lecture 13: carbon capture and utilization...co2conversion: thermodynamics co2 + cxhyoz h2o gibbs...
TRANSCRIPT
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André BardowEnergy & Process Systems EngineeringETH Zurich
17.05.2020
Lecture 13: Carbon Capture and UtilizationCO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources
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Background of the group
2007-2010: TU Delft2010-2020: RWTH Aachen University2018 – now: Forschungszentrum JülichNow: ETH Zürich
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From molecules to sustainable life cycles for energy & chemicals
PROCESS
ECO SYSTEM
SUPPLY CHAINS
Energy
Renewableenergy
O = C = O Carbon
biomasswastefossil ?
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From molecules to sustainable life cycles for energy & chemicals
PROCESS
MOLECULE
THERMODYNAMICS
ECO SYSTEM
SUPPLY CHAINS
Anal
ysis
(Dire
ctPr
oble
m)
Design (Inverse Problem
)computer-aidedmolecular & design
automatedexperiments
conceptual process& systems design
Life cycleassessment
Power-to-Storage
Power-to-Chemicals
Power-to-Heat
Carbon capture,utilization & storage
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Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU)
CO2
517.05.2020
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CO2 utilization – Saving the Climate ?The Problem:
CO2-EmissionsThe Solution :
Captain CCU!
617.05.2020
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Thermodynamics of CO2 conversionEnergy
CO2
Reactants
minerals
CO2-based products
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CO2 utilization: The solution or a waste of time?
CO2-utilizationis always good !
CO2-utilization always bad !
vs.
817.05.2020
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At the end of this lecture, you will be able to …
• analyze the thermodynamics of carbon capture & utilization (CCU)
• distinguish services offered by CCU
• evaluate CCU pathways based on the functional unit
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Thermodynamics of CO2 conversionEnergy
CO2
Reactants
minerals
CO2-based products
1017.05.2020
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CO2 conversion - Stoichiometry
Carbon dioxide
WaterProductsReactor
Balances:
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CO2 conversion - Stoichiometry
Carbon dioxide
Water
ProductsReactor
CO2 conversion starting from CO2 + water= inverted combustion
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CO2 conversion: Minimal energy demand
Carbon dioxide
Waterisothermal-isobaric
Reactor
Products
Energy balance:
0 in out tH H Q P
Entropy balance
0 irrin out
QS S ST
reversible out inQ T S S
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CO2 conversion: Minimal energy demand
revt out out in inP H TS H TS
0 revin out out in tH H T S S P
revt out inP G G „Gibbs energy “
R R RG H T S
from last slide:
> 0 = „energy supply needed“< 0 = „energy released“
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CO2 conversion: ThermodynamicsReaction proceeds without energy supply ifGibbs Energy
reactants
products
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CO2 conversion: Thermodynamics
CO2
+ CxHyOz
H2O
Gibbs energy
Molecule State / kJ/mol
O g 232
H g 203
C (Diamant) s 2,9
H2 g 0
O2 g 0
C (Graphit) s 0
NH3 g -16
CH4 g -51
CO g -137
CH3OH l -162
C2H5OH l -175
H2O g -229
H2O l -237
SO2 g -300
SO3 g -371
CO2 g -394H2SO4 l -690
0f G
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Minimal energy demand for CO2 conversionProduct
Methane CH4 801Acetlyene C2H2 1227Ethen C2H4 1314Ethane C2H6 1442Propane C3H8 2074Butane C4H10 2703Octane (l) C8H18 5219Ethanol (l) C2H6O 1301
CO2 conversion starting from CO2 + water= inverted combustion= intrinsically energy-demanding 17
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Minimal energy demand: CO2 conversion vs. CO2 captureProduct
Methane CH4 801 148 5,4Acetlyene C2H2 1227 296 4,1Ethen C2H4 1314 296 4,4Ethane C2H6 1442 296 4,9Propane C3H8 2074 445 4,7Butane C4H10 2703 593 4,6Octane (l) C8H18 5219 1186 4,4Ethanol (l) C2H6O 1301 296 4,4
CO2 conversion starting from CO2 + water= 4-5 times the minimal energy demand of direct air capture
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At the end of this lecture, you will be able to …
analyze the thermodynamics of carbon capture & utilization (CCU)
• distinguish services offered by CCU
• evaluate CCU pathways based on the functional unit
19
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Good news for CCU : We do not care about thermodynamics
Oil39%
Gas21%
Electricity7%
Wood10%
District heating4%
Solar thermal0%
Heat pumps18%
Other1%
Residential Heating in CH (2017)
Data source: Bundesamt für Statistik
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The vision: A sustainable world
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https://www.dbb-nrw.de
https://www.bayika.de https://www.ingenieur.de
https://www.studium-ratgeber.de
A sustainable world is more than clean electricity
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https://www.dbb-nrw.de
https://www.bayika.de https://www.ingenieur.de
https://www.studium-ratgeber.de
CO2 utilization can contribute todefossilization of the material world
A sustainable world is more than clean electricityThe next challenge:
Defossilization of the material world
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Thermodynamics of CO2 conversion: 1. Inverting combustionEnergy
Chemicals & fuels
O = C = O
+ H2O
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Thermodynamics of CO2 conversion: 2. More efficient chemistryEnergy
Reactants
Chemicals & fuels
O = C = O
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Thermodynamics of CO2 conversion: 3. MineralizationEnergy
minerals
O = C = O
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Thermodynamics of CO2 conversionEnergy
Reactants
minerals
Chemicals & fuels
O = C = O
+ H2O
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Thermodynamics of CO2 conversion: 1. MineralizationEnergy
minerals
O = C = O
(Mg/Ca)XOYSiz + CO2 α (Mg/Ca)CO3+ β SiO2
Heat
HesamOstovari
storage utilization
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https://doi.org/10.1039/D0SE00190B
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The carbon footprint of CO2 mineralization to cement substitutes
stor
age
utiliz
atio
n30
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The carbon footprint of CO2 mineralization to cement substitutes
stor
age
utiliz
atio
n
• CO2 mineralization combines storage + utilization• GHG savings possible – even today !• benefit from substitution of current materials• product development crucial
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Global cement production
Status Quo:• Cement Market:
4.5 Gt/year
• CO2e emissions: 3.6 Gt CO2e/year
Miller, Vanderley Pacca, Horvath, (2018): Cement and Concrete Research 114, 115–124.
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Thermodynamics of CO2 conversion: 2. More efficient chemistryEnergy
Reactants
Chemicals & fuels
O = C = O
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CO2-based polymers: Project “Dream Production“
Scrubbing and supply of CO2
Process development and conversion of CO2
Fundamental researchLife Cycle Assessment
Production and testing of polyurethanes with CO2
von der Assen, Bardow, Green Chem., 2014, 16, 3272
Niklas von der Assen
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Chemical conversion of CO2: Dream Production
Energy
CO2
Epoxide
Polyols
Langanke et al., Green Chem.,2014,16,1865–1870
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Chemical conversion of CO2: Dream Production
Energy
CO2
Epoxide
Polyols
Langanke et al., Green Chem.,2014,16,1865–1870
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• CO2 replaces part of epoxides• better catalysis & reaction engineering
allows to produce the desired product properties
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Dream Production: Life-cycle assessment
conventional polyol
kg CO2-eq /
(1.00 kg polyol +0.36 kWh electricity)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
CO2-based polyol
3.57
−0.47+0.08 3.03
Substitution ofraw materials
−0.15
CO2capture
3.5
Epoxides Epoxides
Epoxides
von der Assen, Bardow, Green Chem., 2014, 16, 3272
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Dream Production: Life-cycle assessment
conventional polyol
kg CO2-eq /
(1.00 kg polyol +0.36 kWh electricity)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
CO2-based polyol
3.57
−0.47+0.08 3.03
Substitution ofraw materials
−0.15
CO2capture
3.5
Epoxides Epoxides
Epoxides
1 kg CO2 as feedstock can save
3 kg of CO2 emissions
von der Assen, Bardow, Green Chem., 2014, 16, 3272
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Conclusions from CO2-based polymers
CO2 can substitute fossil resourcesand thereby reduce GHG emissions today
CO2 avoided can exceed the amount of CO2 utilized
more CO2-based polymers are becoming available(e.g. elastomers, see Meys, Kätelhön, Bardow, Green Chem., 2019, 21, 3334)
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Global polyurethane production
Status Quo:• polyurethane market:
33 Mt /year
• CO2e emissions: 164 Mt / year
R Geyer, JR Jambeck, KL Law. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci. Adv., 2017Zheng, Suh, "Strategies to reduce the global carbon footprint of plastics." Nature Climate Change (2019)
The potential for CO2–based polyurethanes:
• 20% CO2e reduction= 33 Mt CO2e/year
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Thermodynamics of CO2 conversion: 3. Inverting combustionEnergy
Chemicals (& fuels)
O = C = O
+ H2O
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CO2 Utilization in the Chemical Industry
What is the large-scale potential of CCU in the chemical industry ?
20 basic chemicals = 75% of CO2 emissions of chemical industry
ArneKätelhön
RaoulMeys
Sarah Deutz
4217.05.2020
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Methodology for determining CO2-Mitigation Potential
• Best Available Fossil Technologies• CO2-based production
(high- and low-TRL*) • Industrially validated database• 160 process with
engineering-level data
Mass & Energy Balances+ CO2 emissions
What is the large-scale potential of CCU in the chemical industry ?
20 basic chemicals = 75% of CO2 emissions of chemical industry
*TRL = Technology Readiness Level
Process Flowsheets
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Methodology for determining CO2-Mitigation Potential
Superstructure modelwith 160 processes
s.t. Demand for 20 basic chemicals in 2030Given carbon footprint of electricity
min Greenhouse Gas emissions
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Today: Fossil-based chemical industry
Kätelhön, Meys, Deutz, Suh, Bardow, PNAS, 2019https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821029116
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CO2-based chemical industry
Kätelhön, Meys, Deutz, Suh, Bardow, PNAS, 2019
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• mass flows x 2.9• need for massive water supply
CO2-based chemical industry
Kätelhön, Meys, Deutz, Suh, Bardow, PNAS, 2019
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Life cycle: Fossil-based vs CO2-based chemical industry
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Life cycle: Fossil-based vs CO2-based chemical industry
• Chemically identical products identical use phase and end-of-life no benefit from temporary storage (!!!) benefit change in raw materials & production
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CO2-Mitigation Potential of CCU in the Chemical Industry
• CCU can lead to practically
carbon-neutral chemical industry
• GHG savings require
low-carbon electricity
Kätelhön, Meys, Deutz, Suh, Bardow, PNAS, 2019
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CO2-Mitigation Potential of CCU in the Chemical Industry
• CCU can lead to carbon-neutral
chemical industry
• GHG savings require
low-carbon electricity
additional electricity
Kätelhön, Meys, Deutz, Suh, Bardow, PNAS, 2019
5117.05.2020
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Electricity need for CCU in the Chemical Industry
Cur
rent
glob
al e
lect
ricity
• GHG savings require a lot of
low-carbon electricity
Kätelhön, Meys, Deutz, Suh, Bardow, PNAS, 2019
5217.05.2020
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Thermodynamics of CO2 conversionEnergy
Reactants
minerals
Chemicals & fuels
O = C = O
+ H2O
• CO2 utilization can provide many services • CO2 can reduce GHG emissions
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At the end of this lecture, you will be able to …
analyze the thermodynamics of carbon capture & utilization (CCU)
distinguish services offered by CCU
• evaluate CCU pathways based on the functional unit
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The functional unit
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The functional unit – definition (ISO 14040)
“A system may have a number of possible functionsand the one(s) selected for a study depend(s) on the goal and scope of the LCA.
The functional unit defines the quantification of the identified functions (performance characteristics) of the product. The primary purpose of a functional unit is to provide a reference to which the inputs and outputs are related. This reference is necessary to ensure comparability of LCA results. Comparability of LCA results is particularly critical when different systems are being assessed, to ensure that such comparisons are made on a common basis.”
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Electricity need for CCU in the Chemical Industry
Cur
rent
glob
al e
lect
ricity
• GHG savings require a lot of
low-carbon electricity
Kätelhön, Meys, Deutz, Suh, Bardow, PNAS, 2019
Goal & Scope:
use renewable energyto most reduce GHG emissions
Goal & Scope:
produce all chemicalswith minimal environmental impacts
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Power-to-CCU or Power-to-Something else? Renewable energies = limited resource
Sternberg, Bardow, Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8, 389
Which Power-to-X routeuses electricity best?
AndréSternberg
5817.05.2020
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P2X-EfficiencyWhich Power-to-X route uses electricity best?
P2X-Efficiency =
GHGP2X GHGfossil
GHGReduction = GHGfossil − GHGP2X
1 MWh
electricityConventional
processproductPower-to-X (P2X)process
Sternberg and Bardow, Energy Environ. Sci., 2015,8, 389-400.
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Power-to-Chemicals vs Power-to-X
• GHG savings require a lot of
low-carbon electricity
• Declining efficiency
• Power-to-Chemicals often less efficient
than Power-to-Heatand Power-to-Mobility
• but there are high efficiency opportunities
Sternberg, Bardow, Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8, 389Kätelhön, Meys, Deutz, Suh, Bardow, PNAS, 2019
6017.05.2020
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Power-to-Chemicals vs Power-to-Cement
• GHG savings require a lot of
low-carbon electricity
• Declining efficiency
• Power-to-Chemicals often less efficient
than Power-to-Heatand Power-to-Mobility
• but there are high efficiency opportunities
Sternberg, Bardow, Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8, 389
Kätelhön, Meys, Deutz, Suh, Bardow, PNAS, 2019
6117.05.2020
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• Power-to-Chemicals from CO2 and H2O
intrinsicallyless efficient
than Power-to-CCS
Power-to-Chemicals vs Power-to-CCS
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https://www.dbb-nrw.de
https://www.bayika.de https://www.ingenieur.de
https://www.studium-ratgeber.de
Cement sector• Giga-ton potential• Challenge:
The right productfor market uptake
Chemicals• High value opportunities
for economicsand the environment
• Large-scale chemicalsintrinsically inefficient
… BUT:
Steel sector
CO2‘s contribution to defossilization of the material world ?
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... is more than clean electricity
... is more than CO2-neutral
The vision: A sustainable world
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CO2-based fuels OME1: NOx & soot trade-off
Filte
r Sm
oke
Num
ber /
-
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Ind. spec. NOx / g/kWh0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
OME1: Diesel (vol. %) 0:100
Euro 6 NOx level
Filte
r Sm
oke
Num
ber /
-
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Ind. spec. NOx / g/kWh0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
OME1: Diesel (vol. %) 0:100
Euro 6 NOx level
Filte
r Sm
oke
Num
ber /
-
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Ind. spec. NOx / g/kWh0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
OME1: Diesel (vol. %) 0:100 100:0
Euro 6 NOx level
Filte
r Sm
oke
Num
ber /
-
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Ind. spec. NOx / g/kWh0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
OME1: Diesel (vol. %) 0:100 35:65 100:0
Deutz, Bongartz, Heuser, Kätelhön, Schulze Langenhorst, Omari, Walters, Klankermayer, Leitner, Mitsos, Pischinger, Bardow, Energy Environ. Sci., 2018, 11, 331
6517.05.2020
Sarah Deutz
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CO2-based fuels OME1: NOx & soot trade-off
Filte
r Sm
oke
Num
ber /
-
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Ind. spec. NOx / g/kWh0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
OME1: Diesel (vol. %) 0:100
Euro 6 NOx level
Filte
r Sm
oke
Num
ber /
-
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Ind. spec. NOx / g/kWh0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
OME1: Diesel (vol. %) 0:100
Euro 6 NOx level
Filte
r Sm
oke
Num
ber /
-
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Ind. spec. NOx / g/kWh0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
OME1: Diesel (vol. %) 0:100 100:0
Euro 6 NOx level
Filte
r Sm
oke
Num
ber /
-
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Ind. spec. NOx / g/kWh0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
OME1: Diesel (vol. %) 0:100 35:65 100:0
Chemically differing fuel overcomes NOx & soot trade-off
Deutz, Bongartz, Heuser, Kätelhön, Schulze Langenhorst, Omari, Walters, Klankermayer, Leitner, Mitsos, Pischinger, Bardow, Energy Environ. Sci., 2018, 11, 331
6617.05.2020
Sarah Deutz
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The vision: A sustainable worldA sustainable world needs:1. clean electricity 2. a lot of clean electrictiy3. seriously, an awful lot of clean electricity
• Invest clean electricity where most efficient
• CO2 use is often not first choice to solve climate changebut CO2 provides a sustainable carbon feedstock with potential climate benefits:
Identify markets for products from CO2 mineralization Identify CO2-based chemicals with high benefits Exploit benefits of CO2-utilization beyond climate change Explore synergies with biomass & other carbon cycles
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At the end of this lecture, you will be able to …
analyze the thermodynamics of carbon capture & utilization (CCU)
distinguish services offered by CCU
evaluate CCU pathways based on the functional unit
68