lectia2 philoogia

8/9/2019 lectia2 philoogia

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It is a group of languages that are relatedto one another in terms of (genetic)origin

They share a common ancestor

Features such as lexicon, phonology,

morphology and syntax

It contains several subdivisions calledbranches


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Indo-European languages!" (Europe,#outh$estto #outh %sia, &orth %sia,&orth %merica, #outh %merica, 'ceania)

#ino-Tibetan languages" (East %sia)&iger*+ongo languages!" (

#ub-#aharan %frica)

%fro-%siatic languages!" (&orth %fricato .orn of %frica, #outh$est %sia)%ustronesian languages/0" ('ceania,

1adagascar, maritime #outheast %sia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages


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2ravidian languages34" (#outh %sia)%ltaic languages(controversial

combination of Tur5ic, 1ongolic, andTungusic families) 3" (+entral %sia,&orthern %sia, %natolia, #iberia)67

%ustro-%siatic languages 4"

(mainland #outheast %sia)Tai*8adai languages 3" (#outheast

%sia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languages


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It refers to a family of languages $hichby about bce $ere spo5en over alarge part of Europe and parts ofsouth$estern and southern %sia

+ompared $ith the other / to

families of languages in the $orld, theIE is smaller

It contains about languages


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Proto- Indo-European

(refers to a family of language spokenover a large part

of europe and parts of southwesternand south asia)

The term is originally geographicrefering to


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BALTIC SLAVICTOCHARIAN

INDO-IRANIANANATOLIAN

GREEK Proto-Indo-EuropeanCELTIC

ITALICGERMANIC

ARMENIANALBANIAN


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roto ! Indo ! European

ANATOLIAN

(was known in a e"cavation in#oga$koy)

%ittite

(does not share a num&er of structural

features with the classical IE language)


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roto ! Indo ! European

INDO IRANIAN

Indic ( Indo ! 'ryan) Irania

Three %istorical periods ld 'vestanld ersian

known asld Indic Middle Indic Modern Indic hatic 'vesta

(*+,,-*.,, #/E)(.,, #/E ! *,,, /E) (0ince *,,, /E ) East IranianWest Iranian

The oldest middle Indic one of the largest and

are in alid1 Most heterogenous

of IE su&groups1

arthian 2urdisashto 3ahgno&i

4arsi


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roto-Indo-European

ITALIC

Latin-4aliscan sco-8m&rian

(0a&ellic or0a&ellian)

0urvives

The

Modern

9omance &est known language 5 Less known

Language

Italian 7almatian

4rench 9haeto19omansh

0panish Ladino

ortuguese 0icilian


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roto-Indo-European

GERMANIC

East ermanic 6orth ermanicWest ermanic

ld Icelandic (ld 6orse)its descendants icludes

West 6orth ermanic East 6orthermanic erman

hotic3iddish

(languaghe with the oldest Icelandic 6orwegian 7anish0wedish 7utch

/ontinuous documents in ermanic)4lemish

4aroese

'frikaans


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roto-Indo-European

CELTIC

/ontinentalInsular

/elti&erian aulish oidelic#rittanic (#rythonic)

The oldest material

4rom the continentalis from si"th century #/E Irish 0cots-aelicman" Welsh #etron

/ornish

the most ro&ust of0poken


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roto-Indo-European

TOCHARIAN

(discovered in archeoligical e"cavations)

Tocharian 'Tocharian #

The documents of thelanguage (religious: commercial)

are from the period of


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roto-Indo-European

BALTIC

0urvives in two modern language

Lithuanian Latvian(Lettish)ld urssian

( from the early si"teenth) (ro&a&ly data&le to *+


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roto-Indo-European

SLAVIC

0outh 0lavic West 0lavicEast 0lavic

#ulgarian /$ech

9ussianMacedonian 0lovak

8krainian

0er&ian olish#elarussian

/roatian 2ashu&ian


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roto-Indo-European

ARMENIAN(=rst attested in religious documents)

0hows a great in>uence from neigh&oring languages

reek 'ra&ic 0yriac ersian

Was =rst misclassi=ed as a dialect of

I9'6I'6


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roto1Indo-European

ALBANIAN(uknown until the =fteenth century /E)

0hows a great in>uence from neigh&oring languages

0uch as

reek 0lavic Turkish Latin

The =rst document in 'l&anian There are twomain 7ialects

is a #aptismal 4ormula1

%E


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