lecture 1 - what is nano science

8/6/2019 Lecture 1 - What is Nano Science

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"We're not in Kansas Anymore!""We're not in Kansas Anymore!" -- A HandsA Hands--on Introduction to Nanoscienceon Introduction to Nanoscience

What is Nanoscience?What is Nanoscience?

When people talk about Nanoscience, they usually describeWhen people talk about Nanoscience, they usually describethingsthings

Physicists and engineers point to things likenew nanoPhysicistsand engineers pointtothings likenew nano--carbon materials.carbon materials.

GrapheneGraphene

Carbon NanotubeCarbon Nanotube

C60 Buckminster FullereneC60 Buckminster Fullerene


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Biologistscounter thatthey've beenstudying DNA, RNA ... for much longer.Biologistscounter thatthey've beenstudying DNA, RNA ... for much longer.


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Chemists respond thatthey've beensynthesizing molecules for acentury!Chemists respond thatthey've beensynthesizing molecules for acentury!

FirstOLED material: tris 8FirstOLED material: tris 8--hydroxyquinolinealuminumhydroxyquinolinealuminum

Commercial OLED material: PolypyrroleCommercial OLED material: Polypyrrole

Mostheavily investigated molecular electronicswitch: Nitrooligo phenylene ethynyleneMostheavily investigated molecular electronicswitch: Nitrooligo phenylene ethynylene


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These things ARE very smallThese things ARE very small

Indeed, they are all about the sizeof a nanometer:Indeed, they are all about the sizeof a nanometer:

Nano = 10Nano = 10--99 = 1/ 1,000,000,000 = 1 / Billionth= 1/ 1,000,000,000 = 1 / Billionth

A nanometer isaboutthesizeoftenatomsina rowA nanometer isaboutthesizeoftenatomsina row

This leadstoonecommonly used definitionofnanosicence:This leadstoonecommonly used definitionofnanosicence:

Nanoscienceisthestudy ofnanometer sizethings (?)Nanoscienceisthestudy ofnanometer sizethings (?)

Why the question mark? Because whatissospecial aboutananometer?Why the question mark? Because whatissospecial aboutananometer?

A micrometer isalsoawfully small:A micrometer isalsoawfully small:

Micro = 10Micro = 10--66 -- 1/1,000,000 = 1 / Millionth1/1,000,000 = 1 / Millionth

A micrometer (or "micron")is ~ thesizeof light's wavelengthA micrometer (or "micron")is ~ thesizeof light's wavelength


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And microtechnologyhas been rollingalong for almost half a century!And microtechnologyhas been rollingalong for almost half a century!

Microelectronics = Integrated circuits, PC's, iPods, iPhones...Microelectronics = Integrated circuits, PC's, iPods, iPhones...

Intel 4004: The original "computer on a chip"Intel 4004: The original "computer on a chip" -- 1971 (UVAVirtual Lab)1971 (UVAVirtual Lab)

MEMS (MicroMEMS (Micro--electroelectro--mechanicalmechanical--systems):systems):

Airbag accelerometers, microAirbag accelerometers, micro--mirror TVs & projectors...mirror TVs & projectors...

(Source: Texas Instruments DLP demo(Source: Texas Instruments DLP demo-- www.dlp.com/tech/what.aspx)www.dlp.com/tech/what.aspx)


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Indeed,microIndeed,micro--technologyhasgotten smallereveryyeartechnologyhasgotten smallereveryyear

MOORE'S LAW:MOORE'S LAW: The(almostwhimsical) 1965 observation by Intel coThe(almostwhimsical) 1965 observation by Intel co--founderfounder

Gordon Moorethatthetransistor count for integrated circuitsGordon Moorethatthetransistor count for integrated circuitsseemed to be doubling every 18seemed to be doubling every 18--24 months24 months

He wasHe was reallyreally sticking hisneck out:sticking hisneck out: IC'shad only beeninvented 7 years before!IC'shad only beeninvented 7 years before!

(by Texas Instrument's Jack Kilby)(by Texas Instrument's Jack Kilby)

Buthis "law" has been followed for forty years:Buthis "law" has been followed for forty years:

(Source: www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/index.htm)(Source: www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/index.htm)


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Ifmicrotechnologygets smallereveryyear,Ifmicrotechnologygets smallereveryyear,

what's so specialabout nanotechnology?what's so specialabout nanotechnology?

Isn't it just amatteroftime beforemicro shrinks spontaneously into nano?Isn't it just amatteroftime beforemicro shrinks spontaneously into nano?

Isn't nano just an extrapolation ofmicro?Isn't nano just an extrapolation ofmicro?

OrbeingOrbeingreallyreallycynical, doesn't: Nano = Micro + Hype?cynical, doesn't: Nano = Micro + Hype?

NO!NO!

(Although thereIS alot ofhype, smoke and mirrors... associated with nano)(Although thereIS alot ofhype, smoke and mirrors... associated with nano)

Themistake is identifyingnanoscience onlywithTHINGSThemistake is identifyingnanoscience onlywithTHINGS


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Science is NOTjust about collectingTHINGSScience is NOTjust about collectingTHINGS

Scientists DO sometimes collect things,Scientists DO sometimes collect things,

but they do this tolearn aboutPATTERNSbut they do this tolearn aboutPATTERNS

that revealunderlyingPRINCIPLESand LAWSthat revealunderlyingPRINCIPLESand LAWS

The abstracted principles and laws make the scienceThe abstracted principles and laws make the science-- not the collections!not the collections!

(Nanoscience(Nanoscience NanoNano--stampcollecting!)stampcollecting!)

So rephrasing the question that opened this class:So rephrasing the question that opened this class:


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Is there trulysuch a thingas nanoscience?Is there trulysuch a thingas nanoscience? YES!YES!

It involves the wavelength of an electron(where "wavelength" ~ size)It involves the wavelength of an electron(where "wavelength" ~ size)

Outside nanoscience, wegenerallydon't worryabout the size of electrons:Outside nanoscience, wegenerallydon't worryabout the size of electrons:

""Well... theyare just darned small!"Well... theyare just darned small!"

In nanoscience, electron wavelength(orsize) is all importantIn nanoscience, electron wavelength(orsize) is all important

In controls electrical, optical, mechanicaland other propertiesIn controls electrical, optical, mechanicaland other properties

It controls bondingand nanostructureIt controls bondingand nanostructure

This comes fromweird science called "quantummechanics" (or just "QM")This comes fromweird science called "quantummechanics" (or just "QM")

Newton(SirIsaac) was oblivious to QMNewton(SirIsaac) was oblivious to QM -- just as we are in ourdailylivesjust as we are in ourdailylives

MicroelectronicsIS affected byQM, butyoucan often hide these effectsMicroelectronicsIS affected byQM, butyoucan often hide these effects

But inNanoscience, QM affects everything, all the time!But inNanoscience, QM affects everything, all the time!


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Is nanotechnologysimilarlyunique?Is nanotechnologysimilarlyunique? YESYES

"Nanotechnology" is soyoung that the term is almost an oxymoron"Nanotechnology" is soyoung that the term is almost an oxymoron

However, weHAVE learned it willnot be amere extrapolation ofmicrotechnologyHowever, weHAVE learned it willnot be amere extrapolation ofmicrotechnology

And here it is allabout the wavelength ofAnd here it is allabout the wavelength ofLIGHT!LIGHT!

Microfabrication dependson photographic processesMicrofabrication dependson photographic processes

Thesecannot bescaled down below the wavelengthof lightThesecannot bescaled down below the wavelengthof light

This meansnanotechnology mustinventnew fabricationtechniquesThis meansnanotechnology mustinventnew fabricationtechniques

Mostofthese fall intothecategory of:Mostofthese fall intothecategory of:

SELFSELF--ASSEMBLYASSEMBLY


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Uniqueness + Weirdnessledus to subtitle this class:Uniqueness + Weirdnessledus to subtitle this class:

"We're not in Kansas anymore!""We're not in Kansas anymore!"ThisThiswaswas intended torecallDorothy's chagrinwhen the familiar andcomfortableintended torecallDorothy's chagrinwhen the familiar andcomfortable

experiences of hernative Kansaswerereplacedby the strangeness of Ozexperiences of hernative Kansaswerereplacedby the strangeness of Oz

ThiswasNOT intendedtodisparage KansasThiswasNOT intendedtodisparage Kansas

(As I was compelled to explainwhen I receiveda telephone call from the office of the junior(As I was compelled to explainwhen I receiveda telephone call from the office of the juniorU.S. Senator from Kansas questioning myuse of this subtitle in theNationalScienceU.S. Senator from Kansas questioning myuse of this subtitle in theNationalScience

Foundation proposal thatled to this class)Foundation proposal thatled to this class)

This classThis class shouldshould induce inyoudisorientation similar to Dorothy'sinduce inyoudisorientation similar to Dorothy's

Because, paraphrasing Neils Bohr:Because, paraphrasing Neils Bohr:"Anyonewhodoes not have a headache after"Anyonewhodoes not have a headache aftertheir first encounterwith quantummechanics clearlyhas notunderstooda thing!"their first encounterwith quantummechanics clearlyhas notunderstooda thing!"


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Weirdscience + myriadassembly techniquesWeirdscience + myriadassembly techniques

Nanoscience includesHUGE range ofscientificdisciplinesNanoscience includesHUGE range ofscientificdisciplines

Doubt that ANYONE hasmasteryofthe wholefield!Doubt that ANYONE hasmasteryofthe wholefield!

Means nanoscientistsMeans nanoscientists alwaysalways have somethingnew andexciting tolearnhave somethingnew andexciting tolearn

So torecap, where are we?So torecap, where are we?

NanoNanosciencescienceIS fundamentallydifferentIS fundamentallydifferent

But thisdependsupon some craziness about the wavelength ofBut thisdependsupon some craziness about the wavelength ofelectrons which has not been explainedelectrons which has not been explained

NanoNanotechnologytechnologyIS alsofundamentallydifferentIS alsofundamentallydifferent

But thedifference is connectedwith the wavelength oflightBut thedifference is connectedwith the wavelength oflightwhich has also not beenfully explainedwhich has also not beenfully explained


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Andsowhere arewegoing in this class?Andsowhere arewegoing in this class?

Acommon theme iswavelength, so:Acommon theme iswavelength, so:

1) In the next classwewillstart by studyingwaves1) In the next classwewillstart by studyingwaves

OfALL typesOfALL types-- includingnice friendly waterwaves andlightwavesincludingnice friendly waterwaves andlightwaves

2) We'll then tackle oursquirreliest topic: Electronwaves & quantummechanics2) We'll then tackle oursquirreliest topic: Electronwaves & quantummechanics

Butwe'lldo thismostly basedonwhatwelearn aboutwaves andsomeButwe'lldo thismostly basedonwhatwelearn aboutwaves andsome

history ofwhy scientists became convincedelectronswere truly wavelikehistory ofwhy scientists became convincedelectronswere truly wavelike

3) We'll thenlearn a bit aboutmicrofabrication & microelectronics3) We'll thenlearn a bit aboutmicrofabrication & microelectronics

Andwhy,despite MOORE'S LAW, they cannot be extrapolated to nano sizesAndwhy,despite MOORE'S LAW, they cannot be extrapolated to nano sizes


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We'llthendiscuss Microfabrication'sreplacement: NanoscaleSelfWe'llthendiscuss Microfabrication'sreplacement: NanoscaleSelf--AssemblyAssembly

4) We'llexplain the needforself4) We'llexplain the needforself--assemblybyshowing how manynanoassemblybyshowing how manynano

techniques that work in thelab are hopelessly impractical on thetechniques that work in thelab are hopelessly impractical on theproductionproductionline.line.

5) This willlead todescriptions ofthe earliestforms ofself5) This willlead todescriptions ofthe earliestforms ofself--assemblythatassemblythatman tamed(such as crystal growth andassociatedphenomena).man tamed(such as crystal growth andassociatedphenomena).

Andprogress to themaster ofselfAndprogress to themaster ofself--assembly: MotherNatureassembly: MotherNature

Orwhat a billionyears ofrandomexperimentationproduced, including:Orwhat a billionyears ofrandomexperimentationproduced, including:

6)Apeek at organic chemistryand the incredible things that can happen6)Apeek at organic chemistryand the incredible things that can happenin a beaker(or in the campfires ofcavemen)in a beaker(or in the campfires ofcavemen)

7)Adescription ofDNAand the incredible things that can happen within7)Adescription ofDNAand the incredible things that can happen withina cell(ora cell(orwithin a gene synthesizer)within a gene synthesizer)


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Inparallelwith these classes, in thelab youwillbelearningalot about theInparallelwith these classes, in thelab youwillbelearningalot about theinstrumentationused in nanoscience.instrumentationused in nanoscience.

But togain awiderview:But togain awiderview:

8)We'll take atleast one class todiscuss howyousee andmeasure at8)We'll take atleast one class todiscuss howyousee andmeasure atthe nanoscalethe nanoscale

9) To be followedbya couple of classesdescribinganddemonstrating9) To be followedbya couple of classesdescribinganddemonstratingnanoscienceresearch here at the Universityof Virginiananoscienceresearch here at the Universityof Virginia

(i.e.what isgoingon in ourbasements thatyouprobablydon't knowabout but(i.e.what isgoingon in ourbasements thatyouprobablydon't knowabout but

shouldknowaboutshouldknowabout -- andcouldget involvedwith!)andcouldget involvedwith!)

10) Anda couple of classeswhere YOU willreport on nanoscience and10) Anda couple of classeswhere YOU willreport on nanoscience andtechnology(presentday orpredicted) that has caughtyourattentiontechnology(presentday orpredicted) that has caughtyourattention


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Andfinally toput nanoscience andnanotechnology inperspectivewe'lldiscuss:Andfinally toput nanoscience andnanotechnology inperspectivewe'lldiscuss:

11) The sciencefiction ofnanoscience andnanotechnology, versus:11) The sciencefiction ofnanoscience andnanotechnology, versus:

12) Thelegitimatefears and ethicalchallengesraised bynanoscience12) Thelegitimatefears and ethicalchallengesraised bynanoscienceandnanotechnologyandnanotechnology


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What about thelabs andhomework?What about thelabs andhomework?

Thisis aworkin progress(subject tochange) but tentative plansinclude:Thisis aworkin progress(subject tochange) but tentative plansinclude:

LABS ON:LABS ON:

-- Waves("slinky" and"snakey" springs)Waves("slinky" and"snakey" springs)

--Anintroduction to the scanning tunneling microscope(STM)Anintroduction to the scanning tunneling microscope(STM)

-- Using STM to seeindividualatoms on the surface of graphiteUsing STM to seeindividualatoms on the surface of graphite

--Anintroduction to the atomic forcemicroscope(AFM)Anintroduction to the atomic forcemicroscope(AFM)

-- Using the AFM tomeasuremicro samples such as CDs andDVDsUsing the AFM tomeasuremicro samples such as CDs andDVDs

--AFM of nearAFM of near--nanoscaleintegratedcircuit testchips for Micron Technologiesnanoscaleintegratedcircuit testchips for Micron Technologies


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(Labs, continued)(Labs, continued)

--AFM or STM of X, where X =AFM or STM of X, where X = NanotubesNanotubes

C60 Buckminster FullereneC60 Buckminster Fullerene

Atomic steps on the surface of goldAtomic steps on the surface of gold

Islands ofGe on SiIslands ofGe on Si

Ridges createdby crystalline flaws inGe on SiRidges createdby crystalline flaws inGe on Si

Etchedand fractured surfaces of crystalsEtchedand fractured surfaces of crystals

And(if we can make sure it will workAnd(if we can make sure it will work -- within a couple ofhours):within a couple ofhours):

-- Seededgrowth of nanotubes on Si followedby AFM or STM analysisSeededgrowth of nanotubes on Si followedby AFM or STM analysis

--AuQAuQ--dots: AFM analysis of size vs. spectrographic colordots: AFM analysis of size vs. spectrographic color


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Supportedbyhomeworkassignments including:Supportedbyhomeworkassignments including:

-- DoDo--itit--yourselfmodels ofgraphene, nanotubes andBuckyballsyourselfmodels ofgraphene, nanotubes andBuckyballs

-- DoDo--itit--yourselfmodels of DNAyourselfmodels of DNA

-- Studyof "UVA VirtualLab" virtualrealityrecreations of ourStudyof "UVA VirtualLab" virtualrealityrecreations of our

ScanningelectronmicroscopeScanningelectronmicroscope

ScanningtunnelingmicroscopeScanningtunnelingmicroscope

Atomic forcemicroscopeAtomic forcemicroscope

-- Nano science fiction includingMichaelCrichton's novel"Prey"Nano science fiction includingMichaelCrichton's novel"Prey"

-- Newspapers andmagazine articles on concernsraisedabout nanotechnologyNewspapers andmagazine articles on concernsraisedabout nanotechnology

-- Readingsyou identifyon favorite topics / concernsReadingsyou identifyon favorite topics / concerns


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Credits / AcknowledgementsCredits / Acknowledgements

Funding for this classwas obtained from theNationalScience Foundation(undertheirFunding for this classwas obtained from theNationalScience Foundation(undertheir

Nanoscience Undergraduate Education program)and from the University of Virginia.Nanoscience Undergraduate Education program)and from the University of Virginia.

At the University of Virginia, the classdevelopment team isledby JohnC. BeanandKeithAt the University of Virginia, the classdevelopment team isledby JohnC. BeanandKeithWilliams(who serveas principalclass instructors inalternatingsemesters), with input fromWilliams(who serveas principalclass instructors inalternatingsemesters), with input fromLloydHarriott, AvikGhoshandNathan Swami.LloydHarriott, AvikGhoshandNathan Swami.

This set of noteswasauthoredby JohnC. Beanwhoalso createdall figures not explicitlyThis set of noteswasauthoredby JohnC. Beanwhoalso createdall figures not explicitlycreditedabove.creditedabove.

Many of those figures(andmuch of thematerial to be used for this class)aredrawn fromMany of those figures(andmuch of thematerial to be used for this class)aredrawn fromthe "UVAVirtual Lab" (the "UVAVirtual Lab" (www.virlab.virginia.eduwww.virlab.virginia.edu)websitedevelopedunderearlierNSF grants.)websitedevelopedunderearlierNSF grants.

Copyright JohnC. Bean(2007)Copyright JohnC. Bean(2007)

(However, permission isgranted for use by individual instructors in non(However, permission isgranted for use by individual instructors in non--profitacademic institutions)profitacademic institutions)

lecture 1 - what is nano science

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