learning theories
TRANSCRIPT
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Learning Theories that Influence Utilization of Instructional
Media Resources
University of the PhilippinesCollege of EducationEducational Technology DepartmentEDTECH101
Ferdinand B. Pitagan, PhDProfessor of Education
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Humanism vs. Technology
Technology
High
High
Low
Humanism
D C
A B
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Educational Technology: Foundations
Communications
Psychology
Systems approach
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Feedback
Schramm’s model – Field of Experience/ Feedback
Teacher Learner
Mediaas
a channel of communication
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Dale’s Cone of Experience
Source: from Dale, E., Audio-Visual Methods in Teaching, 1st Edition, © 1969. Reprinted with permission of Wadsworth/Thompson Learning.
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Systems Approach
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• Behaviorism• Cognitivism• Constructivism
Psychology
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Behaviorism
1. Early behaviorism -- Pavlov (1849 - 1936)
Focus on reflexive behavior
Food Unconditioned Stimulus
Salivation Unconditioned Response (natural, not learned)
Bell Conditioned Stimulus
Salivation Conditioned Response (to bell)
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Behaviorism
2. B.F. Skinner
Focus on voluntary behavior and reinforcement
“Learning is a function of change in overt behavior.”
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B. F. Skinner 1904 – 1990
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1b-NaoWUowQ
Skinner box
Psychology
English Major
Book, Wallden II
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Behaviorism
“--- A person comes under the control of a stimulating environment, responds to subtle properties of that environment, and responds to it in many complex ways because of the consequences contingent upon earlier responses.---- ”
(Operant Conditioning) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA
1) Initial behavior – 2) Consequences (reinforcement/punishment) – 3) Next behavior
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Behaviorism
How to shape behavior and maintain it in strength?
How to design instruction?
Use Contingencies of Reinforcementconsequences of that behaviorA certain behavior
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Behaviorism
1. Positive reinforcement
2. Instant reinforcement
3. Frequent reinforcement
4. Multiple scheduled reinforcement
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Behaviorism
Use of Media:
Teaching machine
Programmed instruction
Structured
Focus on objectives
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Cognitivism
1) Information Processing Model2) Mental Development Model
Focus on Active Mental Process
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Cognitivism1) Information Processing Model
Sensory register
Long-term memory
-- Working memory
Short-term memory
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Cognitivism1) Information Processing Model
Attention
Remembering
Not Forget-ting
Sensory register
Long-term memory
-- Working memory
Short-term memory
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Cognitivism1) Information Processing Model
Attention
Remembering
Not forgetting Long-term memory
-- Working memoryShort-term memory
Sensory registerAttention gaining strategies:
e.g. visuals, paradox
Active processing strategies:e.g. chucking/organizing content
Retrieval strategies:e.g. relate new info. to old info.
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Cognitivism
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html
2) Mental Development Model
Swiss philosopher and psychologist
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcjPkPIwsog
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Cognitivism
2) Mental Development Model
Observe/listen to children
Piaget: What makes the wind? Julia: The trees. P: How do you know? J: I saw them waving their arms. P: How does that make the wind? J (waving her hand in front of his face): Like this. Only they are bigger. And there are lots of trees. P: What makes the wind on the ocean? J: It blows there from the land. No. It's the waves...
## Four stages of childhood development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational)
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Cognitivism2) Mental Development Model
Assimilation:
New info. into existing
structure
Accommoda-tion: modify-ing existing
structure/cre-ating new one
Schemata
(Mental structures)
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Cognitivism2) Mental Development Model
Assimilation??
Accommodation??
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Cognitivism2) Mental Development Model
Assimilation:
New info. into existing
structure
Accommoda-tion: modify-ing existing
structure/cre-ating new one
Schemata
(Mental structures)
Useful instructional strategiesAdvanced OrganizersTransferMnemonics Organization and more…..
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Constructivism Different from Objectivism such as Behaviorism/Cognitivism
The correct structure
Objective entities/realities
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Constructivism Constructivistic philosophy
A real world we experience
Multiple perspectives
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Constructivism
“Situating” our cognitive experiences in authentic activities
Real world problems emphasized
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• Learning: ????
• Teaching: ????
Constructivism
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• Learning: based on experience/ construction of meaning/ social interaction
• Instructional strategies??- social collaboration- multiple perspectives- negotiation of meanings- situated in real cases
Constructivism
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Social Constructivism
Lev Vygotsky
1. Between people, then inside self
2. Zone of Proximal Development (ZDP)
- social interactions
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Remember!!(A. Bednar, et al. )
“Instructional design and development
must be based upon some theory of
learning and/or cognition; effective design
is possible only if the developer has
developed reflexive awareness of the
theoretical basis underlying the design.”
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Remember !!“ Theories of Learning and prescriptions for
practice must go hand in hand.” – (T. Duffy and D.
Jonassen)
Behaviorism
Instructional Design (Prescriptions for practice)
CognitivismConstructivism
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Activity
1. Case 1: JapanNew teachersHow to serve physically challenged students
2. Case 2: USAA mix of slower and faster learners; thirty 7th gradersTeach existing of different cultures in Asia
3. Case 3: ParisFilipino as a second language; intermediate levelA mix of 10 senior citizens; 10 university studentsTeach them Filipino 。
4. Case 4: IndonesiaHigh school students (above average)Teach to be active, creative…
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NEXT MEETING:Issues and trends in the use of
media technology for classroom instructions