lecture 17 the future of the study of protein structurescs.ucf.edu/~xiaoman/spring/lecture 17 the...

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The future of the study of protein structures https://elifesciences.org/articles/10606 http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/07/protein-designer-aims- revolutionize-medicines-and-materials http://science.sciencemag.org/content/353/ 6297/389

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Page 1: lecture 17 The future of the study of protein structurescs.ucf.edu/~xiaoman/spring/lecture 17 The future of the...(Global model quality estimation), QSQE (Quartenary structure quality

The future of the study of protein structures

https://elifesciences.org/articles/10606

http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/07/protein-designer-aims-revolutionize-medicines-and-materials

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/353/6297/389

Page 2: lecture 17 The future of the study of protein structurescs.ucf.edu/~xiaoman/spring/lecture 17 The future of the...(Global model quality estimation), QSQE (Quartenary structure quality

Current Structure Prediction

• De novo protein structure prediction• methods seek to build three‐dimensional protein models "from scratch" • Example: Rosetta

• Comparative protein structure prediction• modeling uses previously solved structures as starting points, or templates.• Example: protein threading

Page 3: lecture 17 The future of the study of protein structurescs.ucf.edu/~xiaoman/spring/lecture 17 The future of the...(Global model quality estimation), QSQE (Quartenary structure quality

Comparative modelingSequence

Sequence HomologyTo known fold

homologyModeling

30‐40%

Threading

Match Found?

Ab initio

No

Model

Yes

<30%

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4

Similarity of primary sequences matters in homology modeling

• If the target and the template share more than 50% of their sequences, predictions usually are of high quality and have been shown to be as accurate as low‐resolution X‐ray predictions.

• For 30–50% sequence identity more than 80% of the C‐atoms can be expected to be within 3.5 ˚A of their true positions.

• For less than 30% sequence identity, the prediction is likely to contain significant errors

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5

Accuracy of protein threading

Accuracy of secondary structure predictions.• 60%  (1990s)• 76% (Current)

Page 6: lecture 17 The future of the study of protein structurescs.ucf.edu/~xiaoman/spring/lecture 17 The future of the...(Global model quality estimation), QSQE (Quartenary structure quality

ROSETTA search algorithmMonte Carlo/Simulated Annealing

• Structures are assembled from fragments by: • Begin with a fully extended chain • Randomly replace the conformation of one 9 residue segment with the conformation of one of its neighbors in the library 

• Evaluate the move: Accept or reject based on an energy function • Make another random move, tabu list is built to forbidden some local minimums 

• After a prescribed number of cycles, switch to 3‐residue fragment moves 

Page 7: lecture 17 The future of the study of protein structurescs.ucf.edu/~xiaoman/spring/lecture 17 The future of the...(Global model quality estimation), QSQE (Quartenary structure quality

ROSETTA Obstacles & Enhancements

• generate lots of unrealistic decoys • Filter based on contact order• quality of β‐sheets• poor packing 

• large search space • Bias fragment picking by predicted secondary structure, faster computational algorithms 

• low confidence in the result • – Fold many homologs of the target, cluster the answers, report the cluster with highest occupancy 

Page 8: lecture 17 The future of the study of protein structurescs.ucf.edu/~xiaoman/spring/lecture 17 The future of the...(Global model quality estimation), QSQE (Quartenary structure quality

Swissmodel

http://swissmodel.expasy.org/• Multiple input format choices• Choose template based on coverage, sequence identity, GMQE (Global model quality estimation), QSQE (Quartenary structure quality estimate).

• may also important to look at the experiments that determined the structure, the resolution and the property we emphasize such as homodimer for oct4.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ln9CYPg94Kc• You can also go over the several sections of siwssmodel tutorial.

Page 9: lecture 17 The future of the study of protein structurescs.ucf.edu/~xiaoman/spring/lecture 17 The future of the...(Global model quality estimation), QSQE (Quartenary structure quality

A revolutionary idea

• http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/07/protein‐designer‐aims‐revolutionize‐medicines‐and‐mater

Page 10: lecture 17 The future of the study of protein structurescs.ucf.edu/~xiaoman/spring/lecture 17 The future of the...(Global model quality estimation), QSQE (Quartenary structure quality

CASP

13th Community Wide Experiment on theCritical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction 

Page 11: lecture 17 The future of the study of protein structurescs.ucf.edu/~xiaoman/spring/lecture 17 The future of the...(Global model quality estimation), QSQE (Quartenary structure quality

An amazing ab initio prediction

http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/07/protein‐designer‐aims‐revolutionize‐medicines‐and‐materials

Page 12: lecture 17 The future of the study of protein structurescs.ucf.edu/~xiaoman/spring/lecture 17 The future of the...(Global model quality estimation), QSQE (Quartenary structure quality

Co‐evolution

Page 13: lecture 17 The future of the study of protein structurescs.ucf.edu/~xiaoman/spring/lecture 17 The future of the...(Global model quality estimation), QSQE (Quartenary structure quality

AlphaGo’s brother, the best so far

For protein sequences for which no other information was known—43 of the 90—AlphaFold made the most accurate prediction 25 times. That far outpaced the second place finisher, which won three of the 43 tests.

Page 14: lecture 17 The future of the study of protein structurescs.ucf.edu/~xiaoman/spring/lecture 17 The future of the...(Global model quality estimation), QSQE (Quartenary structure quality

What made Rosetta good made AlphaFoldgood• By comparing vast troves of genomic data on other proteins, AlphaFold was able to better decipher which pairs of amino acids were most likely to wind up close to one another in folded proteins. 

• Related comparisons also helped them gauge the most probable distance between neighboring pairs of amino acids and the angles at which they bound to their neighbors. 

Comment from David Bakerhttps://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/12/google‐s‐deepmind‐aces‐protein‐folding

Page 15: lecture 17 The future of the study of protein structurescs.ucf.edu/~xiaoman/spring/lecture 17 The future of the...(Global model quality estimation), QSQE (Quartenary structure quality

What is the future of protein folding

• “Almost everything in biomedicine could be impacted by an ability to build better proteins,” says George Church.

• Neandertal protein design, “tweaking the genes for existing proteins to get them to do new things”. “We were limited by what existed in nature. ... We can now short‐cut evolution and design proteins to solve modern‐day problems.”

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influenza virus

• Take medicines, such as drugs to combat the influenza virus. Flu viruses come in many strains that mutate rapidly, which makes it difficult to find molecules that can knock them all out. But every strain contains a protein called hemagglutininthat helps it invade host cells, and a portion of the molecule, known as the stem, remains similar across many strains. Earlier this year, Baker teamed up with researchers at the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, California, and elsewhere to develop a novel protein that would bind to the hemagglutinin stem and thereby prevent the virus from invading cells.

• The effort required 80 rounds of designing the protein, engineering microbes to make it, testing it in the lab, and reworking the structure. But in the 4 February issue of PLOS ONE, the researchers reported that when they administered their final creation to mice and then injected them with a normally lethal dose of flu virus, the rodents were protected. “It’s more effective than 10 times the dose of Tamiflu,” an antiviral drug currently on the market, says Aaron Chevalier, a former Baker Ph.D. student who now works at a Seattle biotech company called Virviohere that is working to commercialize the protein as a universal antiflu drug.

Page 17: lecture 17 The future of the study of protein structurescs.ucf.edu/~xiaoman/spring/lecture 17 The future of the...(Global model quality estimation), QSQE (Quartenary structure quality

gluten

• Another potential addition to the medicine cabinet: a designer protein that chops up gluten, the infamous substance in wheat and other grains that people with Celiac disease or gluten sensitivity have trouble digesting. Ingrid Swanson Pultz began crafting the gluten‐breaker even before joining Baker’s lab as a postdoc and is now testing it in animals and working with IPD to commercialize the research. And those self‐assembling cages that debut this week could one day be filled with drugs or therapeutic snippets of DNA or RNA that can be delivered to disease sites throughout the body.

Page 18: lecture 17 The future of the study of protein structurescs.ucf.edu/~xiaoman/spring/lecture 17 The future of the...(Global model quality estimation), QSQE (Quartenary structure quality

nano‐lanterns

• The potential of these unnatural proteins isn’t limited to medicines. Baker, King, and their colleagues have also attached up to 120 copies of a molecule called green fluorescent protein to the new cages, creating nano‐lanterns that could aid research by lighting up as they move through tissues

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sensors inside cells

• Church says he believes that designer proteins might soon rewrite the biology inside cells. In a paper last year in eLife, he, Baker, and colleagues designed proteins to bind to either a hormone or a heart disease drug inside cells, and then regulate the activity of a DNA‐cutting enzyme, Cas9, that is part of the popular CRISPR genome‐editing system. “The ability to design sensors [inside cells] is going to be big,” Church says. The strategy could allow researchers or physicians to target the powerful gene‐editing system to a specific set of cells—those that are responding to a hormone or drug. Biosensors could also make it possible to switch on the expression of specific genes as needed to break down toxins or alert the immune cells to invaders or cancer.

Page 20: lecture 17 The future of the study of protein structurescs.ucf.edu/~xiaoman/spring/lecture 17 The future of the...(Global model quality estimation), QSQE (Quartenary structure quality

Other ideas from science

• carrier molecules that can ferry reprogrammed DNA into cells• new enzymes that help microbes suck carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and convert it into useful chemicals