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Lecture 2: ES 102Linux Commands

Introduction to Computing

IIT Gandhinagar, India

Sep, 2013

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 1 / 12

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Directory Structure in Linux

/

bin dev ....... home .... etc sys var

root

iitgn es102 guest

Cprog Folder1 Desktop .... file1 ...

prog1.c Prog2.c

Home Folder

path /home/es102/Cprog/Prog2

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 2 / 12

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Directory Structure in Linux/

bin dev ....... home .... etc sys var

root

iitgn es102 guest

Cprog Folder1 Desktop .... file1 ...

prog1.c Prog2.c

Home Folder

path /home/es102/Cprog/Prog2

Path of directory Folder1 is /home/username/ES102/Folder1.

Parent directory: Directory that contains it.

Home directory: Each user has a directory with the same name aslogin id. This directory called home directory.

pwd print home directory.

mkdir create directory.

ls list directory and files.

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 3 / 12

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Directory Structure in Linux/

bin dev ....... home .... etc sys var

root

iitgn es102 guest

Cprog Folder1 Desktop .... file1 ...

prog1.c Prog2.c

Home Folder

path /home/es102/Cprog/Prog2

Path of directory Folder1 is /home/username/ES102/Folder1.

Parent directory: Directory that contains it.

Home directory: Each user has a directory with the same name aslogin id. This directory called home directory.

pwd print home directory.

mkdir create directory.

ls list directory and files.

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 3 / 12

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Directory Structure in Linux/

bin dev ....... home .... etc sys var

root

iitgn es102 guest

Cprog Folder1 Desktop .... file1 ...

prog1.c Prog2.c

Home Folder

path /home/es102/Cprog/Prog2

Path of directory Folder1 is /home/username/ES102/Folder1.

Parent directory: Directory that contains it.

Home directory: Each user has a directory with the same name aslogin id. This directory called home directory.

pwd print home directory.

mkdir create directory.

ls list directory and files.

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 3 / 12

logo

Directory Structure in Linux/

bin dev ....... home .... etc sys var

root

iitgn es102 guest

Cprog Folder1 Desktop .... file1 ...

prog1.c Prog2.c

Home Folder

path /home/es102/Cprog/Prog2

Path of directory Folder1 is /home/username/ES102/Folder1.

Parent directory: Directory that contains it.

Home directory: Each user has a directory with the same name aslogin id. This directory called home directory.

pwd print home directory.

mkdir create directory.

ls list directory and files.

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 3 / 12

logo

Directory Structure in Linux/

bin dev ....... home .... etc sys var

root

iitgn es102 guest

Cprog Folder1 Desktop .... file1 ...

prog1.c Prog2.c

Home Folder

path /home/es102/Cprog/Prog2

Path of directory Folder1 is /home/username/ES102/Folder1.

Parent directory: Directory that contains it.

Home directory: Each user has a directory with the same name aslogin id. This directory called home directory.

pwd print home directory.

mkdir create directory.

ls list directory and files.

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 3 / 12

logo

Directory Structure in Linux/

bin dev ....... home .... etc sys var

root

iitgn es102 guest

Cprog Folder1 Desktop .... file1 ...

prog1.c Prog2.c

Home Folder

path /home/es102/Cprog/Prog2

Path of directory Folder1 is /home/username/ES102/Folder1.

Parent directory: Directory that contains it.

Home directory: Each user has a directory with the same name aslogin id. This directory called home directory.

pwd print home directory.

mkdir create directory.

ls list directory and files.

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 3 / 12

logo

Directory Structure in Linux/

bin dev ....... home .... etc sys var

root

iitgn es102 guest

Cprog Folder1 Desktop .... file1 ...

prog1.c Prog2.c

Home Folder

path /home/es102/Cprog/Prog2

Path of directory Folder1 is /home/username/ES102/Folder1.

Parent directory: Directory that contains it.

Home directory: Each user has a directory with the same name aslogin id. This directory called home directory.

pwd print home directory.

mkdir create directory.

ls list directory and files.

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 3 / 12

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Navigation

Basic command cd path

Some shorthands:

1 special name for root directory /2 The shorthand for current directory .3 The shorthand for parent directory ..4 The shorthand for home directory ∼

Examples $cd $cd . $cd .. $ cd ../..

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 4 / 12

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Navigation

Basic command cd path

Some shorthands:

1 special name for root directory /2 The shorthand for current directory .3 The shorthand for parent directory ..4 The shorthand for home directory ∼

Examples $cd $cd . $cd .. $ cd ../..

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 4 / 12

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Navigation

Basic command cd path

Some shorthands:1 special name for root directory /

2 The shorthand for current directory .3 The shorthand for parent directory ..4 The shorthand for home directory ∼

Examples $cd $cd . $cd .. $ cd ../..

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 4 / 12

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Navigation

Basic command cd path

Some shorthands:1 special name for root directory /2 The shorthand for current directory .

3 The shorthand for parent directory ..4 The shorthand for home directory ∼

Examples $cd $cd . $cd .. $ cd ../..

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 4 / 12

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Navigation

Basic command cd path

Some shorthands:1 special name for root directory /2 The shorthand for current directory .3 The shorthand for parent directory ..

4 The shorthand for home directory ∼Examples $cd $cd . $cd .. $ cd ../..

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 4 / 12

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Navigation

Basic command cd path

Some shorthands:1 special name for root directory /2 The shorthand for current directory .3 The shorthand for parent directory ..4 The shorthand for home directory ∼

Examples $cd $cd . $cd .. $ cd ../..

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 4 / 12

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Navigation

Basic command cd path

Some shorthands:1 special name for root directory /2 The shorthand for current directory .3 The shorthand for parent directory ..4 The shorthand for home directory ∼

Examples $cd $cd . $cd .. $ cd ../..

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 4 / 12

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Copying and Moving

Basic command cp filePath destinationPath.

If destination is a directory cp creates a copy inside the directory.

If destination is a file name, cp creates a copy with that name.

Copying directory cp -r dirPath destinationPath.

Basic command mv sourcePath destinationPath.

Examples:cp Cprog/Prog2.c ../new.ccp Cprog/Prog2.c ../mv Cprog ../newFoldermv Cprog ../Folder2

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 5 / 12

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Copying and Moving

Basic command cp filePath destinationPath.

If destination is a directory cp creates a copy inside the directory.

If destination is a file name, cp creates a copy with that name.

Copying directory cp -r dirPath destinationPath.

Basic command mv sourcePath destinationPath.

Examples:cp Cprog/Prog2.c ../new.ccp Cprog/Prog2.c ../mv Cprog ../newFoldermv Cprog ../Folder2

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 5 / 12

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Copying and Moving

Basic command cp filePath destinationPath.

If destination is a directory cp creates a copy inside the directory.

If destination is a file name, cp creates a copy with that name.

Copying directory cp -r dirPath destinationPath.

Basic command mv sourcePath destinationPath.

Examples:cp Cprog/Prog2.c ../new.ccp Cprog/Prog2.c ../mv Cprog ../newFoldermv Cprog ../Folder2

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 5 / 12

logo

Copying and Moving

Basic command cp filePath destinationPath.

If destination is a directory cp creates a copy inside the directory.

If destination is a file name, cp creates a copy with that name.

Copying directory cp -r dirPath destinationPath.

Basic command mv sourcePath destinationPath.

Examples:cp Cprog/Prog2.c ../new.ccp Cprog/Prog2.c ../mv Cprog ../newFoldermv Cprog ../Folder2

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 5 / 12

logo

Copying and Moving

Basic command cp filePath destinationPath.

If destination is a directory cp creates a copy inside the directory.

If destination is a file name, cp creates a copy with that name.

Copying directory cp -r dirPath destinationPath.

Basic command mv sourcePath destinationPath.

Examples:cp Cprog/Prog2.c ../new.ccp Cprog/Prog2.c ../mv Cprog ../newFoldermv Cprog ../Folder2

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 5 / 12

logo

Copying and Moving

Basic command cp filePath destinationPath.

If destination is a directory cp creates a copy inside the directory.

If destination is a file name, cp creates a copy with that name.

Copying directory cp -r dirPath destinationPath.

Basic command mv sourcePath destinationPath.

Examples:cp Cprog/Prog2.c ../new.ccp Cprog/Prog2.c ../mv Cprog ../newFoldermv Cprog ../Folder2

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 5 / 12

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Some Other Commands

rm -iv path remove a file.

rm -riv path remove a directory.

locate name locate a file/directory with the name.

bc -l arbitrary precision calculator.

Some useful tricks in terminal:

1 Press Tab to autocomplete.2 Press Up arrow to get previous commands.3 Select to copy, middle click to paste.

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 6 / 12

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Some Other Commands

rm -iv path remove a file.

rm -riv path remove a directory.

locate name locate a file/directory with the name.

bc -l arbitrary precision calculator.

Some useful tricks in terminal:

1 Press Tab to autocomplete.2 Press Up arrow to get previous commands.3 Select to copy, middle click to paste.

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 6 / 12

logo

Some Other Commands

rm -iv path remove a file.

rm -riv path remove a directory.

locate name locate a file/directory with the name.

bc -l arbitrary precision calculator.

Some useful tricks in terminal:

1 Press Tab to autocomplete.2 Press Up arrow to get previous commands.3 Select to copy, middle click to paste.

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 6 / 12

logo

Some Other Commands

rm -iv path remove a file.

rm -riv path remove a directory.

locate name locate a file/directory with the name.

bc -l arbitrary precision calculator.

Some useful tricks in terminal:

1 Press Tab to autocomplete.2 Press Up arrow to get previous commands.3 Select to copy, middle click to paste.

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 6 / 12

logo

Some Other Commands

rm -iv path remove a file.

rm -riv path remove a directory.

locate name locate a file/directory with the name.

bc -l arbitrary precision calculator.

Some useful tricks in terminal:

1 Press Tab to autocomplete.2 Press Up arrow to get previous commands.3 Select to copy, middle click to paste.

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 6 / 12

logo

Some Other Commands

rm -iv path remove a file.

rm -riv path remove a directory.

locate name locate a file/directory with the name.

bc -l arbitrary precision calculator.

Some useful tricks in terminal:1 Press Tab to autocomplete.

2 Press Up arrow to get previous commands.3 Select to copy, middle click to paste.

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 6 / 12

logo

Some Other Commands

rm -iv path remove a file.

rm -riv path remove a directory.

locate name locate a file/directory with the name.

bc -l arbitrary precision calculator.

Some useful tricks in terminal:1 Press Tab to autocomplete.2 Press Up arrow to get previous commands.

3 Select to copy, middle click to paste.

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 6 / 12

logo

Some Other Commands

rm -iv path remove a file.

rm -riv path remove a directory.

locate name locate a file/directory with the name.

bc -l arbitrary precision calculator.

Some useful tricks in terminal:1 Press Tab to autocomplete.2 Press Up arrow to get previous commands.3 Select to copy, middle click to paste.

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 6 / 12

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How to know Everything?

man command: Manual.

Example: man ls

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 7 / 12

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How to know Everything?

man command: Manual.

Example: man ls

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 7 / 12

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How to know Everything?

man command: Manual.

Example: man ls

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 7 / 12

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The * Wildcard

Create empty files test, test123, newtest123, abc, abcfoo, xyzCommand to create file without using editor: touch filename

The star wildcard (*) matches with any string of character.

It also matches with the empty string.

Example ls test, ls *test, ls *test*, ls *abc*

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 8 / 12

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The * Wildcard

Create empty files test, test123, newtest123, abc, abcfoo, xyzCommand to create file without using editor: touch filename

The star wildcard (*) matches with any string of character.

It also matches with the empty string.

Example ls test, ls *test, ls *test*, ls *abc*

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 8 / 12

logo

The * Wildcard

Create empty files test, test123, newtest123, abc, abcfoo, xyzCommand to create file without using editor: touch filename

The star wildcard (*) matches with any string of character.

It also matches with the empty string.

Example ls test, ls *test, ls *test*, ls *abc*

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 8 / 12

logo

The * Wildcard

Create empty files test, test123, newtest123, abc, abcfoo, xyzCommand to create file without using editor: touch filename

The star wildcard (*) matches with any string of character.

It also matches with the empty string.

Example ls test, ls *test, ls *test*, ls *abc*

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 8 / 12

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Editors

Vim (or vi) : A command based, rich text editor.. Many people workwith it at lightning speed.

Emacs: A classic editor. Generations of linux geeks love this

gedit: Ubuntu default editor .. Easy to use text editor with thousandsof useful features.

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 9 / 12

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Finding a File

locate cannot find newly created files/directories.

Command find FromwhereToStart -name “filename” -print

Example find ∼ -name “test” -print, find ∼ -name “abc”

filename can be specified with the help of *

Example find /home/ -name “test*” -print, find ../ -name “*test*”-print

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 10 / 12

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Finding a File

locate cannot find newly created files/directories.

Command find FromwhereToStart -name “filename” -print

Example find ∼ -name “test” -print, find ∼ -name “abc”

filename can be specified with the help of *

Example find /home/ -name “test*” -print, find ../ -name “*test*”-print

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 10 / 12

logo

Finding a File

locate cannot find newly created files/directories.

Command find FromwhereToStart -name “filename” -print

Example find ∼ -name “test” -print, find ∼ -name “abc”

filename can be specified with the help of *

Example find /home/ -name “test*” -print, find ../ -name “*test*”-print

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 10 / 12

logo

Finding a File

locate cannot find newly created files/directories.

Command find FromwhereToStart -name “filename” -print

Example find ∼ -name “test” -print, find ∼ -name “abc”

filename can be specified with the help of *

Example find /home/ -name “test*” -print, find ../ -name “*test*”-print

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 10 / 12

logo

Finding a File

locate cannot find newly created files/directories.

Command find FromwhereToStart -name “filename” -print

Example find ∼ -name “test” -print, find ∼ -name “abc”

filename can be specified with the help of *

Example find /home/ -name “test*” -print, find ../ -name “*test*”-print

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 10 / 12

logo

Some more commands

Listing detailed information ls -la

Listing the running tasks top

Listing the running tasks top

To find time taken by a command/program time command

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 11 / 12

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Some more commands

Listing detailed information ls -la

Listing the running tasks top

Listing the running tasks top

To find time taken by a command/program time command

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 11 / 12

logo

Some more commands

Listing detailed information ls -la

Listing the running tasks top

Listing the running tasks top

To find time taken by a command/program time command

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 11 / 12

logo

Some more commands

Listing detailed information ls -la

Listing the running tasks top

Listing the running tasks top

To find time taken by a command/program time command

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 11 / 12

logo

Thousands of Free Applications

Open office or Libre office :Reading all document files ( Word,Excel,Powerpoint equivalent)

Hundreds of editors: Kile (Latex), Spyder (Python) etc..

Mathtools : octave (matlab), Scilab, geogebra,

Plotting: Gnuplot, Xmgrace, ..

Photo editing gimp , video editing , sound editing ..

Installing applications in Ubuntu: sudo apt-get install APPLICATIONNAME

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 12 / 12

logo

Thousands of Free Applications

Open office or Libre office :Reading all document files ( Word,Excel,Powerpoint equivalent)

Hundreds of editors: Kile (Latex), Spyder (Python) etc..

Mathtools : octave (matlab), Scilab, geogebra,

Plotting: Gnuplot, Xmgrace, ..

Photo editing gimp , video editing , sound editing ..

Installing applications in Ubuntu: sudo apt-get install APPLICATIONNAME

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 12 / 12

logo

Thousands of Free Applications

Open office or Libre office :Reading all document files ( Word,Excel,Powerpoint equivalent)

Hundreds of editors: Kile (Latex), Spyder (Python) etc..

Mathtools : octave (matlab), Scilab, geogebra,

Plotting: Gnuplot, Xmgrace, ..

Photo editing gimp , video editing , sound editing ..

Installing applications in Ubuntu: sudo apt-get install APPLICATIONNAME

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 12 / 12

logo

Thousands of Free Applications

Open office or Libre office :Reading all document files ( Word,Excel,Powerpoint equivalent)

Hundreds of editors: Kile (Latex), Spyder (Python) etc..

Mathtools : octave (matlab), Scilab, geogebra,

Plotting: Gnuplot, Xmgrace, ..

Photo editing gimp , video editing , sound editing ..

Installing applications in Ubuntu: sudo apt-get install APPLICATIONNAME

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 12 / 12

logo

Thousands of Free Applications

Open office or Libre office :Reading all document files ( Word,Excel,Powerpoint equivalent)

Hundreds of editors: Kile (Latex), Spyder (Python) etc..

Mathtools : octave (matlab), Scilab, geogebra,

Plotting: Gnuplot, Xmgrace, ..

Photo editing gimp , video editing , sound editing ..

Installing applications in Ubuntu: sudo apt-get install APPLICATIONNAME

Bireswar, Shivkumar (IIT Gandhinagar) Lecture 2 Sep 2013 12 / 12