Name_______________ Test Date _______ Hour__ 

Plant Structure & Function #3 - Notebook

Reproduction & Germination

LEARNING TARGETS ❏ I can identify the difference between perfect and imperfect flowers. ❏ I can identify the female and male reproductive parts of a flower. ❏ I can explain the function of each of the female reproductive parts of a flower. ❏ I can explain the function of each of the male reproductive parts of a flower. ❏ I can explain the process of pollination. ❏ I can describe the different ways plants can be pollinated. ❏ I can explain the fertilization process. ❏ I can describe the function of the fruit. ❏ I can identify and describe the function of the parts of a seed ❏ I can describe how seeds are dispersed. ❏ I can explain the germination process. ❏ I can describe the different life cycles of flowering plants.

  

Scientific Language 1. Angiosperms - Vascular, seed producing flowering plants. 2. Sepals - The lower outermost part of the flower that protects the developing bud. 

3. Stamen - Male reproductive part of flower; made up of an anther and filament. 

4. Filament - A threadlike structure connecting the anther to the rest of the flower. 

5. Anther - The part of the flower where pollen grains are produced and stored. 

6. Pollen grain - The male reproductive cell of flowering plants. 7. Pistil - The female organs of a flower, including the stigma, style, and ovary. 

8. Ovary - A flower structure that encloses and protects ovules and seeds as they develop. 

9. Ovule - The structure inside the ovary that contains the egg cell 10. Style - Connects the stigma to the ovary of a flower 11. Stigma - The swollen area at the top of the style that traps pollen grains. 

12. Pollination - The transfer of pollen from male to female reproductive structures in plants 

13. Embryo - Plant in the early stages of development after fertilization 14. Fruit - A mature ovary that contains and protects the seed(s) 

15. Germination - The stage in the life cycle of plants where seeds sprout and begin to grow. 

 

Flowering Plants  Flowers are the modified _________ bearing modified ___________ that serve as the ______________ organs of angiosperms (_________, ______ producing __________ plants). This strategy for ______________ has been so successful that angiosperms now ___________ the plant world. Most flowers have four main parts: ________, _________, _________ and ________. Generally, the colorful parts of the flower are the _________. Outside the petals are leaf like-parts, called the ________. Sepals form the _________ of the flower bud. Sometimes sepals and petals are the same ________. Inside the flower are the ______________ organs of the plant. The ________ is the male reproductive organ. _________ is produced in the stamen. The _________ is the female reproductive organ. The ovary is the swollen base of the pistil where the __________ are found. Not all flowers have __________ one of the four parts.

Types of Flowers Some flowers, called _________ flowers, have ______ male and female reproductive organs. Other flowers, called ___________ flowers, have _______ male reproductive organs or _______ female reproductive organs. Some plants have _______ male flowers and female flowers on the same plant, while other have males on _____ plant and females on ___________ plant. ___________ flowers have stamens, a pistil, petals, and sepals. ______________ flowers ________ one of these parts.

Parts of the Flower

 

Petals and Sepals Petals and sepals are neither _______ nor _________. The __________ are the lower, or ___________, part of the flower. They fold over the tender, closed _______ and ___________ it from cold and other injuries while it is developing. Usually sepals are _________. In many flowers, however, they are as ___________ as the petals and increase the flower's ______________ to insects. Petals ___________ insects, hummingbirds, bats, or other

animals, aiding the ______________ process. Usually, the number of petals in a flower will be the _______ as the number of _________.

Stamen The _________, located __________ the petals, are composed of a small ___________ (ball-shaped, egg-shaped, or tubular) and a threadlike __________ connecting the anther to the rest of the flower. The ________ is composed of two or four tiny ___________ , within which powdery ________ grains are produced and stored. Each grain of pollen contains the ___________ of

the plant. Thus, the stamens function as the _______ part of the flower in plant reproduction, and they may number from ______ to ___________.

 

Pistil The __________ forms the final set of flower parts. Each pistil is often shaped like a _______. The pistil functions as the __________ structure in plant reproduction. At the base of the pistil is the hollow ___________. The wall of the ovary is typically __________. The __________ space in the ovary has one or more tiny globe-like ________, each containing an _________. Typically, the pistil is also composed of _____ or more parts: the __________ and the __________ . The ________ is a slender _______-like structure above the ovary. The __________ is the area at the top of the style that _________ pollen grains with minute hairs covered by a __________, sugary film. While most flowers have only _____ pistil, many have __________ pistils.

Pollination In flowering plants, pollination involves the transfer of __________ from __________ to __________. A flower is _____________ when pollen grains land on the sticky _________ causing a pollen ________ to grow from the pollen grain down through the __________. The pollen tube enters the __________ and reaches the _________. The sperm travels down the pollen tube into the ovary and _____________ the egg in the ovule. These __________ cells grow into the plant __________.

 

There are two different types of pollination: ________ -pollination ________ -pollination. If the __________ and __________ of the plants involved are on the _________ plant, the type of pollination is called ______ -pollination. If anthers and stigmas are from ____________ plants, the type of

pollination is called _______ -pollination. Self-pollination is ____________ because pollen from the anther of a flower can be transferred ________ onto the stigma of the _________ flower, due to the _______ proximity of the two parts. Cross-pollination is ________ because the transfer of pollen involves _______ distances and precise _______________, both of which __________ on animal pollinators. In spite of the _______ associated with cross-pollination, most flowers have mechanisms that ________ this kind of pollination. Cross-pollination _________ the likelihood that offspring are __________, __________, fertile, and able to __________ even if the environment changes. Self-pollination leads to offspring that are ____ vigorous, ____ productive, and more subject to inbreeding ______________.

Pollinators Looking at flowers will give you a _______ as to how each one is pollinated. Color, determined by special molecules called __________ that occur within the cells of the plant, __________ different pollinators. When certain consumers forage among plants for _______, they often come in contact with __________. Many insects and other animals become dusted with __________, and in the course of their travel they unintentionally, but effectively bring about ______________.

 

Throughout the evolutionary history of flowering plants, many pollinators have co _________ with plants. Coevolution occurs when the _________ parts of a plant and the _______ parts and behavior of the pollinators become _____________ adapted. In the case of pollination by animals, the pollinator receives a ________ from the flower in the form of ______. When the pollinator moves on, the plant‛s pollen is ____________ to another plant ______________ the plant. In flowering plants, pollination is mostly due to __________ or _________, but birds, bats, and rodents also act as pollinators for a number of plants.

Insects Insect pollination occurs in the __________ of flowering plants. Each plant may have features that attract a __________ species of insect. The principal pollinating insects are ______, although many other kinds of insects act as pollinators, including wasps, flies, moths, butterflies, ants, and beetles.

Bees Their flowers are delicately __________ and fragrant and are __________ colored. They are predominantly _______or __________ — rarely pure red, because red appears __________ to bees. The flowers often have __________ that lead them to the nectar. Bees can see ________ light not visible to _________, and some markings are __________ only in UV light.

Butterflies & Moths

Flowers for butterflies have ____________ fragrances and are often _______. Many moths forage at __________ so their flowers are usually __________ or cream-colored to stand out in the _______. Their long ________ parts, are well adapted for securing nectar from ________, ________-shaped flowers.

 

Flies Flowers, called __________ flowers, are pollinated by _______. These flowers are ______ red or __________ and have a strong odor like __________ meat.

Animals Birds

Birds do not have a highly developed sense of ________, but they have a keen sense of __________. Their flowers are frequently bright _______ or __________ and usually have little, if any, ________.

Bats Bat-pollinated flowers are found primarily in the __________, and open only at _________, when the bats are foraging. These flowers are ________ in color, and are __________.

Abiotic Forces

Wind Wind pollinated plants have unspectacular flowers, such as ___________. These flowers lack _______ and ________. The petals of these flowers are ________ or ________. The __________ are large and feathery to better catch the pollen carried by the _________. These plants have to produce __________ quantities of pollen, because most of the pollen ends up on the __________. Wind pollination works better where a __________ number of individuals of the ______ species grow fairly _______ together, as in grasslands.

Water

Water pollination is ______, simply because fewer plants have flowers that are submerged in water. Plants like the sea grasses, which release pollen that is __________ by water currents.

 

Seed Development & Structure Once a flower is ____________ and _____________ takes place the ________ will begin to develop. After fertilization, the __________ begins to grow. Parts of the _______ become the seed‛s _______ and stored _________. The __________ and other flower parts will form the __________ that surround and __________ the seed.

Some flowers, such as avocados, only have one __________ in their ovary, so their fruit only has _____ seed. Many flowers, such as kiwifruit, have ______ of ovules in their ovary, so their fruit contains _______ seeds.

 

A seed consists of three major parts: The Embryo - produced when ______ and __________ elements

are __________ during fertilization. The __________ will eventually grow into a new ________. The embryo has structures that will produce the plant‛s:

______ (____________) ______ (____________) ______ (____________)

In the seed, the embryo grows to a certain stage and then ______ until the seed is __________.

Endosperm - a collection of stored _______ that will provide the ________ needed when the young plant begins to ___________, or grow into a new plant. Because the ______ contains an embryo and stored food, a new plant can develop more __________ from a seed than a ________. In the seeds of some plants, food is absorbed and stored in structures called ____________ that may become the first __________ of the new plant.

Seed Coat- a tough __________ layer that __________ the embryo and endosperm from __________ by outside factors.

 

Seed Dispersal Do you know how seeds natural get to the soil? For many seeds, __________ is the answer. They fall onto the ________ from the parent plant on which they grew. Some other dispersal methods include, in the _______ of animals (burrs, hitchhikers), __________ by animals (squirrels & oak trees), _____________ by animals (raspberries, strawberries, tomatoes), _________ (mangroves, coconuts), __________ dispersal (touch me not, impatiens).

Germination A series of events that results in the __________ of a plant from a seed is called ____________. When dispersed from the plant, some seeds germinate in just a few _______ and others take ________ or _________ to grow. Some seeds can stay in the __________ stage for ____________ of years. In 1982, seeds from the East Indian lotus sprouted after ______ years! Seeds will not germinate until ______________ conditions are right. Correct ____________, the presence or absence of ________, availability of __________, and the amount of __________ present can all affect ____________. Sometimes the seed must pass through an animal's __________ system before it will germinate. Germination begins when seed tissue absorbs ________. This causes the seed to ______ and the seed coat to ______ open. Next, a series of ____________ reactions occurs that releases _________ from the stored food. Eventually, a _______ grows from the seed and grows towards __________. The _______ grows ________ from gravity. After the plant emerges from the soil the leaves can grow and ______________ can begin. Photosynthesis provides ________ as the plant continues to grow.

 

Life cycles of Plants Flowering plants vary greatly in their ______________. Some flowering plants grow from _______ to _________ plants with their own seeds in less than a _________. The lifecycles of other plants can take as long as a ____________. Flowering plants follow a specific ______________.

Seed - They begin their lives as ______. Seeds hold the _______ plant. They have a hard outer ______ that _________the seed _________ inside.

Germination - The seed ends up on the _________. It needs _____, ________, and ______ to grow. When a seed begins to grow, this is called ____________. The first growth will usually be

some small _______. Then the _______ will grow.

Sprout or Seedling - When the first sign of ______ appears above the ______, this is called a _________ or seedling.

Mature Plant - The seedling will continue to grow into a full _________ plant with ________, ______, and a _______.

Flowering - The mature plant will grow _________. Through _____________ and _______________, the flowers will produce _______. When the seeds end up on the _________, the cycle will begin ________. 

Annuals, Biennials, Perennials

Annuals- The life cycle is completed within ______ year. ________ must be grown from seeds each ________.

Biennials- The life cycle is completed within _____ years. ___________ store a large amount of ______ in an underground for growth in the 2nd year. Biennials produce flowers and seeds only during the ______ year of growth.

Perennials - The life cycle is completed in more than _____ years. ___________ perennials such as peonies appear to _____ each

winter, but _______ and produce _________ each ________. Woody ___________ such as fruit trees produce flowers and fruits on _______ that survive for _______ years.