lecture 1 - introduction to electronics

8/7/2019 Lecture 1 - Introduction to Electronics

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Lecture 1TE2008 Diseo Electrnico I, ITESM Guadalajara

b Luis Felipe Armenta, MSc.

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Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics

Contents:

1. The importance of Electronics within the Electrical Engineering.

2. Past, present and future of electronics

3. The importance of circuit simulation


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Electronics

The word electronics is derived from electron which ispresent in all materials.

The behavior of an electron under different conditionsof externally applied fields is studied under electronmechanics.

The branch of science and engineering which dealswith the flow of electrons through vacuum or gas orsemiconductor is known as electronics.


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In fact, electronics is a branch which essentiallydeals with electronic devices and their utilization. Anelectron device is a device in which conduction(electron flow ) takes place through a vacuum, a gas

or a semiconductor.

Electronics is a newcomer in the field ofengineering as compared to the other established

branches such as civil, electrical or mechanical. Previously it was considered an integral part ofelectrical engineering.

Electronics


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The importance of the ElectronicsEngineering in the Electrical Engineering

Electrical Engineering is the set of technical knowledge, boththeoretical and practical which have as an objective the applicationof the electronic technology to solve practical problems.

There are fundamental similitude between Electronics and ElectricalEngineering, since both have as its foundation the study of theelectrical phenomena. Nevertheless, the first one focus in lowvoltage circuits, among them we have the semiconductors whichhave as fundamental component the transistor, and on the otherhand we have the Electrical Engineering which focus in high voltageelectrical circuits as it is observed in transmission lines and electrical

(power) stations.

Both Engineering have common features such as the underlyingmathematical and physical, the circuits theory, the study ofelectromagnetism and the project planning.


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Past, Present and Future of electronics

It can be said that electronics took birthin 1897, when a vacuum diode wasdeveloped by j.a.fleming.

However the real beginning was madein 1906, when lee de forest developedthe vacuum triode.

Without this device, the amplifiers i.e.

the heart of all electronics gadgets,would not have been made possible.

The vacuum tube devices dominatedthe field of electronics until the end of

world war II.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/2-50A_2_(2).JPG


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In 1948, transistor was invented by three genius John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley

at bell laboratory.

This invention completely revolutionalized theelectronics industry and open the floodgates to

further developments in electronics.

Within a decade, a large number of such deviceswere produced which exceeded the total number of

vacuum based devices produced prior to 1948.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Transistor-photo.JPG


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The development in electronics devices goesfurther and the first integrated circuit(IC) was

appeared in the market during early sixties.

The stringent demand of space electronicsresulted in further development in integrated circuit

technology starting from small scale integratedcircuits(SSI), then medium scale integratedcircuits(MSI), large scale integrated (LSI) circuitsand now recently developed very large scale

integrated circuits(VLSI).


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Single Core

Dual Core

Quad Core

Intel Xeon processor

Dual-Core Intel Xeonprocessor 5100 series

Quad-Core IntelXeon E5300 series

Multi-core Transition

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

Q305 Q405 Q106 Q206 Q306 Q406

SINGLESINGLE--CORECORE

MULTIMULTI--CORECORE

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

Q305 Q405 Q106 Q206 Q306 Q406



0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

Q305 Q405 Q106 Q206 Q306 Q406





1 Million units shipped byJune 2007


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Quad-core microprocessors.

30 million transistors can fit onthe tip of a pin.

Using an entirely new transistorformula, the processor features

410 million transistors for eachdual-core chip and 840 million foreach quad-core chip

21st Century

Transistor Density:

Atom47 million transistors


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Advancing Multi-Core Technology

into the Tera-scale Era

80-Core teraflops research chip

A single-core chip of this size (100 milliontransistors)

deliver more than one trillion floating pointoperations per second (1 Teraflops)

1 teraflops requires only 62W, comparableto desktop processors sold today


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Applications of electronics:

The electronics plays an important role in almost everysphere of our life.

It has penetrated in every field e.g. from an ordinarywrist watch to super computers; from telephonerepeaters buried deep under sea to spaceships far outin space; from the control of modern household

appliances to the control of 400000 tonne supertankercarrying cargo across the sea.


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1. Communications & entertainments:

In earlier stages, the main application of electronicswas in the field of telegraphy and telephony. thisutilizes a pair of wires.

The start of wireless transmission for radiocommunication can be taken from the work of heinrichhertz, a geramn physicist.

In 1887, first of all, he demonstrated the effect ofelectromagnetic radiations through space.

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With the development in this field, it is now possible

to transmit any message from one place to another,thousands of kilometers away.

People living in any part of world can know what ishappening in other parts by radio broadcasting.

The messages can typed on a typewriter kept inanother city with the help of a teleprinter. Thephotographs of various events occurring in different

parts of the world can be transmitted on fascimile(Fax) and then can be printed in the newspaper allover the world.

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Radio and TV broadcasting not only provides thelatest information but also provides entertainment tothe listeners or viewers.

The electronics gadgets like tape recorders,mp3/vcd/dvd players, stereo systems etc. are alsowidely used for entertainment.

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2. Industrial Applications The automatic control circuits (electronics

circuits) are used invariably in the industriesnow-a-days. these are used to control quality,thickness of job, cutting of job, moisture content

in a material, lighting systems, sound systems,automatic door-openers, power systems andsafety devices etc. similarly, there are so manyother operations in the industry which are

automatically controlled by electronic circuits.



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3. Applications in Medical Sciences:

Various electronic machines/equipment are used bythe doctors in diagnosis and treatment of variousdiseases. some of the machines/equipment are:

(i) electron microscope to analyze blood etc.

(ii) x-rays for taking pictures of bone structure.

(iii) electrocardiographs(ECG) to study the condition ofheart.



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(iv) Oscilloscopes are used as the display to monitor

the heartbeats of the patient.

(v) Short-Wave Diathermy units for healing sprainsand fractures etc.

There are so many other electronic instrumentswhich are used by doctors. In fact, the use of

electronics in medical sciences has expanded tosuch an extent that a new branch in medicalsciences has been started called bioelectronics.

Lecture 1TE2008 Diseo Electrnico I ITESM Guadalajara


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4. Digital Electronics

The circuits for digital applications operate with pulsesof voltage or current. a pulse waveform is eithercompletely on or off because of the sudden changes

in amplitude. In between values have no function. allthe digital clocks, counters, calculators, computers etc.are operated by these pulses.



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5. Instrumentation

Electronic instruments like cathode-rayoscilloscope, frequency counter, signalgenerator, pH meters, strain gauges etc. aremuch more accurate than ordinary instruments.

Without these instruments no researchlaboratory is complete.

All round development basically depends uponthese electronic instruments.



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The importance of circuit simulation

A circuit simulator allows the user to create schematic designs in lesstime.

The actual GUIs give a very friendly environment and provide a veryintuitive design environment (the design is a simple as drawing acircuit by hand)

Provide interactive simulation (interactive parts can be changed on fly

They allow the circuit analysis and its plotting in the time domain andsome in the frequency domain as well.

Permit to companies to save large amounts of money beforeprototyping.

Among commercial simulators the most important are: Orcad, Pspice,Potel, Microsim, Electronic Workbench, CircuitMaker, Dr. Spice,Intusoft y CIRCAD among others.



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Homework 1

1. Investigate the following concepts:

a) Digital families MOS (PMOS, NMOS, CMOS)

b) Digital bipolar families (TTL, ECL& I2L)

c) Operational amplifiers

d) BIMOS circuits

e) Microprocessors

2. Describe how microelectronics has evolved in recent years in functionof the number of components per integrated circuit.

3. Write present tendencies about the electronics development and thecoming advances that are expected in the years to come.

lecture 1 - introduction to electronics

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