Lecture 13: American Unilateralism & the Bush Doctrinesssssss

5th March 2003 (Wednesday)

Session T1 this week:

Room 2303

Revision: Unilateralism and Multilateralism

Multilateralism A state idea to push for proliferation of different power

s of the world, together with the roughly equal importance of the multi-poles

e.g. Anti-Terror Coalition Unilateralism

A state idea to push for dominance of one power of the world, as well as its ability to act against other states

e.g. The Bush Doctrine

Structure of Lecture 13: American Unilateralism Before 911 Bush Doctrine: Basic (Sept 2001) American Unilateralism after 911

Formation of the Axis of Evil Bush Doctrine: Turbo (June 2002)

The Pre-emptive Doctrine Conclusion: Reassessing the Iraqi Crisis

PART IAmerican Unilateralism

Before 911

2000: The Greatest Division of American Foreign Policy

Bill Clinton: The Policy of Reconciliation

Presidential Election of 2000:the greatest policy change of America by a presidential election since Franklin Roosevelt (1932)

George W bush before 911: A Representative of Simple and Naïve Cowboys Arrogant but Afraid-to-die Eagles

Model of Bush: the Second Reagan Administration (1985-8)

Bush’s “Cow-boyism” Before 911

Rejection of Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (for the National Missile Defense System, NMDS/ Star War II)

Opposition to United Nations’ Strengthening of Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention

Withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change

…

http://unfccc.int/resource/process/components/response/respkp.html

Retreat from Clintonistic Dialogues

Declined Palestine’s Arafat’s Visit; Increased intimacy with Israel’s Sharon

Stopped official contact with North Korea

Spy Plane Crushing Incident with China

Theory of Hegemonic Stability

Existence of a “World Hegemony” will help maintaining the global security and stability Especially if the Hegemony is a “Benign He

gemony” e.g. UK before WWI?; USA after WWII? Political and Economic Concepts

Immanuel Wallerstein: the Modern World-System (1974)

Stephen Krasner: Structural Conflict (1985)

Statement of the Conservatives

“Multipolarity, yes, when there is no alternative. BUT NOT WHEN THERE IS.

“Not when we have the unique imbalance of power that we enjoy today—and that has given the international system a stability and essential tranquility it had not know for at least a century.”

– Charles Krauthammer,

Conservative Columnist, June 2001

PART IIBush Doctrine:

The Basic (Sept 2001)

The Good Vs the Evil

“Those states that harbor terrorists should be treated in the same ways as terrorists.”

“You are either with us or with the terrorists.”

“Everyone must take side.”

– George W Bush, September 20, 2001

VS

Objectives of Bush Doctrine

Objective: Eradication of Terrorist Havens

Targets: Afghanistan and its potential sponsors (Pakistan, KSA, UAE, Russia)

Main Achievements: Terrified most nations of the world Confirmed the American hegemonic status Legitimized its invasion of Afghanistan

Main Critiques against the Bush Doctrine

The “Most Direct Extortion in Modern History” Comparison with Hitler of Nazi Ger

many “Must take side”:

The Case of Switzerland Disallowance of International Variance

Still in Compliance to the Rules of International Order

Bush Doctrine Vs Its Replacement: The “Sinatra Doctrine”

“Sinatra Doctrine” Frank Sinatra: My Way Soviet Leader Gorbachev

(Gorbachev Doctrine) Eastern European satellites

should walk “their ways” in terms of reforms and diplomacy

Seconded by Ronald Reagan Bush Doctrine:

You can’t walk “your way”!

PART III American Unilateralism

After 911

Unilateralism in the War

“Self-defense” against Taliban Vs United Nations

Authorization on the War on Terrorism

Guantanamo Bay Scandal refer to Lecture 9

Admission of Totalitarian Members in the Anti-Terror Coalition (Uzbekistan, Pakistan…)

Unilateralism Outside the War (I)

North Atlantic TREATY Organization (NATO)

Backslash of Sponsoring the Russia Admission into NATO Initial Support of Britain & USA After 911: realized the

“uselessness” of Russia in the World Stage

NATO Membership: “19+1” not = 20

Unilateralism Outside the War (II)

Winter Olympic Games at Salt Lake City (Feb 2002) First large-scaled function

hosted in the USA after 911

Soldiers carried the American Flag from the World Trade Center at the Opening Ceremony

How about an Afghan Flag from Kabul Caves?

Formation of the Axis of Evil (30th January 2002)

The Only Involuntary Alliance in Modern History

Historic Origin: The Axis (Rome-Berlin-Tokyo, WWII) The “Evil Empire” (USSR, by Ronald

Reagan)

Criteria to join the Axis of Evil: Totalitarianism Anti-Americanism Feasible Targets PR Value!

The Three Evil Members

Iraq: The Saddam Hussein Sec

ular Dictatorship Iran:

The Ayatollah Khamenei Religious Dictatorship

North Korea: The Kim Jong-Il Communis

t Dictatorship

The Three Outer Members of the Axis of Evil (6th May 2002)

Supplementing the “Careless Mistakes”

Libya: The Gaddafi Terrorist Dictato

rship Cuba:

The Castro Communist Dictatorship

Syria: The Assad Family Dictatorsh

ip

Missing Members?

China: Jiang Zemin’s Quasi-C

ommunist-Nationalist Dictatorship?

Russia: Pukin’s Chauvinistic Di

ctatorship?

Assigned Readings

Main Text: Michael Byers: “Terror and the

Future of International Law” (B&D P.118-127)

Supplementary Text: Immanuel Wallerstein: “Mr.

Bush’s War on Terrorism – How Certain is the Outcome?” (B&D P.95-100).

PART IV Bush Doctrine:

Turbo (June 2002)

Pre-emptive Doctrine

“Our security will require all Americans to be forward-looking and resolute, to be ready for pre-emptive action when necessary to defend our liberty and to defend our lives.”

– George W Bush, June 2002

Objectives and Targets

Implications: Your registration of “with us/with them” is no longer important Evidence is no longer important What matters is whether I say you are “with us” or “with them”

American suspect Potential danger in the future needed to be contained by “Pre-emptive actions” Eradication of the Members of the Axis of Evil

Creating a New international order! American by-pass of United Nations in the Iraqi Crisis

Origins of “Bush Turbo” (I)

Classic Chinese War Tactic of Sun-tzu: Pre-emptivism (先發制人 )

Robert Cooper (Advisor of Tony Blair): Post-Modern State and the World Order (2000) “Rogue States” should be punished pre-empti

vely, regardless of the international law NATO Intervention on the Kosovo Conflict

Origins of “Bush Turbo” (II) Failure of Deterrence

Deterrence: Cold War Doctrine for the Bipolar World One superpower deters the attack of another

superpower, by developing sophisticated weapons

Threats DETERRED by threats of huge casualties

Pre-emptive Doctrine: America’s super-power capability failed to

“deter” the Terrorists Thus, these threats could not be “deterred”

should be “pre-empted”

Typology of States in Bush Doctrine, Turbo

Type A: Democratic States (USA)

Type B: Transitional States (Third World; China?)

Type C: Rogue States (Iraq) to be pre-empted!

Type D: Failure States (Somalia)

PART V Conclusion –

Reassessing the Iraqi Crisis

The American Logicto Attack Iraq

Iraq is a member of the Axis of Evil, because it is suspected by Bush of possessing Mass Destructive Weapons (MDW)

“Evidence” still debatable America is preparing to “pre-empt”

the Iraqi threat By using its own MDW against the

Iraqi People

Against the Logic of Everyday Life?

Against Fundamental Western Legal Principle: Suspect without Evidence = Guilty Vs Suspect without Evidence = Innocent Basic Rule of International Relations Basic Rule of Everyday Life

Can Saddam Hussein Have His “Saddam Doctrine,” His Own Pre-emptivism?

~~The End~~

Thank you for attending