Lecture 1 CSE 140 - Intro to Cognitive Science 1

Modeling the Mind Computationally: Motivating Cognitive Science

Lecture 1 CSE 140 - Intro to Cognitive Science 2

“Verb Clusters” in English

1. John was being watched

2. John had been watched

3. John was watching

4. John could have watched

5. John could have been watched

BUT NOT

5. John could been watching

6. John could watched

7. John was could watched

How can we account for this range of facts???

Lecture 1 CSE 140 - Intro to Cognitive Science 3

A Generator for Verb Clusters

-Tense (could+) (have+-en) (be+-ing) (be+-en) V

1 2 3 4 • “( )” Indicates optional elements, so only -Tense and V are

required• Each optional pair consists of (verb auxiliary + affix)

To Use:1. Pick a tense from (-present, -past).

2. Pick a verb

3. Include optional elements at will

4. Skip all affixes over the next verb or auxiliary

5. Use “spelling” rules

Lecture 1 CSE 140 - Intro to Cognitive Science 4

Using the generator, steps 1-3:

-Tense (could+) (have+-en) (be+-ing) (be+-en) V

1 2 3 4

1. Pick tense -past

2. Pick verb “see”

3. Include, say, 2 only:

-past (could+) (have+-en) (be+-ing) (be+-en) see

1 2 3 4

Lecture 1 CSE 140 - Intro to Cognitive Science 5

Using the generator, step 4:

-past (could+) (have+-en) (be+-ing) (be+-en) see -past have+-en see

4. Skip affixes

-past have+-en see

-past have+ see-en

have-past see-en

Lecture 1 CSE 140 - Intro to Cognitive Science 6

Using the generator, step 5:

have-past see-en

5. Use spelling rules: have-past -> had see-en -> seen

have-past see-en -> had seen

Lecture 1 CSE 140 - Intro to Cognitive Science 7

Example 2: Tense: -pres, Verb: see, Options 2, 4 -Tense (could+) (have+-en) (be+-ing) (be+-en) V

1 2 3 4

1. -pres have+-en be+-en see

2. -pres have+-en be+ see-en

3. -pres have+ be-en see-en

4. have-pres be-en see-en

Lecture 1 CSE 140 - Intro to Cognitive Science 8

Other Examples?

-Tense (could+) (have+-en) (be+-ing) (be+-en) V

1 2 3 4

To Use:1. Pick a tense from (-present, -past).

2. Pick a verb

3. Include optional elements at will

4. Skip all affixes over the next verb or auxiliary

5. Use “spelling” rules

Lecture 1 CSE 140 - Intro to Cognitive Science 9

Analyzing Pronouns Can be Difficult

1. Today was Jack’s birthday.

2. Penny and Janet went to the store

3. They were going to get him a present.

4. Jane decided to get a top.

5. “Don’t do that” said Penny.

6. “Jack has a top.

7. He will make you take it back.”

Gene Charniak 1972

Lecture 1 CSE 140 - Intro to Cognitive Science 10

Towards a Theory of Reference

1. Word processing makes typing easy.

2. Make a typo?

3. No problem.

4. Just back up, type over the mistake, and it’s gone.

5. And it eliminates retyping.

6. Need a second draft?

7. No problem.

8. Just change the first and you’ve got the second.

Lecture 1 CSE 140 - Intro to Cognitive Science 11

Pronouns and “Stacks”

Word processing makes typing easy. Make a typo?

No problem.

Just back up, type over the mistake, and it’s gone.

And it eliminates retyping.

Need a second draft?

….

….

Barbara Grosz & Candy Sidner 1986

Lecture 1 CSE 140 - Intro to Cognitive Science 12

Pitch Range Signals Block Shift

T136 Word processing makes typing easy. T125 Make a typo?

T115 No problem.

T115 Just back up, type over the mistake, and it’s gone.

T125 And it eliminates retyping.

T115 Need a second draft?

….

….

Julia Hirschberg & Janet Pierrehumbert 1986

Lecture 1 CSE 140 - Intro to Cognitive Science 13

H&P experiment I

T160 On lesson four,

T139 you made fifteen errors. F.96

T124 That’s not too good. F.96

T112 What a shame! F.87

T160 Today we don’t have time for you to repeat this lesson. F.96

T139 Can you come back tomorrow?

It’s a shame that you made 15 errors.

Lecture 1 CSE 140 - Intro to Cognitive Science 14

H&P experiment II

T160 On lesson four,

T139 you made fifteen errors. F.96

T124 That’s not too good. F.87

T160 What a shame! F.96

T139 Today we don’t have time for you to repeat this lesson. F.96

T124 Can you come back tomorrow?

It’s a shame that we can’t repeat the lesson today.

Lecture 1 CSE 140 - Intro to Cognitive Science 15

How do pronouns work: Theory 1

1. They were going to get him a present.

2. Penny and Janet were going to get Jack a present.

3. The plumber I spoke to said he wanted to do it.

4. The plumber I spoke to said the plumber I spoke to wanted to do it.

Lecture 1 CSE 140 - Intro to Cognitive Science 16

Problem with Theory I

5. The candidates who got the media coverage they wanted were happy.

6. The candidates who got the media coverage the candidates who got the media coverage they wanted wanted were happy.

7. The candidates who got the media coverage the candidates who got the media coverage the candidates who got the media coverage they wanted wanted wanted were happy.