lecture #1 summary
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Lecture #1 Summary. Construction industry has one of the highest accident rates. Very little data on worker health impacts. Difference between following the law and making it a work culture Safety & Health have been secondary project objectives but is gaining importance today. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Lecture #1 SummaryLecture #1 Summary Construction industry has one of the highest accident Construction industry has one of the highest accident
rates. Very little data on worker health impacts.rates. Very little data on worker health impacts.
Difference between Difference between following the lawfollowing the law and making it a and making it a work culturework culture
Safety & Health have been secondary project Safety & Health have been secondary project objectives but is gaining importance today.objectives but is gaining importance today.
Practices vary widely between companies in the Practices vary widely between companies in the same country and across countries same country and across countries
What is an Accident ?What is an Accident ?
An unplanned event ? (which may or may An unplanned event ? (which may or may not result in damage – injury)not result in damage – injury)
• Is a near-miss an accident ?
• Can we “plan” to avoid an “unplanned” event ?
300
29
NO DAMAGE OR NO INJURY
CASES
MAJOR ACCIDENT
MINOR ACCIDENTS
Accident Theories – Accident Theories –
(why do accidents occur & (why do accidents occur & how can they be prevented)how can they be prevented)
Accident PronenessAccident PronenessGoals-Freedom AlertnessGoals-Freedom Alertness
Adjustment-StressAdjustment-StressDistractions TheoryDistractions Theory
Chain of EventsChain of Events
Are some people more accident prone ?Are some people more accident prone ?
Accident Proneness TheoryAccident Proneness Theory
Accident proneness “ A personal idiosyncrasy predisposing the individual who possess it in a marked degree to a relatively high accident rate” [Farmer & Chambers 1929]
“The innate propensity for accidents”
Traits for propensityFatalisticExtrovertedAggressive
Accident Proneness TheoryAccident Proneness Theory
Perception and willingness to take risks - Risk Perception and willingness to take risks - Risk PronenessProneness
Age .vs. Risk PronenessAge .vs. Risk Proneness
Situation .vs. Risk PronenessSituation .vs. Risk Proneness
Only few hypotheses have been validated statisticallyOnly few hypotheses have been validated statistically
How can it be applied to reduce accidents ?How can it be applied to reduce accidents ?
Goal Freedom Alertness Goal Freedom Alertness by Kerrby Kerr
Psychologically rewarding environment Psychologically rewarding environment leads to safe work performanceleads to safe work performance
Well defined goal by Management through worker Well defined goal by Management through worker participationparticipation
Freedom to pursue the goalFreedom to pursue the goal
Results in Alertness to achieve the goalResults in Alertness to achieve the goal
How can it be applied to reduce accidents ?How can it be applied to reduce accidents ?
Adjustment-Stress TheoryAdjustment-Stress TheoryKerrKerr
Diversion/Stress compromises safe Diversion/Stress compromises safe performanceperformance
Complement to earlier 2 theories – GFAComplement to earlier 2 theories – GFA
Diversion –External or InternalDiversion –External or Internal
Adjustment-Stress TheoryAdjustment-Stress Theory Internal StressInternal Stress
Fatigue, Alcohol, AnxietyFatigue, Alcohol, Anxiety
External StressExternal Stress Noise, Illumination, TemperatureNoise, Illumination, Temperature
Generated on Job or OutsideGenerated on Job or Outside
Management Focus to reduce job stress – Management Focus to reduce job stress – cost, time restrictionscost, time restrictions Unsafe environmentUnsafe environment Poor interpersonal relationshipsPoor interpersonal relationships
Mgmt sensitivity to outside job stressesMgmt sensitivity to outside job stresses
Proportion of Accidents ExplainedProportion of Accidents Explained
Goal Freedom Alert35%Accd prone
10%
Adjust Stress55%
Goal Freedom Alert
Accd prone
Adjust Stress
Distractions Theory-InternalDistractions Theory-InternalHinzeHinze
Accident causation theory applied to a Accident causation theory applied to a situation where there is a recognized situation where there is a recognized hazard.hazard.
Focus onFocus on Task (High task achievement)Task (High task achievement) Distraction (Low task achievement)Distraction (Low task achievement)
Are productivity and safety in conflict ?Are productivity and safety in conflict ?
Distractions Theory-Internal
Pro
babi
l ity
of
Inju
ry
Low
High
Low High
Serious H
azard Low Focus
High Focus
Task Achievement
Moderate Hazard
Minor Hazard
Distraction Due to work hazard
Pro
babi
l ity
of
Inju
ry
Low
High
Low High
Standing on stool Low
Focus
High Focus
Task Achievement
Standing on Ladder
Scaffolding
Distractions Theory-Internal
Example- Painter standing on a supportDistraction from the activity
Pro
babi
l ity
of
Inju
ry
Low
High
Low High
Low Focus
High Focus
Task Achievement
Distractions Theory-External(Mental Distractions)
Example- Preoccupation with issues not related to workExternal Distraction Source!! (positive or negative)
Serious DistractionTrivial Distraction
HOW CAN MANAGEMENT APPLY DISTRACTIONS THEORY ?
Chain-of-Events TheoryChain-of-Events Theory
• Accidents are a result of a series of events
• If any event in this series or chain had not occurred the accident might be averted
• Last event is usually caused by the worker - so the worker is usually blamed
• Chain of events is not strictly a theory but a means to prevent/analyze accidents.
Chain-of-Events Theory
Situation:
* Worker falls of 3rd story & is seriously injured * Not wearing safety belt * No rails around perimeter * Worker assumed safety belt is not available * Others were not wearing safety belts * Long form to fill to get belt from store
Who is responsible ?
How could the chain be broken ?
Chain-of-Events Theory
• Basically MANAGEMENT
• Chain of event analysis shows that in most accidents management can somehow break the chain
* Enforce Procedures* Inadequate Facilities* Poor Design or Selection* Poor Attitude* Inadequate Training
* Poor maintenance* Inadequate Planning & Layout* Failure to Recognize hazard* Lack of Comprehension* Inadequate Coordination
UNSAFE ACTS UNSAFE CONDITION
WORKER
PROJECT ORG
INJURY
MANAGEMENT
Summary- Accident TheoriesSummary- Accident Theories
Accident PronenessAccident Proneness
Goals-Freedom AlertnessGoals-Freedom Alertness
Adjustment-StressAdjustment-Stress
Distractions TheoryDistractions Theory
Chain of EventsChain of Events