lease

LEASING

FEUI Program Studi Maksi – PPAK

Manajemen Keuangan

Kuliah IV 20.04.2009

RWJJ CH. 21Sugeng Purwanto Ph.D, FRM

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LEASE

LEASE IS A CONTRACTUAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN A LESSEE AND LESSOR. THE LESSEE HAS THE RIGHT TO USE AN ASSET AND MUST MAKE PERIODIC PAYMENTS TO THE LESSOR, THE OWNER OF THE ASSET.

THE LESSOR IS EITHER THE ASSET’s MANUFACTURER OR AN INDEPENDENT LEASING COMPANY. IF THE LESSOR IS AN INDEPENDENT LEASING COMPANY, IT MUST BUY THE ASSET FROM A MANUFACTURER. THEN THE LESSOR DELIVER THE ASSET TO THE LESSEE, AND THE LEASE GO INTO EFFECT.

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BUY ASSET LEASE ASSET

MANUFACTUREROF ASSET

USER FIRM1.USES ASSET2.OWNS ASSET

EQUITY CREDITORSSHAREHOLDERS

MANUFACTUREROF ASSET

LESSEE1.USES ASSET2.DOES NOT

OWN ASSET

LESSOR1.USES ASSET2.OWNS ASSET

EQUITY CREDITORSSHAREHOLDERS

OPERATING LEASES

1. OPERATING LEASES ARE USUALLY NOT FULLY AMORTIZED. THE PAYMENTS REQUIRED UNDER THE TERMS OF THE LEASE ARE NOT ENOUGH TO RECOVER THE FULL COST OF THE ASSET FOR THE LESSOR.

2. OPERATING LEASES USUALLY REQUIRES THE LESSOR TO MAINTAIN AND INSURE THE LEASED ASSETS

3. THERE IS A CANCELLATION OPTION. THE OPTION GIVES THE LESSEE THE RIGHT TO CANCEL THE LEASE CONTRACT BEFORE THE EXPIRATION DATE, THE LESSEE RETURNS THE EQUIPMENTS TO THE LESSOR.

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FINANCIAL LEASES

1. FINANCIAL LEASES DO NOT PROVIDE THE MAINTENANCE OR SERVICE BY THE LESSOR.

2. FINANCIAL LEASES ARE FULLY AMORTIZED.

3. THE LEASES USUALLY HAS A RIGHT TO RENEW THE LEASE ON EXPIRATION.

4. GENERALLY, FINANCIAL LEASES CANNOT BE CANCELLED. THE LESSEE MUST MAKE ALL PAYMENTS OR FACE THE RISK OF BANCRUPTCY.

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SALE AND LEASEBACK

A sale and leaseback occurs when a company sells an asset it owns to another firm and immediately leases it back

1. The lessee receives cash from the sale of the asset.

2. The lessee makes periodic lease payments and retaining the use of the asset.

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LEVERAGED LEASES

A leveraged lease is a three-sided arrangement among the lessee, the lessor, and lenders.1. The lessee uses the asset and makes periodic lease payments.2. The lessor purchases the asset, deliver them to the lessee and

collects the lease payments. The lessor puts up more than 50% of the purchase price.

3. The lenders supply the remaining financing and receive interest payments from the lessor.

The lenders in a leveraged lease typically use a nonrecourse loan. The lessor is not obligated to the lender in case of a default. The lenders are protected in two ways:

1. The lenders has a first lien on the interest2. In the event of default, the lease payments are made directly

to the lender. 7

ACCOUNTING FOR LEASINGBalance Sheet under SAF 13

Example:Truck is purchased with debt (the company own a $100,00 truck)

Truck $100,000 Debt $100,000Land $100,000 Equity $100,000Total assets $200,000 Toal liab. $200,000

Operating lease (the company has an operating lease for the truck)Truck 0 Debt 0Land $100,000 Equity $100,000Total assets $100,000 Toal liab. $100,000

Capital lease (the company has a capital lease for the truck)Truck $100,000 Obligation $100,000Land $100,000 Equity $100,000Total assets $200,000 Toal liab. $200,000 8

ACCOUNTING FOR LEASINGSAF 13

A lease must be classified as a capital lease if at least oneof the following four criteria is met:

1. The PV of the lease payments is at least 90% of the fair market value of the asset at the start of the lease.

2. The lease transfer ownership of the property to the lessee by the end of the term of the lease.

3. The lease term is 75% or more of the estimated economic life of the asset.

4. The lessee can purchase the asset at a price below fair market value when the lease expires.

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THE CASH FLOW OF LEASING

Example.The International Boring Machine Corporation (IBMC) makes a

pipe-boring machine that can be purchased for $10,000. Xomox has determined that it needs a new machine and the IBMC model will save Xomox $6,000 per year in reduced electricity bills for the next 5 years. These savings are known with certainty because Xomox has a long-term electricity agreement with State Electric Utilities, Inc.

Xomox has a corporate tax rate of 34%. Assume 5 year straight-line depreciation is used for the machine and the machine will be worthless after five years.

Friendly Leasing Corporation has offered to lease the same pipe-boring machine to Xomox for $2,500 per year for five years. With the lease, Xomox would remain responsible for maintenance, insurance, and operating expenses.

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CASH FLOW TO XOMOX

BUY

Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4Year 5

Cost of machine -$10,000After-tax operating savings - $3,960 $3,960 $3,960 $3,960

$3,960Depreciation tax benefit - $680 $680 $680 $680

$680Cash flow -$10,000 $4,640 $4,640 $4,640 $4,640 $4,640

LEASEYear 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

Year 5Lease payments - $2,500 $2,500 $2,500 $2,500

$2,500Tax benefits of lease payments - $850 $850 $850 $850 $850 After-tax operating savings - $3,960 $3,960 $3,960 $3,960

$3,960Cash flow - $2,310 $2,310 $2,310 $2,310 $2,310

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XOMOX INCREMENTAL CASH FLOW FROM LEASINGINSTEAD OF PURCHASING


LEASE [PLUS]Lease payments - $2,500 $2,500 $2,500 $2,500

$2,500Tax benefits of lease payments - $850 $850 $850 $850 $850

BUY [MINUS]Cost of machine -[-$10,000]Loss depreciation tax benefit - $680 $680 $680 $680 $680INCREMENTAL CASH FLOW +$10,000 -$2,330 -$2,330 -$2,330 -$2,330 -

$2,330

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DISCOUNTING , DEBT, AND CORPORATE TAX.

IN A WORLD WITH CORPORATE TAXES, THE FIRM SHOULD DISCOUNT RISKLESS CASH FLOWS AT THE AFTERTAX RISKLESS RATE OF INTEREST.

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NPV ANALYSIS OF THE LEASE versus BUY DECISIONAssume that Xomox can either borrow or lend at the interest rate of

7.57575%. Corporate tax is 34%.

Aftertax rate of interest = (1 – 34%) x 7.57575% = 5%.


NET CASH FLOW FROM LEASEALTERNATIVE RELATIVE TOPURCHASE ALTERNATIVE +$10,000 -$2,330 -$2,330 -$2,330 -$2,330 -$2,330

NPV OF NET CASH FLOW at Discount rate oif 5% = - $87.68.

CONCLUSION:LEASE IS NOT FEASIBLE. Xomox prefer to purchase equipment.

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DEBT DISPLACEMENT AND LEASE VALUATION

Suppose a firm initially has $100,000 of assets and a 150% optimal debt-to-equity ratio. The firm debt is $60,000 and its equity is $40,000.

Suppose the firm must use a new $10,000 machine.

Two alternatives:1. The firm can purchase the machine.

It will finance the purchase with a secured loan and with equity.2. The firm can lease the asset and get 100% financing. The Present Value (PV)

of the future lease payments will b e $10,000.

If the firm finances the machine with both secured debt and new equity its debt will increase by $6,000 and its equity by $4,000. its optimal debt-to-equity ratio of 150% will be maintained.

If the firm choose to lease the machine, in order to maintain its debt-to-equity ratio of 150%, debt elsewhere in the firm must fall by $4,000 when the lease is instituted. 15

CASH FLOW TO FRIENDLY LEASING CORPORATION

Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5

Cash for machine -$10,00

Depreciation tax benefit - $680 $680 $680 $680 $680

Aftertax lease payments - $1,650 $1,650 $1,650 $1,650 $1,650

INCREMENTAL CASH FLOW -$10,000 +$2,330 +$2,330 +$2,330 +$2,330 +$2,330

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GOOD REASONS FOR LEASING

Leasing is a good choice if at least one of the following is true:

1. Taxes may be reduced by leasing

2. The lease contract may reduce certain types of uncertainty

3. Transaction costs can be higher for buying an asset and financing it with debt or equity than for leasing the asset.

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BAD REASONS FOR LEASING

1. Leasing and accounting income.Managing accounting income with leasing to increase RoA may be valued indifferently by investor in the efficient capital market.

2. One hundred percent financing.It is often claimed that leasing provides 100% financing, whereas secured equipments loan require an initial down payment. Lease do not permit a greater level of total liabilities than do purchase with borrowing.Note: Principle of debt displacement

3. Other reasons.Example: leasing may be used to circumvent capital expenditure control system set up by bureaucratic firms.

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SOME UNANSWERED QUESTIONS

1. ARE THE USE OF LEASES AND DEBT COMPLEMENTARY?

2. WHY ARE LEASES OFFERED BY BOTH MANUFACTURERS AND THIRD-PARTY LESSOR?

3. WHY ARE SOME ASSETS LEASED MORE THAN OTHERS?

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END

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