lecture 1&2 benefits & motivation for nuc energy

8/19/2019 Lecture 1&2 Benefits & Motivation for Nuc Energy

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MOTIVATION ANDBENEFITS OF NUCLEAR

ENERGY


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SOURCES OF ENERGY

• Thermal - using Coal /Oil/natural gas

• Hydro - using the stored potential energy of water

• Nuclear - Using the fission energy of Uranium and Plutonium

• Renewa les- !olar" #ind" Tidal" $eothermal" iomass

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HYDRO POWER PLANT


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• The exploit tio! o" !e# $o%&'e$ o" e!e&() h $*ee! 'e!t& l to h%+ ! p&o(&e$$ "&o+ the e &l)Sto!e (e to to, )-$ te'h!olo(i' l #o&l, to "%l.llthe !ee, "o& $%&/i/ l0 The .&$t $tep # $ le &!i!(to + 1e .&e !, the! to 'o!t&ol .&e #ith #oo,o& othe& *io+ $$ $ the "%el0 Thi$ # $ "ollo#e,

*) h &!e$$i!( #i!, "o& $hip$ !, #i!,+ill$ the%$e o" &i/e& # te& "o& po#e& (e!e& tio! !,+%'h l te& the exploit tio! o" 'he+i' l e!e&()"&o+ the *%&!i!( o" 'o l oil !, ! t%& l ( $0

N%'le & e!e&() #hi'h .&$t e+e&(e, i! the+i,,le o" the 23th 'e!t%&) i$ the l te$t e!e&()$o%&'e to *e %$e, o! l &(e $' le0


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• Mo$t ele't&i'it) i$ !o# *ei!((e!e& te, *) the 'o+*%$tio! o""o$$il "%el$0 Wo&l, (e!e& tio! i!2334 # $ &o%(hl) t#o5thi&,$ "&o+"o$$il "%el$ !, o!e5$ixth e 'h"&o+ h),&oele't&i' !, !%'le &po#e&0 The ele't&i'it) (e!e& te,*) &e!e# *le $o%&'e$ othe& th !h),&oele't&i' po#e& i$ !ot l# )$&eli *l) &epo&te, *e' %$e it i$ i!l &(e +e $%&e p&o,%'e, *)e!titie$ othe& th ! %tilitie$ !, the

''o%!ti!( i$ !ot $ &eli *le $ "o&%tilit) (e!e& tio!0 The$e $o%&'e$i!'l%,e *io+ $$ e!e&() 6#oo,

!, # $te$7 (eothe&+ l e!e&()#i!, e!e&() !, ,i&e't "o&+$ o"$ol & (e!e& tio!0


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• A " 't th t h $ (o!e %!!oti'e, i$ the &ele $e o"& ,io 'ti/it) "&o+ 'o l .&e, po#e& pl !t$0 Co l +i!e,

"&o+ %!,e& the (&o%!, ,oe$ 'o!t i! t& 'e$ o" %& !i%+!, tho&i%+0 Fo& l &(e !%+*e& o" 'o l $ +ple$''o&,i!( to U0S0 E!/i&o!+e!t l P&ote'tio! A(e!')

.(%&e$ &ele $e, i! 489: /e& (e / l%e$ o" %& !i%+!, tho&i%+ 'o!te!t h /e *ee! ,ete&+i!e, to *e 40;

pp+ !, ;02 pp+ &e$pe'ti/el)0 A$ the 'o l *%&!$ the%& !i%+ !, tho&i%+ p &ti'le$ (et o%t lo!( #ith the


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• Fo& 'o+p &i$o! ''o&,i!( to N tio! l Co%!'il o!R ,i tio! P&ote'tio! !, Me $%&e+e!t$ 6NCRP7&epo&t$ pop%l tio! expo$%&e "&o+ ope& tio! o" 43335MWe !%'le & !, 'o l5.&e, po#e& pl !t$ +o%!t$ to

:83 + !5&e+=)e & "o& 'o l pl !t$ !, :09 + !5&e+=)e & "o& !%'le & pl !t$0 Th%$ the pop%l tio!e>e'ti/e ,o$e e?%i/ le!t "&o+ 'o l pl !t$ i$ 433 ti+e$th t "&o+ !%'le & pl !t$0 Fo& the 'o+plete !%'le & "%el')'le "&o+ +i!i!( to &e 'to& ope& tio! to # $te,i$po$ l the & ,i tio! ,o$e i$ 'ite, $ 4;@ + !5&e+=)e & the e?%i/ le!t ,o$e "o& 'o l %$e "&o++i!i!( to po#e& pl !t ope& tio! to # $te ,i$po$ l i$!ot ,o'%+e!te,0


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• Production of Carbon Dioxide• • I" the E &th h , !o t+o$phe&e it$ /e& (e $%&" 'e

te+pe& t%&e #o%l, *e *o%t 49 C0 The E &th i$ 1ept t it$&el ti/el) # &+ te+pe& t%&e *) +ole'%le$ i! the t+o$phe&ei!'l%,i!( # te& +ole'%le$ !, ' &*o! ,ioxi,e +ole'%le$ th t

*$o&* $o+e o" the i!"& &e, & ,i tio! e+itte, *) the E &th !,p&e/e!t it$ e$' pe "&o+ the E &th-$ e!/i&o!+e!t0 Thi$ i$ the

! t%& l (&ee!ho%$e e>e't0 Si!'e the *e(i!!i!( o" thei!,%$t&i l e& ,,itio! l ( $e$ h /e *ee! e+itte, i!to the

t+o$phe&e p &ti'%l &l) ' &*o! ,ioxi,e 6CO27 #hi'h ,,$ tothi$ *$o&ptio! !, &e *elie/e, to "%&the& i!'&e $e the E &th-$te+pe& t%&e0 Thi$ i!'&e+e!t i$ &e"e&&e, to $ the

!th&opo(e!i' (&ee!ho%$e e>e't0 W &!i!($ *o%t the e>e't$o" CO2 e+i$$io!$ , te to the 48th 'e!t%&) *%t the) h /e*e'o+e + tte& o" #i,e$p&e , 'o!'e&! o!l) $i!'e the 48 3$0

The !ti'ip te, 'o!$e?%e!'e$ &e ,e$'&i*e, $ (lo* l# &+i!( o& +o&e *&o ,l) $ (lo* l 'li+ te 'h !(e0


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EFFECT OF GREENHOUSE GASES

• A! i!'&e $e i! (lo* l /e& (e te+pe& t%&e o! the E &th-$$%&" 'e o" 40: C to 09 C 620 430: F70 A*o%t o!e5h l" o"thi$ &i$e i$ !ti'ip te, to t 1e pl 'e *) 23 30

• I!'&e $e, /e& (e (lo* l p&e'ipit tio!0• A &i$e i! the /e& (e $e le/el ,%e to the +elti!( o"

(l 'ie&$ !, the the&+ l exp !$io! o" the o'e !$ i! the*&o , i!te&/ l o" 8 99 '+0• I!'&e $e, "&e?%e!') !, i!te!$it) o" ext&e+e e/e!t$

i!'l%,i!( +o&e hot , )$ he t # /e$ he /) p&e'ipit tio!e/e!t$ !, "e#e& 'ol, , )$ #ith po$$i*l) i!'&e $e,

&i$1$ o"


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CARBON FOOT PRINT FROM DIFFERENT ENERGY SOURCES

!ource CO % &mission'g/(#h) !ource CO % &mission'g/(#h )

Coal *++ #ind ,

Oil .++ !olar Photo oltaic 0+-%++

$as 0 + Concentrating !olar +-*+

Nuclear , $eothermal %+-10+

Hydro 0 -%++ 2iomass 3 -4

4;


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###0thel !'et0'o+ Vol ; 3Septe+*e& 4 233

• Key messages• J A''e$$ to ele't&i'it) i$ p&e5&e?%i$ite "o& the 'hie/e+e!t o" he lth !, l '1 o"

''e$$ to it &e+ i!$ o!e o" the p&i!'ip l * &&ie&$ to the "%l.l+e!t o" h%+ ! pote!ti l !, #ell*ei!(

• J Ho#e/e& ele't&i'it) (e!e& tio! "&o+ "o$$il "%el &e$o%&'e$ o" #hi'h 'o%l, $%$t i!thei& 'o!ti!%e, ,o+i! !t &ole i! ele't&i'it) p&o,%'tio! #ell *e)o!, thi$ 'e!t%&) i$

l$o ' %$e o" $%*$t !ti l ,/e&$e he lth *%&,e!$• A! ''ele& te, $#it'h to &e!e# *le $o%&'e$ h $ the pote!ti l to ,eli/e&

pp&e'i *le he lth *e!e.t$ tho%(h + Ko& $#it'h #ill po$e 6$%pe& *le7 'h lle!(e$p &ti'%l &l) i! &el tio! to the i!te&+itte!') o" &e!e# *le p&o,%'tio! l !, %$e&e?%i&e+e!t$ !, 'o$t

• J The ,e+ !, "o& / l% *le (&i'%lt%& l l !, #ill li+it the &ole o" "%el '&op$ i! "%t%&eele't&i'it) p&o,%'tio! i! E%&ope *%t the pote!ti l 'o!t&i*%tio! o" $%'h '&op$ i$

(&e te& i! &e(io!$ #he&e '&op$ #ith hi(he& e!e&() )iel,$ pe& he't &e ' ! *e (&o#!• J N%'le & po#e& h $ o!e o" the lo#e$t le/el$ o" (&ee!ho%$e5( $ e+i$$io!$ pe& %!itpo#e& p&o,%'tio! !, o!e o" the $+ lle$t le/el$ o" ,i&e't he lth e>e't$ )et the&e

&e %!,e&$t !, *le "e &$ *o%t !%'le & ''i,e!t$ #e po!$ %$e$ o" .$$io! *le+ te&i l !, $to& (e o" # $te !o!ethele$$ it #o%l, ,, $%*$t !ti l "%&the&* &&ie& to the 'hie/e+e!t o" %&(e!t &e,%'tio!$ i! (&ee!ho%$e ( $e$ i" the '%&&e!t4 pe&'e!t o" #o&l, ele't&i'it) (e!e& tio! "&o+ !%'le & po#e& #e&e llo#e, to

,e'li!e


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• Renewable sources. Mo$t o" the$e $o%&'e$i!'l%,i!( h),&oele't&i' po#e& #i!, po#e& ,i&e't$ol & he ti!( photo/olt i' po#e& !, *io+ $$,e&i/e thei& e!e&() %lti+ tel) "&o+ the S%! !,#ill !ot *e exh %$te, ,%&i!( the !ext *illio!)e &$0 Geothe&+ l e!e&() !, ti, l e!e&() &e

l$o &e!e# *le i! thi$ $e!$e ltho%(h the) ,o!ot &el) o! the $%!0 The exp !$io! o"h),&oele't&i' po#e& 6#hi'h i$ $%*$t !ti ll) %$e,7i$ 'o!$t&i'te, *) li+ite, $ite$ !, e!/i&o!+e!t l

o*Ke'tio!$ #he&e $ #i!, 6"o& #hi'h the &e$o%&'ei$ l &(e7 i$ $ )et le$$ %$e, !, th%$ i$ !ot "%ll)p&o/e! $ l &(e5$' le 'o!t&i*%to&0


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Geo The&+ l E!e&()• Wh t i$ the + i! #o&1i!( p&i!'iple o" (eothe&+ l e!e&() Withi! the E &th $ 'o&e

$o+e#he&e &o%!, :333 +ile$ *elo# the $%&" 'e te+pe& t%&e$ ' ! &e 'h o/e& 8333,e(&ee$ F h&e!heit0 Thi$ e!o&+o%$ +o%!t o" he t o&i(i! te, "o%& *illio! )e &$ (o i! .e&) 'o+*%$tio! o" ,%$t !, ( $ i! ti+e #he! o%& pl !et # $ '&e te,0 It i$ the& ,io 'ti/e ,e' ) o" the i!!e& 'o&e th t 1eep$ the he t (e!e& ti!( !,


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• The&e i$ 'o!$i,e& *le ,i$ (&ee+e!t to, ) o! *oth thei++e,i te !, %lti+ te pote!ti l o" $ol & e!e&()0 O!e

/ie# i$ th t it i$ !ot po$$i*le to o*t i! ,e?% te+o%!t$ o" e!e&() "&o+ &e!e# *le $o%&'e$ eithe& !o#

o& i! the p&e,i't *le "%t%&e0 A! oppo$i!( /ie# hol,$ th t 'o+*i! tio! o" &e!e# *le !, 'o!$e&/ tio! 'o%l, i!

+ tte& o" ,e' ,e$ + 1e "o$$il "%el$ !, !%'le & e!e&()%!!e'e$$ &)0 L '1i!( 'o!.,e!'e th t &e!e# *le e!e&()

lo!e #ill $% 'e to &epl 'e "o$$il "%el$ the U0S0(o/e&!+e!t h $ ,opte, poli') i! &e'e!t )e &$ o"1eepi!( the !%'le & optio! li/e #itho%t + Ko&i!/e$t+e!t i! "o$te&i!( it$ (&o#th0 Ho#e/e& $%*$e?%e!tto 2343 the&e i$ !%'le & &e! i$$ !'e i! /ie# o" thee!e&() ,e+ !, !, *%,(et llo' tio!$ to &e$e &'h i!the !%'le & &e! &e o! the i!'&e $e0


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ROLE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY• the (& ,% l &epl 'e+e!t o" p&e$e!t 'o l5.&e, po#e& pl !t$ *)

!%'le & pl !t$0 Both 'o l !, !%'le & pl !t$ &e %$e, p&i+ &il) "o&* $e lo , (e!e& tio! thei& &ole$ &e i!te&'h !(e *le0

• the %$e o" !%'le & po#e& & the& th ! ! t%& l ( $ #he! !e#' p 'it) i$ !ee,e,0 Thi$ #o%l, "&ee ! t%& l ( $ to &epl 'e oil o& 'o li! he ti!( !, othe& ppli' tio!$0

• the &epl 'e+e!t o" pet&ole%+ i! t& !$po&t tio!0 A$ l&e ,),i$'%$$e, i! the 'o!text o" &e$o%&'e$ thi$ 'h !(e i$ +o&e ,i '%ltto i+ple+e!t0 Loo1i!( he , $e/e& l ,e' ,e$ !%'le & e!e&() 'o%l,'o!t&i*%te *) p&o/i,i!( po#e& "o& ele't&i' /ehi'le$ h),&o(e!

p&o,%'tio! !, ele't&i.e, + $$ t& !$po&t tio!0

• the &epl 'e+e!t o" "o$$il "%el$ *) ele't&i'it) "o& he ti!(0 I!i!,%$t&) ele't&i' he ti!( ' ! *e pplie, t the ,e$i&e, lo' tio! !,ti+e #ith %!i?%e p&e'i$io!0 I! ho+e$ !, 'o++e&'i l *%il,i!($e 'ie!t %$e o" ele't&i'it) ' ! *e 'hie/e, #ith he t p%+p$ o&

'o!t&olle, o!e he ti!( ltho%(h !ot #ith ele't&i' 'e!t& l "%&! 'e


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NUCLEAR PROCESS HEAT FOR INDUSTRY-1

• desalination"

• synthetic and uncon entional oil production"

• oil refining"

• iomass ased ethanol production

• hydrogen production in the future

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NUCLEAR PROCESS HEAT FOR INDUSTRY- 2

•Nitrogen fertili5ers are made using the Ha er process" com ining a undant

atmospheric nitrogen with hydrogen6 The resulting ammonia is then o7idised to nitrates6

•2ut the hydrogen has to e made from fossil fuels" mainly methane" i6e6 natural gas6

This is costly and it gi es rise to su stantial car on dio7ide emissions " each tonne of

hydrogen gi es rise to 11 tonnes of CO%6

•8f the hydrogen can e made simply from water" the CO% is a oided6 Nuclear power can

produce hydrogen y electrolysis" particularly high-temperature electrolysis6

•HTR-1+ Nuclear Pro9ect in China %:% + ;#t units". + +C

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Radiology

•Use of radiation in medical diagnosis and treatment is one of the largest applications6 <

chest 7 ray is used to loo( at the chest" ri s" lungs" and heart6 2arium enema is

performed y putting arium into the large intestine so it can e seen on 7 rays6

•;ammography used to loo( for or diagnose reast cancer or other reast disease6

•Computeri5ed tomography 'CT) imaging is a techni=ue using > rays and computer

processing to generate two-dimensional pictures of the inside of the ody6 8n cardiology"

the most common >-ray e7am is the angiogram6

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Nu l!a" #!di i$!

•Nuclear medicine administration intra enously a su stance that is radioacti e we

can actually determine if organs in the ody are functioning li(e they should e6

•2rachytherapy- small metal implants with radioacti e inside the ody in or near a

cancerous tumor6 The implant e7poses tumor to a constant stream of radiation 6

• < gamma stereotactic radio-surgery unit ' gamma (nife) deli ers high doses of

radiation to diseased areas within the head and nec(6 Used to treat or reduce the

effects of tumors" lood essel defects" motor issues 'li(e face tics)" epilepsy" and

Par(inson?s disease6

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SECURITY DE%ICES

• Ca inet > ray systems for security6 @ound primarily at airports 'the de ices that

carry-on ags are sent through for >-ray e7amination)"6 Use a low-dose"

continuous >-ray eam" which is also referred to as fluoroscopy6

• &lectron- eam machine" gi es high doses of radiation to mail that might contain

some dangerous iological su stance 'li(e anthra7)6 2ecause iological agents

will only e (illed y a high dose6

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FOOD IRRADIATION

•@ood irradiation -to destroy food- orne acteria and parasites and e7tend the shelf life of

some foods6 use radiation-emitting de ices e7pose food products to a $amma radiation6

@ood irradiation is the last step efore pac(aged food is sent to the retail mar(et6 Poultry

and meat are irradiated in retail pac(aging" eliminating many additional steps" reduces the

num er of acteria y up to 1+ million times" irradiation does not ma(e food radioacti e nor

does it create odd or harmful chemicals in food6 8rradiation is a process that does not affect

the nutritional alue of our food and would e ery similar to coo(ing" free5ing" canning"

etc6

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COMMERCIAL FOOD IRRADIATION

• @rance" The Netherlands" !outh


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INDUSTRIAL USES

•Gaugi$g D!&i !' B The use of radiation to gauge certain acti ities -can monitor the flow

of li=uids can measure and control the thic(ness of metals" films" paper" and plastic and

can monitor material density determine the content of materials as in the case of a

moisture-density gauge contain radioacti e materials that are gamma-ray

or neutron emitters6

•(!ll Loggi$g B to assist in determining whether a drilled well has certain roc(s or minerals"

oil" gas" or other su stances uses sealed sources that emit gamma rays or neutrons6 The

depth of penetration of these radiations is an indication of the type of material6

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S)!"ili,a)io$

• !ome radiation de ices are used to sterili5e consumer products6 The de ices

used to do this are called irradiators and generally contain a gamma-

emitting sealed source or sources6 These de ices emit ery high amounts of

radiation and re=uire significant shielding6 Commonly sterili5ed items include

supplies used in hospitals and some food items6


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EN%IRONMENTAL APPLICATION

• !ince the disco ery of high energy radiation more than one hundred years

ago" radiation?s a ility to modify physicochemical properties of materials has

found many applications6 The use of radiation technology applying gamma

sources and electron accelerators for the treatment of materials is well

esta lished6 #orldwide" there are o er %++ industrial gamma irradiators and

13++ industrial electron accelerators in use for applications such as the

sterili5ation of medical instruments" food irradiation and polymer processing6

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FLUE GAS TREATMENT

• &lectron eam technology for flue gas treatment was de eloped in Dapan in the

early 1*.+s6 The process was later used at pilot scale plants in $ermany" Dapan"

the Repu lic of Eorea and the United !tates of


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(ASTE(ATER TREATMENT

• Radiation processing of wastewater is non-chemical and ma(es use of the rapid

formation of short li ed reacti e particles that can interact with a wide range of

pollutants6 !uch reacti e radicals are strong o7idi5ing or reducing agents that

can transform the pollutants in li=uid wastes6 8n aegu" the Repu lic of Eorea" a

pilot scale plant e=uipped with an electron eam accelerator was constructed to

treat 1+++ m 3 of te7tile dyeing wastewater per day6 8ts successful operation led

to the construction of an industrial scale plant for treating 1+ +++ m 3 /d on the

same site6

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SE(AGE TREATMENT

•!ewage is water orne waste from domestic premises and industry6 8t carries human

waste" and is a source of arious human pathogens6 Primary treatment remo es the

hea iest of the solid materials the secondary stage includes the acti ated sludge

and tric(ling filter processes6 This sludge is a rich source of many micronutrients

and a alua le source of fi7ed nitrogen" ma(ing it a alua le fertili5er6 The presence

of pathogenic micro organisms in the sewage sludge is of concern regarding its use

in agricultural applications6 Heat and lime treatment are commonly used for

processing6 8rradiation is a promising technology for sludge treatment and has een

appro ed y the U! &n ironmental Protection


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%ADODARA PLANT INDIA

• < plant for li=uid sludge treatment using gamma radiation from a ,+ Co gamma

source has een in operation in Aadodara" 8ndia" since 1**%6 The plant is

designed to treat 11+ m 3 of sludge from a con entional treatment plant per day6

The plant?s operational e7perience has shown that the process is simple" effecti e

and easy to integrate into an e7isting sewage treatment plant" and that the

radiation treated sludge can e used as a fertili5er in agriculture6 The two artificial

radioisotopes ,+ Co and 13. Cs are widely used as gamma radiation sources6

Co alt-,+ is produced y irradiating the sta le isotope of co alt ' *Co)" while 13. Cs

is separated from spent reactor fuel6

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RIS. PERCEPTION

•#e Iaccept? ha5ards of technologies when they ha e a enefit which is percei ed to

offset the ris(6 Jou may go s(y-di ing ecause you elie e the uni=ue thrill is worth the

ris(6 Jou accept the ha5ards of electrical shoc( for the con enience of using electric

lights" etc6

•8f you li e in a city" you cannot really choose to accept or re9ect ris(s such asB eing hit

y a car 'e en if you choose not to dri e one) reathing polluted air or getting mugged6

• Once we ha e decided to employ a technology" the 9o at hand is to minimi5e the ris("

minimi5e the cost" and ma7imi5e the enefit6

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STORY OF THE LADY AND TIGER

• < (ing offered a challenge to three young men6 &ach would e put in a room with

two doors and could open oth6 8f he opened one" a hungry tiger would come and

tear him to pieces6 8f he opened the other" a young lady would come out6

•The first young man refused the challenge6 He li ed safe and died chaste6

•The second young man collected data on lady and tiger populations" used

sophisticated e=uipment to listen for growling" this too( time" The man" now no

longer so young" egan to worry6 He opened the optimal door and was eaten y a

low pro a ility tiger6

•The third young man too( a course in tiger taming 6

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THE MORAL OF THE STORY

• The young men represent us all" the tiger the ha5ard of industry and the lady the

enefit industry rings to humanity6 Ki(e the first young man" society can lea e the

game6 #e can manage without nuclear power and the enefits they ring" and

the ris( they carry6

• Ki(e the second young man" we can try to assess the ris(s and open the safest

door" ut we can ne er e completely sure that our assessments are correct and

that an accident will not occur6 #hen possi le" we should try" li(e the third young

man" to change the wor( situation and to choose designs or methods of wor(ing

that minimi5e the ha5ard6L

lecture 1&2 benefits & motivation for nuc energy

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