lec_5_-_phyto

8/7/2019 Lec_5_-_phyto

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lec5-phyto 1/7

Family Plant Chemical composition Uses Notes

Apiaceae

Anise fruits

(Aniseed oil)

1. E – anethol

2. Estragole (Methyl-

chavicol)

3. Anisaldehyde

For Anise, Fennel and star anise:

Estrogenic stilbene arises from the

dimerization of the anethole

Galactagogue

, carminative and expectorant

Digestive (epigastric bloating, impaired

digestion, eructations, flatulence)

Dyspepsia, paediatrics

Inhalation, for excess phlegm in respiratory

tract.

Star anise doesn’t

belong to family

Apiaceae (it is Illicium

verum family Illiciaceae)

but contains E-anethole,

estragole and

anisaldehyde.

Anethol can’t be

hydroxylated because

the carbon next to the

phenyl is not free so it is

not carcinogenic.

Estragol on the other

hand can be

hydroxylated and it is

carcinogenic (see the

structures )

Apiol is 1-allyl-2,5-

dimethoxy-

3,4-

methylenedioxybenzene

Fennels fruit 1. E – anethol

2. Estragole (Methyl-

chavicol)

3. <5% fenchone in sweet

fennel

And Upto 24% fenchone in

bitter fennel

Dill leaves and

fruits

1. Carvone

2. Limonene

3. Dill-ether

For Dill, caraway and coriander:

Digestive (epigastric bloating, impaired

digestion, eructations, flatulence)

Dyspepsia, paediatricsCaraway fruits 1. Carvone2. limonene

Coriander leaves

and fruits

1. linalool

2. camphor

3. geranyl acetate

4. γ terpinene

Parsley 1. Myristicin, p-mentha-

1,3,8-triene (major)

2. Apiol

3. Limonene

4. β-phellanderene5. Myrcene

6. Terpinolene

7. α-pinene

8. β-elemene

Parsley is a diuretic and emmenagogue.

Apiol has been used as an emmenagogue

because it is presumably abortifacient at high

doses.

Myristicin (hallucinogenic and MAO inhibitor) USES:

1. Orally painful periods

2. Topically

antipruriginous, protective agent for cracks,

bruises, frostbite and insect bites.

8/7/2019 Lec_5_-_phyto


Large dose cardiac arrhythmia.

Contraindicated in pregnancy.

Astraceae Matricaria

(German

chamomile)

1. Matricin

2. α-bisobolol

(sesquiterpene), its A and

B oxides

1. anti-inflammatory (chamazulene inhibits the

leukotriene synthesis + α-bisobolol has anti-

inflammatory activity on carrageenin-induced

oedema and induced arthritis)

2. Spasmolytic (α-bisobolol ) similar to

papaverine alkaloid that inhibits calcium

influx no contraction.

3. Antibacterial and antifungal (antiseptic)

4. α-bisobolol counteracts the gastric ulceration

induced by various agents (alcohol, stress)

5. Stimulate Biliary secretions

6. Hypotensive and sedative

7. Digestive and stimulate appetite

Blue color due to

chamazulene

(conjugated diene)

which arises from

the decomposition

of the sesquiterpene

lactone matricin

(during steam

distillation).

Not real

sesquiterpenes (14

C)

Absent in SPME

Lamiaceae

Most of the

species areknown for their

various

industrial

applications

(perfumes,liquors,

confectionary

products,

cosmetics,

detergents)

Many are also

better known

as spices rather

than medicinal

plants (sweet

Sweet basal 2 chemotypes (the sameplant but cultivated in

different geographical origin

has different active

constituent):

1. Madagascar: Estragole

(carcinogenic) +small

amounts of cineole,

fenchol & linalool.

2. Europe and Egypt:

Linalool and

methylcinnamate

Used orally for:1. GIT disturbances

2. Dyspepsia

It is known as a spice Aromatherapy

discouraged at least

in case of the

estragole

chemotype

(carcinogenicity !!)

N.B. the mech. Is

explained in lec 4

Hyssop

Leaves and

flowers

1. Pinocamphone

(monoterpene bicyclic

terpene)

2. Isopinocamphone

1. Orally in acute benign bronchial disease

2. Locally in nasal congestion

Neurotoxic epileptic

activity (inhibit cell

respiration mainly the

nerve cells by the

8/7/2019 Lec_5_-_phyto


basil, oregano,

thyme)

The chief

indications(digestive) and

minor

indications

includesleeplessnessas lavender

and balm

For local use

(dermatology,hygiene)

β-pinene, limonene (minor) action of the ketones).

2-3 drops (6-year girl),

10 drops x 2days(26-

year old woman) lead to

neurotoxicity. That’s

why only pharmacists to

dispense Hyssop E.O.

Lavender 1. Linalool

2. Linalyl acetate

Limonene, cineole, camphor

and α-terpineol (minor)

Topical:

1. Mild antiseptic (treat minor wounds,

sunburns, diaper rash)

2. Relieve nasal congestion in the common cold

3. Mouth wash

Orally:

Neurotonic disorders in adults and children,

minor sleeplessness.

Aromatherapy baths:

To improve functional circulatory problems

Peppermint 1. Menthol (monoterpene

monocyclic alcohol)

2. Menthone (monoterpene

monocyclic ketone)

3. Menthyl acetate

4. Isomenthone

5. Pulegone

6. Neomenthol

7. Piperitone

Pharmacological properties:

1. Spasmolytic:

a. Decrease the calcium influx

b. Suppress the morphine induced

contraction of sphincter of guinea pig.

c. Treatment of colon spasm.

2. In Colonscopy or instead of rectal barium

sulphate for X-ray visualisation(decrease the

frequency of spasms and decrease the need

for administration of IV spasmolytics)

3. Decongestant activity: nasal decongestant

stimulate the nasal cavity thermoreceptors

cool sensation decongestion. (precaution:

used for adults only, in children the direct

application of the oil on the nasal mucosa

Menthol glucuronate is

a prodrug that causes

the sustained release of

menthol in the colon.

The German

Commission E

monograph specifies

that peppermint is used

for gastrointestinal,

gallbladder, and biliary

tract spasm.

Contraindicated with

Lithiasis (it should be

8/7/2019 Lec_5_-_phyto


apnea (stop of breathing – like cold air)

4. Topically: Only cold sensation (neither

antipruriginous nor analgesic)

5. Bronchodilation activity: used in cases of

bronchoconstriction induced by capsaicin.

6. A mixture of menthol and eucalyptus oil, if

inhaled , soothes the cough induced by citric

acid aerosol.

7. Herbal tea “pleasant and relaxing

beverage”during infusion loss of volatile oil

but the activity is due to residual E.O. and the

phenolic substances which are flavonoids

(synergistic activity).

Uses (the drug is devoid of toxicity):

1. Orally: dyspepsia (& dyspepsia when

attributed to hepatic function) + diuretic

2. Topically: relieve nasal congestion + analgesic

for mouth diseases, pharynx or both + mouth

wash for oral hygiene + adjunctive, emollient

and itch relieving treatment for skin disorders.

only with medical

advice) the patient

has to undergo surgery

1st

to eliminate the

stone

Rosemary

Flower

1. Camphor

2. 1,4 cineole

α-pinene & borneol

1. Spasmolytic

2. Aroma therapy for emotional well being

Thyme Leaves

and Flowers

1. Thymol

2. Carvacrole

Linalool

1. Thyme E.O. is rich in phenolics so it has anti-

bacterial & antifungal properties ‘Antiseptic’

2. Spasmolytic (due to phenols)

Uses:

1. Orally: GIT disturbances & treatment of cough

2. Topically: nasal decongestion & in minor wounds

3. Analgesic lozenges, mouth wash

4. In Germany: bronchospasmolytic, expectorant

and for bronchitis.

The concentration of

the E.O. phenolics in the

aqueous preparations of

the drug is insufficient

to account for the

activity. It is linked to

the presence of the

polymethoxyflavones.

8/7/2019 Lec_5_-_phyto


Lauraceae Cinnamon E-cinnamaldehyde (shikimate

pathway for synthesis)

Very little eugenol,

benzaldehyde, salicyaldehyde

& coumarin

1. Antiseptic activity (antibacterial and

antifungal)

2. CNS sedative in mouse

3. Respriatory and myocardial stimulant in the

dog

4. Hypotensive in dogs due to peripheral

vasodilation

Uses:

1. GIT problems

2. Facilitate weight gain (in case of loss of

appetite)

3. Functional Asthenia

4. Food technology

5. Tinctures for urinary infection

The part from which the

oil is obtained gives

different oils with

different compositions:

1. Leaf oil: eugenol

mainly

2. Root oil: camphor

mainly + cineole

3. Bark oil: E-

cinnamaldehyde and

little eugenol

Myrtaceae

A family of

3800 speciesincluding 700

Eucalyptus &

500 Syzygium

Characterized

by oil glands

in their tissue

Highly prized

in perfumery,

food techno.

and chemical

industry. Have

antiseptic

properties

due to E.O. &

exploited by

pharmaceutic

Clove

Flower buds

1. Eugenol (major)

2. β-caryophyliene

Antiseptic (bactericidal at low concentration 10-2

-

10-3

µg/L)

Inhibition of :

1. Platelete aggregation

2. Nerve cell conduction (local anaesthetic)

3. Prostaglandin synthesis (anti-inflammatory)

Uses:

1. Locally:

a. To treat minor wounds

b. Analgesic (toothaches and headache)

c. Mouth washes for oral hygiene

2. Internally: GIT problems

3. In Germany: mouth washes for inflammation

of the mouth and throat.

N.B.: ZOE zinc oxide eugenol paste, a dressing

in dentistry.

For long time dentists

used eugenol by the

intracanal route but the

direct contact with

living tissues causes

histological damage. So

they stopped its use.

High doses 0.5ml/kg

toxic (depression,

hepatic necrosis and

convulsions)

Eucalyptus 1,8 cineole (eucalyptol) Antiseptic activity (absorbed from all routes

i.e. digestive, cutaneous and rectal, excreted

Neurotoxic at high

doses LD50 = 1.7ml/kg

8/7/2019 Lec_5_-_phyto


al industry by pulmonary tract or by renal excretion)

Expectorant and mucolytic and stimulate

bronchial epithelium (0.05 – 0.2 ml/day)

Decongestant

Uses:

Syrups, lozenges, nasal drops, preparations for

inhalations as antiseptic and decongestant.

External use:

Facilitate the transcutaneous absorption of

other drugs

Acute benign bronchical disease (oral route

and local use) locally

In Germany: For catarrh of the upper

respiratory tract and bronchitis. There is

package inserts must list:

o Contraindication in case of GIT

inflammation

o Not to be used with children < 2 years

o Side effects: vomiting and diarrhea

(inhibit cell

respiration)

Cineole in

epileptogenic agent

as a result of

inhibition of oxygen

consumption within

the brain tissues.

In humans, ingestion

of 10 – 30 mls of E.O.

can be fatal.

Rutaceae Buchu

Leaves

1. Diosphenols (OH is

phenolic because it is

attached to sp2 carbon)

2. Isomenthone , menthone

and pulegone (Majors). 3. P-menthone-8-thiol-3-one

1. Urinary antiseptic

2. Enhance renal elimination of water and

increases dieresis in benign urinary disorders

“Diuretic activity”

Characteristic smell due

to sulphur compound

(p-menthone -8-thiol-3-

one)

Citrus fruits

The various

species in this

genus elaborate

and store

essential oils in

schizolysogenous

1. Citral A (geranial)

2. Citral B (Neral)

3. Limonene

1. Citrus oil can be very beneficial to the

circulatory system and aids with blood flow,

reducing blood pressure and helping with

nosebleeds.

2. It can help bring down fever, helps relieve

throat infections, bronchitis, asthma and flu. 3. It

boosts the immune system and, improves the

A characteristic element

of the citrus oils

obtained by expression

is the presence of non-

volatile compounds:

their concentration is

Generally lower than

8/7/2019 Lec_5_-_phyto


pockets located

in the external

part of the

mesocarp of the

fruit.

It is favourable

location that

allows direct

recovery of the

oils by expression

1. Bergamot oil

2. Sweet orange

oil

3. Bitter orange

oil

4. Lemon oil5. Mandarin oil

6. Grapefruit oil

7. Petit-grain oil.

functions of the digestive system, and it is helpful

with constipation, dyspepsia and cellulite.

4. Soothes and relieves headaches and migraines

and is helpful for rheumatism and arthritis.

5. It is also used for clearing acne, cleaning greasy

skin and hair, as well as removing dead skin cells,

easing painful cold sores, mouth ulcers, herpes

and insect bites.

6. Antiseptic, antispasmodic, cytophylactic,

depurative, sedative, stomachic and tonic.

7. Soothing to the nervous system and has a tonic

effect on the digestive system, while helping

flatulence, diarrhea and constipation.

8. It is also useful for the skin and is used to help

with stretch marks, increasing circulation and

reducing fluid retention.

9. Antiseptic, antiviral, astringent, aperitif,bactericidal, disinfectant, febrifuge, haemostatic,

restorative and tonic.

10. Useful to cool fevers associated with colds,

sore throats and flu and aids the immune system

while easing coughs, bronchitis and sinusitis, as

well as helping asthma.

11. Can stimulate and refresh a tired mind and

helps with depression.

12. It can be helpful for arthritis, rheumatism and

poor circulation, as well as for obesity.

5%, but can exceed 10%

(lime).

Bergamot (contains a

coumarinbergapten

concentration

estimated by the HPLC

must fall between 0.2 &

0.45% because it is

phototoxic)

Petit grain distillation

from leaves and not

from the fruits. The

composition of the EO is

very different from that

produced by theexpression of the

pericarp.

Lemon petitgrain oil:

citral.

Bergamot petitgrain

oil: Linalylacetate,

linalool & limonene.

Mandarin orange

petitgrain oil: Methyl

N-methylanthranilate

lec_5_-_phyto

Documents