Lecture 2: Encounters and Collisions

European Expansion and the Age of Discovery

TERMS and IDENTIFICATIONS: caravel, Hernando Cortés, The Columbian Exchange, smallpox, The Destruction of the Indies, Roanoke

• From 11th to 14th centuries, European agricultural production more than doubled, population nearly tripled.

• Commercial Expansion• Renaissance, 14 to 16th centuries -- Humanistic• Rise of monarchies• Technological advances: gunpowder, printing press, compass• Discovery and Conquest

– Portuguese explore African coast during 1400s and reach India by 1497– Columbus’s first voyage, 1492– Hernando Cortés conquers the Aztecs, 1521; Pizarro conquers Incas, 1528– Cabeza de Vaca journeys, 1528-1536 – Cartier reconnoiters the St. Lawrence river, 1530s – Hernadno de Soto, 1539-1542; Coronado expeditions, 1539-41 – Roanoke, 1584-87

Spice Routes & Silk Road

The Caravel, 1400s

• Fast and could sail into wind

• Sturdier construction

• Used extensively by Portuguese to explore African Coast

• Niña & Pinta

Africa in the 15th Century

15th Century Portuguese Explorations

Colonization of Atlantic Islands

European Expansion and the Age of Discovery

TERMS AND IDENTIFICATIONS: caravel, Cortés, The Columbian Exchange, smallpox, The Destruction of the Indies, Roanoke

• From 11th to 14th centuries, European agricultural production more than doubled, population nearly tripled.

• Commercial Expansion• Renaissance, 14th to 16th centuries -- Humanistic• Rise of monarchies• Technological advances: gunpowder, printing press, compass• Discovery and Conquest

– Portuguese explore African coast during 1400s and reach India by 1497– Columbus’s first voyage, 1492– Hernando Cortés conquers the Aztecs, 1521; Pizarro conquers Incas, 1528– Cabeza de Vaca journeys, 1528-1536 – Cartier reconnoiters the St. Lawrence river, 1530s – Hernadno de Soto, 1539-1542; Coronado expeditions, 1539-41 – Roanoke, 1584-87

Columbus’ First Voyage

Columbus meeting the Tainos

Taino Indians, circa 1500

“A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies,”

Bartolomé de las Casas, published 1552

Cortes (Aztecs/Mexico)

Pizarro (Peru/Incans)

Tenochtitlán

Diego Rivera, The Great City of Techochtitlan (1945)

European Expansion and the Age of Discovery

TERMS AND IDENTIFICATIONS: caravel, Cortés, The Columbian Exchange, smallpox, The Destruction of the Indies, Roanoke

• From 11th to 14th centuries, European agricultural production more than doubled, population nearly tripled.

• Commercial Expansion• Renaissance, 14th to 16th centuries -- Humanistic• Rise of monarchies• Technological advances: gunpowder, printing press, compass• Discovery and Conquest

– Portuguese explore African coast during 1400s and reach India by 1497– Columbus’s first voyage, 1492– Hernando Cortés conquers the Aztecs, 1521; Pizarro conquers Incas, 1528– Cabeza de Vaca journeys, 1528-1536 – Cartier reconnoiters the St. Lawrence river, 1530s – Hernadno de Soto, 1539-1542; Coronado expeditions, 1539-41 – Roanoke, 1584-87

Cabeza de Vaca, 1528-1536

Jacques Cartier, 1530s

Hernando De Soto, 1539-1542

Francisco Vásquez Coronado, 1540-1541

Roanoke, 1584-1587

I. Conquest by diseaseA. SmallpoxB. Syphilis

II. Conquest by PlantsA. Europeans learn to cultivate/utilize new world plantsB. development of cash crops (esp. sugar!)C. Europeans learn to cultivate their own old world plants in the AmericasD. the problem of weeds.

III. Conquest by AnimalsA. pigs gone wildB. animals of war: horses/bull mastiffs

IV. New World Food→European population explosion

Columbian Exchange

Why did Europeans conquer indigenous Americans so quickly?

Path of theEruptive Fevers

Aztec victims of smallpox -- Florentine Codex

Albrecht Durer, “The Syphilitic”

I. Conquest by diseaseA. SmallpoxB. Syphilis

II. Conquest by PlantsA. Europeans learn to cultivate/utilize new world plantsB. development of cash crops (esp. sugar!)C. Europeans learn to cultivate their own old world plants in the AmericasD. the problem of weeds.

III. Conquest by AnimalsA. pigs gone wildB. animals of war: horses/bull mastiffs

IV. New World Food→European population explosion

Columbian Exchange

Why did Europeans conquer indigenous Americans so quickly?