lecture 1-principles of communication

8/3/2019 Lecture 1-Principles of Communication

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Foundations of Human

CommunicationSource : Devito. J.A. (2005). Human

Communication: The Basic Course .Boston:Allyn and Bacon


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The Benefits of Human Communication

Present yourself in a positive lightBuild interpersonal relationships

Interview effectively Participate in relationships and task groupsInfluence attitudes and behaviors of audiences

Use media critically


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The Forms of Human communication

1. IntrapersonalEach of us communicates internally by listening tothe little voice that lives in your mind.

The way we mentally process information influencesour interaction with others.

Though intrapersonal communication you talk with,learn about, and judge yourself.

You persuade yourself to do something, reason aboutpossible decisions to make, and rehearse messagesthat you plan to send to others.


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2. InterpersonalInteraction between one individual to another.Qualities that characterize interpersonalcommunication arent limited to twosome.

They can be present in threesome or even insmall group.

3. Interviewing Communication that proceeds by question andanswer.


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4. Small Group Through small group communication you interact with others,solve problems, develop new ideas, and share knowledge andexperiences

Example: Two or more members of a group can form a coalition todefend their position against other members, whereas ininterpersonal communication, the members face each other

without support from others.Group members are able to take risk that they would not dareif they were alone


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5. OrganizationalCommunication that takes place within anorganization among members of the organization


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6. Public speakingOne or more members are likely to delivertheir remarks to remaining members, who actas an audience.

A group becomes too large for all

members to contribute. This causes limited feedback.


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7. Mass communication

Messages transmitted to large, widespread

audiences via electronic and print media newspapers, magazines, television


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Purposes of Human Communication

To discover

To relate

To help

To persuade

To play


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What is communication?

Communication occurs when one person (ormore) sends and receives messages that aredistorted by noise, occur within a context, havesome effect, and provide some opportunity for

feedback.


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Communication Context

All communication takes place in a context thathas at least four dimensions: physical, social-psychological, temporal, and cultural.


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1. The physical context The tangible or concrete environment in

which communication takes place-the room.Hallway or park.


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2. The social-psychological context Includes the status relationships among the

participants, the roles that people play, thecultural rules of the society.It also includes the friendliness orunfriendliness, formality or informality, andserious or humorous situation.


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3. The temporal (or time) context Includes the time of the day as well as the time in

history in which the communication takes place.Historical context is how messages on racial,sexual, or religious attitudes and values wouldbe differently framed and responded to indifferent times in history.


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4. The cultural context

The beliefs, values, and ways of behaving thatare shared by a group of people and passeddown from one generation to the next.


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Sources Receivers

Each person involved in communication is botha source (and speaker) and a receiver (or

listener).


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Source Receiver Encoding -Decoding

The act of producing messages for example,

speaking or writing is called encoding.The act of receiving messages for examplelistening or reading is called decoding.Thus, speakers or writers are called encoders,and listeners or readers, decoders.


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Source Receiver Competence

Refers to your knowledge of the social aspects ocommunication (Rubin, 1982, 1985 ; Spitzberg

& Cupach, 1989)


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Messages

You send and receive messages through any oneor any combination of sensory organs.


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Feedback Messages

Messages sent back to the speaker reacting to what is said. Tells the speaker what effect he or she is having on the listener (s).

The art of effective communication is the ability to discern feedback and to adjust messages onthe basis of that feedback.


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Feedback Messages

Positive and Negative feedback

Person-focused message-focusedImmediate-delayedLow-monitored High-monitoredSupportive-critical


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Channels of communication

The channel chosen can influence themessage and its interpretation by the

receiver.Most communicators believe that face-to-face interaction is the best approach for

personal communication.


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Noise

Noise prevents a receiver from getting themessage a source is sending.Noise may be physical (others talking loudly,cars honking) physiological (hearing or visualimpairment, articulation disorders) psychological(preconceived ideas, wandering thoughts). Noiseis any barrier to communication anything thatdistorts the message, anything that prevents thereceiver from receiving the message.


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Ethics

Consists of the rightness or wrongness themorality of a communication transaction.Ethics is integral to every communication

transaction.


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The Elements of Transaction


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The Principles of HumanCommunication

Communication is a package of signalsCommunication is a process of adjustmentCommunication involves content and relationship

dimensionsCommunication is ambiguousCommunication is punctuatedCommunication involves symmetrical andcomplementary Communication is inevitable, irreversible, andUnrepeatable.


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Communication is a package of signals

All parts of a message system normally work together to communicate a particular meaning.


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Communication is a process of adjustment

In reality, no two persons use identical signalssystems, so a process of adjustment is relevantto all forms of communication.

The art of communication is identifying theother persons signals, learning how theyre used,and understanding what they mean


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Communication involves content andrelationship dimensions

The content message refers to the behavioralresponse expected See me after the meeting

The relationship message tells how thecommunication is to be dealt with theemployer can command the worker (statusdifference)


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Communication is ambiguous

Are messages with more than one potential

meaning. At times when you express an idea, you nevercommunicate your meaning exactly .

Sometimes your listener (s) misunderstands youremotional meaning.


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Communication is punctuated

The tendency to divide up the various

communication transactions in sequence of stimuli and responses is referred to aspunctuation of communication (Watzlawick,

Beavin, & Jackson, 1967)


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Communication involves symmetrical andcomplementary

In a symmetrical relationship - two individualsmirror each others behaviour. In complementary relationship two individualsengage in different behaviours.


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Communication is inevitable, irreversible, andUnrepeatable .

Inevitable communication takes place even though

one of the individuals does not think he or she iscommunicating or does not want to communicate.Irreversible - Once you say something, it is irreversible.Unrepeatable You can never recapture the exact samesituation, frame of mind, or relationship dynamics thatdefined a previous communication act.

lecture 1-principles of communication

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