steam Turbine Generator
20%
Lake
6% Aux. Power + Losses
Steam Condenser40%
34% Electricity
THERMAL EFFICIENCY - 34%
Transmission
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BOILER / STEAM TURBINE-GENERATOR
INDUSTRIAL CO-GENERATION
Boiler
Fuel
100%
Air
Stack
15%
Steam Turbine Generator
15% Electricity
Transmission
Steam 5% Aux. Power + Losses
Process Steam
65%
Process Plant
THERMAL EFFICIENCY - 80%
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Air
CompressorTransmissionGenerator
GAS TURBINE
INDUSTRIAL CO-GENERATION PLANT
Turbine
100% Fuel
Combuster Exhaust Gas
20%
StackStack
Process PlantProcess Steam
Supplementary/
Auxiliary
Fuel (Optional)
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Air
CompressorTransmissionGenerator
GAS TURBINE
COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT
20%
Stack
100% Fuel
Combuster Exhaust Gas
Stack
Turbine
Steam Turbine
Steam
GeneratorTransmission
Steam Condenser
Lake
28%
6% Aux. Power + Losses
12-15% Electricity
35-40% Electricity
Supplementary
Fuel (Optional)
Thermal Efficiency - 45-55%
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UTILITYPLANT - FUNCTIONALBLOCKDIAGRAM
Switch Yard SystemStation Electrical System
Boiler Feed Pumps &Deaerator System
Turbine Bypass System
BOILER
TURBINE-
GENERATOR
UNIT#2
DM Plant Fuel Handling System Station Miscellaneous Systems
Turbine Miscellaneous Systems
Turbine Steam System
HP & LP Heaters System
Turbine Supervisory & Control
System
Generator & Electrical System
Boiler Steam & Water System
Air & Flue Gas System
Fuel Preparation System
Fuel Firing System
Boiler Miscellaneous Systems
Ash Handling System
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CAPTIVE POWER PLANT - FUNCTIONALBLOCK
DIAGRAM
Switch Yard System Station Electrical System
DM Plant Fuel Handling System Station Miscellaneous Systems
BFPs & Deaerator System
UNIT#2 UNIT#3
BOILER
TG
Steam & Water
Air & Flue Gas
Fuel Preparation
Fuel Firing
Steam
HP & LP Heaters
Supervisory & Control
Generator & Electrical
Miscellaneous Systems
Ash Handling System
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BOILER FUNDAMENTALS
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BASIC DIAGRAM OF A BOILER
Steam / Water System
Furnace
Heat Transfer
SurfaceMixing of
Fuel & Air
Water
Fuel
Air
Steam
Flue Gas
Ash
Blowdown
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SALIENT FEATURES OF MODERN INDUSTRIAL
& UTILITY BOILER
STEAM BOILER
WATER TUBE
SUPERHEATED STEAM
HIGH PRESSURE
WATER COOLED FURNACE
WATER CIRCULATION
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COMBUSTION REQUIREMENTS
3 Ts of Combustion
Combustion
Time
Temperature
Turbulence
Sufficient
Combustion Air
Fuel
is
Gasified
Mixing within
Flammable
Range
Temperature
above
Ignition
Point
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BASIC COMBUSTION CHEMISTRY
Complete
O2 +H2
C
Heat
(Air) Oxygen Fuel
Products
H2O
CO2
Incomplete
+
Heat
O2
H2
C
Oxygen Fuel
Flue Gas
Flue Gas
Products
H2O
CO2
COH2
C
Other Combustibles - Sulphur to Sulphur Oxides
Non-combustible - Nitrogen to Nitrogen+Nitrous Oxides
Ash
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BOILER WATER & STEAM SYSTEM
Furnace
Water Wall
Risers
Drum
DownComersEconomiser
Feed Water
Primary
Super
Heater
Final
Super
Heater
Primary
Re
Heater
Final
Re
Heater
Platen
Super
Heater
Attemperator
Spray
Water
Spray
Water
Main Steam
Hot Reheat
Steam
Cold
Reheat
Steam
Bottom Ring Header
Simplified Process Diagram
Flue Gas
Flue Gas
Out to
Air Heater
Attemperator
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BOILER WATER & STEAM SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
Heat Transfer by Radiation and Convection
Boiler Water Circulation - Natural or Controlled
Heat Transfer depends on Heat Transfer Area & Time
Heat Transfer is affected by Fouling, Boiler Pressure, Boiler Water Quality
and % MCR Load
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BOILER WATER & STEAM SYSTEM
Major Equipment
Economiser - Pre-heats Boiler Feed water
Boiler Drum - Separates water from steam and reduce solids in steam
Water Walls - Absorb heat from flue gas to evaporate boiler water
Superheaters - Heat up steam coming from boiler drum
Reheaters - Heat up steam coming from High Pressure turbine
Attemperators - Reduce superheat from steam
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BOILER WATER & STEAM SYSTEM
Process Regulation
Drum Level - Regulation of Feed Water flow
Drum Water Quality - Blow down / Chemical Dozing
Fouling of Heat Transfer Surfaces - Blowdown / Soot Blowing
Main Steam Temperature - Attemperation / Burner Tilt
Hot Reheat Steam Temperature - Burner Tilt / Attemperation
Main Steam Pressure - Regulation of Combustion
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AIR & FLUE GAS SYSTEM
Simplified Process Diagram
ChimneyID Fan A
ID Fan B
ESP A
ESP B
AH A
AH B
FD FAN A
FD FAN B
PA FAN A
PA FAN B
To Cold
PA Header
To Hot
PA Header
E
C
O
L
TS
H
FURNACER
H
P
TN
S
H
F
IN
S
H
WINDOX A
WINDBOX B
From
FD Fans
To Air Cooled
Guns
Scanner Air Fans
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AIR & FLUE GAS SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
Generation of Draft - Natural / Induced / Forced / Balanced
Supply of Air for Transport of Pulverised Coal
Pre-heating of Air
Distribution of Air in Combustion Chamber
Recirculation of Gas
Fan capacity depends on Flow, Density & System Resistance
Fan performance is affected by temperature, density, barometric pressureand speed
Flue Gas Cleaning
Gas flow is restricted by ash deposits on boiler surfaces
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AIR & FLUE GAS SYSTEM
Major Equipment
Air Path - Forced Draft Fans, Steam Coil Air Pre-heater,
Regenerative Air Pre-heater & Wind-box
Gas Path - Induced Draft Fans and Stack
Gas Recirculation - Gas Recirculating Fans
Flue Gas Cleaning - Mechanical Precipitator, Electrostatic
Precipitator and Gas Scrubber
Dampers
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AIR & FLUE GAS SYSTEM
Process Regulation
Furnace Draft - ID Fan Inlet Vane Control and/or Variable Speed
Secondary Air Flow - FD Fan Variable Pitch Control
PA Header Pressure - PA Fan Inlet Vane Control
RAPH Cold End Temperature - SCAPH Control
Gas Recirculation - Damper Control
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FUEL PREPARATION SYSTEM - COAL
Simplified Process Diagram
Hot PA
Cold PAMill A
Raw Coal Bunker
Coal Feeder
Coal+Air
to Burners
Seal Air FansTo Other Mills
To Mill Discharge
Valves
To
Other
Mills
To
Other
Mills
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FUEL PREPARATION SYSTEM - GAS/OIL
Simplified Process Diagram
Fuel Gas
Supply To Burners
PRVs
FCV FGTV
FUEL GAS
FUEL OIL
Fuel OilSupply
PCV
Fuel Oil Pumps
To BurnersOil Heater
Steam
FCV FOTV
Fuel Oil
Return
Short
Recirc
Long
Recirc
Atomising
Steam/Air
PCV
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FUEL PREPARATION SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
Coal Pulverizing - Direct / Indirect Firing
Coal Transport and Drying
Fuel Gas Pressure Regulation
Fuel Oil Pumping & Filtering
Fuel Oil Pressure & Viscosity Regulation
Gas Pressure & Oil Pressure/Temperature affect BoilerLoad
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FUEL PREPARATION SYSTEM
Major Equipment
Coal Mills - Tube Ball / Bowl / Impact
Raw Coal Feeders - Chain / Belt / Rotary / Gravimetric
Coal / Air Dampers, Gates & Discharge Valves
Fuel Oil Pumps & Heaters
Seal Air Fans
Coal Bunkers
Vapour Fans
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FUEL PREPARATION SYSTEM
Process Regulation
Coal Flow - Raw Coal Feeder Speed
Coal/Air Temperature & Flow - Cold & Hot PA Flows
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FUEL FIRING SYSTEM
Typical Corner Arrangement
for a Tangentially Fired System
Front Wall
Plan
(Corner Designation)
(1)
(2)(3)
(4)
AA
A
AB
B
BC
C
CD
D
DE
E
EF
F
FF
Air Damper
OFA
OFA Over Fire Air
OFA
EA
EA End Air
FA
FA Fuel Air
AA
AA Aux. Air
Coal Burner
Fire Ball Scanner
LFO?HFO Burner
HFO Burner
Oil Flame Scanner
HEA Igniter
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FUEL FIRING SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
Fuel Firing - Front / Tangential
Fuel Oil Atomisation - Mechanical / Air / Steam
Flame Ignition
Air Distribution
Fuel Combustion
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FUEL FIRING SYSTEM
Major Equipment
Burners
Ignitors
Flame Scanners
Burner Tilt Mechanism
Wind Box
Dampers
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FUEL FIRING SYSTEM
Process Regulation
Furnace to Wind Box Differential Pressure
Fuel Air Flows
Fuel Firing
Emergency Shutdown
Flame Monitoring
Oil Support for Coal Flame Stability
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BOILER MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS
Boiler Auxiliary Cooling Water System
Ensures continuous supply of cooling water to Boiler & its auxiliaries
Consists of Overhead Tank, Pumps & Heat Exchangers
Chemical Dosing System
Prepares & supplies chemicals for treatment of Boiler Water
Consists of Preparation Tanks, Mixers & Metering Pumps
DEAERATION & FEED PUMPING SYSTEM
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DEAERATION & FEED PUMPING SYSTEM
Simplified Process Diagram
Deaerator
Feed Storage Tank
M
Discharge Valve
Recirculation
Valve
Boiler Feed Pumps
To HP
Heaters
To HP Bypass
Spray
T o APRDS
Spray
Hydrazine
Dosing
Ammonia
Dosing
Aux. Steam
for
Pegging
HP Heater Drains
Condensate from LP Heater
Aux. Steam
CRH Steam
IPT Extraction
Steam
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DEAERATION & FEED PUMPING SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
Boiler Water pre-heating & air removal
Maintain positive Suction Pressure for Feed Pumps
Feed Water Pumping to Boiler
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DEAERATION & FEED PUMPING SYSTEM
Major Equipment
Boiler Feed Pumps
Hydraulic Coupling
Deaerator
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DEAERATION & FEED PUMPING SYSTEM
Process Regulation
Deaerator Pressure
Deaerator Level
BFP Minimum Recirculation
Feed Pump Speed
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STEAM TURBINE FUNDAMENTALS
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LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Conservation of Energy - Heat may be converted in to work and
work may be converted in to heat,
in accordance with a certain natural proportionality constant
(ENERGY CAN NOT BE DESTROYED)
Not all of a given quantity of Heat can be converted in to useful Work,because of irreversbility in the process
(ENTROPY OF THE UNIVERSE IS INCREASING)
BASIC RANKINE CYCLE
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BASIC RANKINE CYCLE
T
S
Unavailable Heat
Heat Available
for Work
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IMPROVING RANKINE CYCLE
Superheating
Increased Pressure
Decreased Exhaust Pressure
Regenerative Feed Heating
Reheating
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STEAM TURBINE TYPES
Condensing Turbine
Back Pressure Turbine
Regenerative Turbine
Controlled Extraction
No. of Cylinders
Speed - Constant / Variable
Single / Double Flow
S A S S
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TURBINE STEAM SYSTEM
Simplified Process Diagram
Condenser
HPTurbine
IPTurbine LP
Turbine
Extraction
Steam
Main
Steam
Cold
Reheat
Steam
Hot
Reheat
Steam
ESV CV
IV CV
TURBINE STEAM SYSTEM
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TURBINE STEAM SYSTEM
Major Equipment
Turbine - Casing, Rotor & Blades
Emergency Stop Valves
Control Valves
Condenser
TURBINE STEAM SYSTEM
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TURBINE STEAM SYSTEM
Process Regulation
Steam Admission
Emergency Shutdown
REGENERATIVE FEED HEATING SYSTEM
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REGENERATIVE FEED HEATING SYSTEM
Simplified Process Diagram
From BFP
Discharge
To
Boiler
HP
HTR
HP
HTR
CRH
Steam
ToDeaerator
IPT
Extrn.
Steam
Condenser
Hotwell
Condensate Extraction
Pump
LP
HTR
LP
HTR
HP
Flash
Tank
LP
Flash
Tank
To
Deaerator LPT
Extraction Steam
LPT
Extraction Steam
Minimum
Recirculation
LP
HTR
Drain
CLRGSC
To
Condenser
To
Condenser
Gland
Leakoff
Steam
LPT Extraction
Makeup
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REGENERATIVE FEED HEATING SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
Pumping of Condensate from Hotwell to Deaerator
Gradual Heating of Feed Water Temperature
Minimise Heat Loss from the Cycle
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REGENERATIVE FEED HEATING SYSTEM
Major Equipment
HP Heaters
LP Heaters
Drain Cooler
Condensate Extraction Pumps
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REGENERATIVE FEED HEATING SYSTEM
Process Regulation
Hotwell Level
Heater Level
Minimum Flow through CEP & GSC
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TURBINE GOVERNING & CONTROL SYSTEM
Functional Block Diagram
Gland
SteamSystem
Lubricating
Oil
System
Governing
Oil
System
Turning
Gear
Jacking
Oil
System
Condenser
Vacuum
System
Turbine
DrainSystem
OIL SYSTEMSVACUUM SYSTEM WARM UP SYSTEM
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TURBINE GOVERNING & CONTROL SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
Shaft & Bearing Protection
Electro-hydraulic Governing
Maintain Vacuum in Condenser
Supply Steam to Turbine Glands
Warming up of Turbines and their Valves
Emergency Shutdown in case of Unsafe Conditions
TURBINE GOVERNING & CONTROL SYSTEM
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TURBINE GOVERNING & CONTROL SYSTEM
Major Equipment
Oil Pumps, Turning Gear & Jacking Oil Pump
Hydraulic Actuators for Turbine Valves
Vacuum Pumps
Gland Steam Pressure Regulator
Oil Coolers & Temperature Regulator
TURBINE GOVERNING & CONTROL SYSTEM
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TURBINE GOVERNING & CONTROL SYSTEM
Process Regulation
Speed / Load / Frequency Control
Gland Steam Pressure Control
TURBINE MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS
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TURBINE MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS
Condenser Cooling Water System
Supplies Cooling Water Condensation of Turbine Exhaust Steam
Turbine Auxiliary Cooling Water System
Ensures continuous supply of cooling water to Turbine & its auxiliaries
Consists of Overhead Tank, Pumps & Heat Exchangers
Chemical Dosing System
Prepares & supplies chemicals for treatment of Condensate
Consists of Preparation Tanks, Mixers & Metering Pumps
TURBINE MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS
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TURBINE MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS
Condenser Cooling Water System
Simplified Process Diagram
Cooling
Tower
CW
Sump
CW
Makeup
Water
Condenser
A
Waterbox
B
Circulating
Water Pumps
ToUnit#2
CW Return Header
CW Supply Header
TURBINE MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS
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TURBINE MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS
Condenser Cooling Water System
Major Equipment
Cooling Towers
CW Pumps
Process Performance Highlights
Steam Condensation
Cooling of Condenser CW - Cooling Tower / Lake
Process Regulation
Condenser Tube Cleaning - Online / Back flushing
TURBINE BYPASS SYSTEM
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TURBINE BYPASS SYSTEM
Simplified Process Diagram
Main
Steam
CRH
To HPT
From HPT
To IPTHRH
Feed
Water PRV
Spray
Control
Valve
Block
Valve
Condenser
Condensate
TURBINE BYPASS SYSTEM
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TURBINE BYPASS SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
Enable Boiler Operation for Quick Re-start after Boiler Trip and
during Turbine Start-up
Control MS Pressure after Turbine Trip or Sudden Load Throw-off
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TURBINE BYPASS SYSTEM
Process Regulation
MS Pressure Reduction & Desuperheating
HRH Steam Pressure Reduction & Desuperheating
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GENERATOR FUNDAMENTALS
WORKING PRINCIPLE
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WORKING PRINCIPLE
Converts Mechanical Energy in to Electrical Energy
Based on Electro-magnetic Induction
E = 4.44 O FN volts
E - e. m. f.
O - Strength of Magnetic Field
F - FrequencyN - No. of Turns in a Stator Winding Coil
F = Pn/120
P - No. of Poles
n - Revolution per second of Rotor
GENERATOR EFFICIENCY & LOSSES
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GENERATOR EFFICIENCY & LOSSES
Efficiency = Output Electrical Energy
Input Mechanical Energy
Losses - Bearing Loss, Copper Loss & Iron Loss
Typically Efficiency is 90-97%
GENERATOR & UNIT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
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GENERATOR & UNIT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Generator Functional Block Diagram
Unit
AuxiliaryTransformer
Field
ExcitationSystem
Generator
Synchronising
Sceme
Generator
Transformer
Metering &
Protective
Relays
Stator
Cooling WaterSystem
Hydrogen
Cooling
System
Seal
Oil
System
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
GENERATOR & UNIT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
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GENERATOR & UNIT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Key One Line Diagram
132 KV Bus I
132 KV Bus II
Isolator
Circuit Breaker
GT
Generator
Unit
Auxiliary
Transformer
From
Station
Bus
From
Station
Bus
6.6 kV Unit Bus B6.6 kV Unit Bus A
11 kV
GENERATOR & UNIT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
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GENERATOR & UNIT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
Conversion of Mechanical Energy in to Electrical Energy
Field Excitation
Stator Winding Cooling by Distillate / Air
Rotor Winding Cooling by Hydrogen / Air
Hydrogen Sealing by Oil
Synchronisation & Voltage Transformation
Emergency Shutdown in case of Unsafe Conditions
GENERATOR & UNIT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
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GENERATOR & UNIT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Major Equipment
Generator - Stator, Rotor, Armature Windings, Field Windings
Field Excitation - Exciter (DC/AC), Static Rectifying Unit & AVR
Bus Ducts & Transformers
Circuit Breakers & Protective Relays
H2 Cooling - Fans, Dryers & Coolers
Stator Water Cooling - Pumps, Coolers & Overhead Tank
Seal Oil - Pumps, Coolers & Differential Pressure Regulator
GENERATOR & UNIT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
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GENERATOR & UNIT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Process Regulation
Field Excitation
Generator Synchrinisation
Voltage Regulation
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POWER PLANT
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
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OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
Efficiency Calculations
Boiler Efficiency - Direct / Heat Loss Method
Turbine Heat Rate - Total Heat Supplied/ KWHR
Plant Heat Rate - Heat Supplied/ KWHR
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
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Factors Affecting Plant Performance
Flue Gas Exit Temperature
Excess Air
Unburnt Fuel
Steam Temperature
Condenser Back Pressure
FW Temperature at Eco Inlet
Auxiliary Power Consumption
Make up Water Flow
Optimum Loading
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
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OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
Start-up & Shutdown Monitoring
Trip Analysis - Boiler / Turbine / Generator
Equipment Run-Hour Monitoring
History Trending
Alarm Management
Division of Operational Responsibilities
Economic Load Allocation & Load Shedding (CPP)
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POWER PLANT
AUTOMATION &CONTROL
POWER PLANT AUTOMATION & CONTROL
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Burner Management System
Furnace Purge Supervision
Secondary Air Damper Modulation, On/Off Control and Supervision
Light/Heavy Oil On/Off Control and Supervision
Pulveriser and Feeder On/Off Control and Supervision
Flame Scanning
Overall Boiler Flame Failure Protection
Boiler Trip Protection
POWER PLANT AUTOMATION & CONTROL
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Soot Blower Sequential Control
Wall Blowers
Long Retractable Blowers
Air Heater Blowers
POWER PLANT AUTOMATION & CONTROL
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POWER PLANT AUTOMATION & CONTROL
Automatic Turbine Run-up System
Oil Supply Control - Turning Gear, Auxiliary Oil Pumps, Emergency Oil Pump,
Jacking Oil Pump and Lube Oil Temperature
Condensate & Evacuation Control - Condensate Extraction Pumps, Gland Steam
Pressure, Vacuum Pumps and Vacuum Breaker Valve
Turbine Control - Steam & Metal Temperature Matching, Warming up of HP
ESV & CV, Steam Rolling & Acceleration and Auto Synchroniser
POWER PLANT AUTOMATION & CONTROL
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Turbine Stress Evaluator
Calculation of Actual and Permissible Thermal Stress Values
Comparison of Actual with Permissible Stress Values and Computation
of Available Margin
Optimize Start up, Operation and Shut down
POWER PLANT AUTOMATION & CONTROL
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7/28/2019 Learning Powerplant Basics
75/80
Amit Prakash 75
Automatic Turbine Tester
Safety Devices - Remote Trip, Over-speed, Low Vacuum and
Thrust Bearing
HP/IP Valves - HP Stop and Control Valves, and IP Stop and
Control Valves
POWER PLANT AUTOMATION & CONTROL
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7/28/2019 Learning Powerplant Basics
76/80
Amit Prakash 76
Electro-hydraulic Governing System
Speed Control
Load Control
Load Shedding
Initial Pressure Control
AUTOMATION & CONTROL
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7/28/2019 Learning Powerplant Basics
77/80
Amit Prakash 77
CRITICAL CLOSED LOOPS
CMC - Boiler Follow / Turbine follow / Coordinated (Utility)
Header Pressure Control (CPP)
Combustion - Fuel / Air Flow
Steam Temperature
Drum Level
Furnace Draft
AUTOMATION & CONTROL
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7/28/2019 Learning Powerplant Basics
78/80
Amit Prakash 78
OPEN LOOP CONTROL
Interlocking - Safe Startup / Shutdown
Protection - Emergency Shutdown (Trip)
Sequencial Control - Efficient Startup / Shutdown
CRITICAL OPEN LOOPS
ID/FD /PA Fans
BFP
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7/28/2019 Learning Powerplant Basics
79/80
Amit Prakash 79
POWER PLANT
INSTRUMENTATION
POWER PLANT INSTRUMENTATION
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7/28/2019 Learning Powerplant Basics
80/80
Temperature - T/C & RTD
Pressure
Level - DP / Displacement / Hydra Step Drum Level Indicator
Flow - DP / Annubar / Mag-flow
Turbine Supervisory - Vibration/ Expansion/ Axial Shift/ Eccentricity
Steam & Water Analysers - Conductivity/ pH/ DO2/ Silica
Gas Analysers - O2/ CO2/ CO (in Flue Gas)
Pollution Monitor
H2 Purity (in Generator)