learning theory applied to teaching. ` goals for session state names of the five theories describe...
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Learning Theory Applied to Teaching
Learning Theory Applied to Teaching
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`
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Goals for Session
State names of the five theories
Describe each theory briefly Think about the role of
theory
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What is learning?
Learning is a persisting change in an individual’s understanding,
performance or potential brought about by meaningful interaction
with his/her environment.
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What is Learning?UnconsciousUnconscious
IncompetenceIncompetenceConscious Conscious
IncompetenceIncompetence
ConsciousConsciousCompetenceCompetence
UnconsciousUnconsciousCompetenceCompetence
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What is a theory?
Principle that guides action
Specifies instructor’s activities which are more likely to bring about learning in a specific venue
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Learning Theories Behavioral Cognitive Constructivist Humanistic Developmental
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Behavioral B. F. Skinner, Robert Thorndike Change in observable behavior Objectives written by instructor Instructor provides stimulus,
asks for response and reinforces Learner is in third person
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Instructional Strategies
Provide instructional objectives Expect learners to move at own pace Provide information, ask learners to
respond Present material in small steps Assess learner frequently Provide immediate feedback that is both
positive and constructive Revise instruction based on performance
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Yogi on Behaviorism
“If you don’t know where you are going,
you probably won’t get there.”
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Cognitive Jerome Bruner, David Ausubel, Robert Gagne
Learning is meaningful connection to and organization of memoryProcess of learning connected to content
Objectives are general Instructor arranges conditions and helps learner develop structure Learner is in third person
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Instructional Strategies Assess learner’s prerequisite skills Use advance organizers Provide structure, examples, images Connect new concepts to previous Ask learner to form own questions Ask “What if..?” questions Be as concerned with thought
process as with the right answer
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Yogi on Cognitivism
“90% of this game is half mental.”
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Constructivist
Albert Bandura, Lev Vigotsky Learning is a mutual understanding developed by participating in a learning community Objectives not often specified but become apparent as community experiences and discusses Instructor models and reacts Learner is in first person
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Instructional Strategies
Base learning on simulated and/or practical experience
Ask learners for their hypotheses Model performance, problem solving Help learners generate links Flip the classroom Facilitate discussions Emphasize cooperation, collaboration Assess learning in context
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Yogi onConstructivis
m
“You can observe a lot by watching.”
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Humanistic
Carl Rogers, AH Maslow, Malcolm Knowles Learning is satisfying one’s own needs Objectives developed by learner Instructor creates environment, reacts to learner’s needs Learner is in first person
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Instructional Strategies
Develop learning contract with learner Help learners make choices Incorporate learner’s prior experience Refer learner to resources Ask learners to teach each other by
presenting to each other Guide group discussions Helps learner evaluate own learning Serve as consultant
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Yogi onHumanism
“We were lost, but we were making good
time.”
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Developmental Jean Piaget Learning is maturation Learning occurs in stages Objectives based on norms Instructor diagnoses stage and reacts Learner changes from third to first
person
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Instructional Strategies
Determine learner’s stage Keep growth chart Emphasize discovery of principles Help learner accept responsibility Change teaching style Directing to facilitating to
consulting
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Yogi onDevelopmentali
sm
“When you come to a fork in the road, take it.”
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Points of Agreement
Goals are important Organize knowledge from simple to
complex Learner must be active Reinforcement Group support Attitude toward learning and context
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My Advice Systematic design - Beh How learning occurs - Cog Interactions with others - Con Adjusting instruction - Dev Self-determination - Hum
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Practical Exercise
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VENUE
1st year students Lecture course inPatho-physiology
2rd year students Afternoon PBL conferences
Interns Attending rounds
Senior residents Out patient clinic
Fellows Research project
WHO
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Yogi says:
“I really didn’t say everything I said.”
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Thank you!
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Lecture course in Epi/Biostats
Disposition conferences Attending clinicResearch project
Mentoring
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