PLANNING & EARTHMOVING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION

Ferdinand Fassa TSP-308 MPK

Lecture 2

OUTLINE

PREPARATION WORK

INTRODUCTION TO EARTHMOVING

EARTHMOVING MATERIALS

GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF EARTHWORK

SOIL VOLUME-CHANGE CHARACTERISTICS

EARTHWORK QUANTITIES

MASS DIAGRAM

PROBLEMS

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Objectives Prepare the site ready for construction activities

Scope of Works

(Surface &) Sub-surface Exploration

Site Clearing

(Unhook utilities)

(Demolition)

Staking Out

Grading

Earth work

PREPARATION WORK (1)

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PREPARATION WORK (2)

Surface & Subsurface Exploration

Visual inspection

identification of major obstacle, location of utilities, etc.) (sometimes reliance to as built drawing just is not adequate)

Rough measurement

Soil test

Hand boring, test holes

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PREPARATION WORK (3)

Site Clearing

Unhook utility lines (electricity, gas, water, telephone)

Demolition of Existing Buildings

Hand (manual) dismantling

Tractor w/ grapple

Dozing

Explosive

Wrecking balls

Remove Tress

Remove shrubs and vegetation

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PREPARATION WORK (4)

Surveying and Staking Out

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Temporary Post

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Board (fixed marks)

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Corner Excavation

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Theodolite Positioning

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Elevation Setting

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Elevation Setting

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Depth Control

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PREPARATION WORK (5)

Coordinate Geometry (COGO)

Geo-Satellite

Digital Surveying with GPS

Digital Geodetic Surveying, Mapping, and Planning:

mapping a vast area

INTRODUCTION TO EARTHMOVING (1)

Earthmoving process is the process of moving soil or rock from one

location to another and processing it so that it meets construction

requirements of location, elevation, density and moisture content.

Activities involved in this process include:

Excavating

Loading

Hauling

Placing (dumping and spreading)

Compacting

Grading and finishing

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INTRODUCTION TO EARTHMOVING (2)

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GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF EARTHWORK (1)

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Plan View

Profile View (Potongan Memanjang)

Cross Section View (Potongan Melintang)

GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF EARTHWORK (2)

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SOIL VOLUME-CHANGE CHARACTERISTICS (1)

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Three Principal Soil Conditions:

Bank: Called “In –Place” Material in its natural state before disturbance unit

volume Bank Cubic Yard (BCY) or Bank Cubic Meter (BCM)

Loose: Material that has been excavated or loaded Loose Cubic Yard

(LCY) or Loose Cubic Meter (LCM)

Compacted: Material after compaction Compacted Cubic Yard (CCY) or

Compacted Cubic Meter (CCM)

Swell: Soil increase in volume when it is excavated (soil grains loose an air fills

the void spaces created)

Shrinkage

Load Factor is a conversion factor to simplify the conversion of loose volume to

bank volume

Soil’s Volumetric Changes

BANK

LOOSE COMPACTED

Swell (%) = bank unit weight

loose unit weight ( - 1) x 100%

SWELL

SHRINK

Swell Factor (SwF) = loose dry unit weight

bank dry unit weight

Shrinkage Factor (ShF) = compacted dry unit weight

bank dry unit weight

Shrinkage (%) = (compacted dry unit weight) – (bank unit weight)

compacted unit weight x 100%

Load Factor (LF) = Swell Factor (SwF)

Example

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Example

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Earth Work Calculation

Excavate/dig or (back) fill actual ground level to

desired Level

Average End Method (ditch/trench excavation)

Vol. = (A1 + A2) / 2 x L

Large Area Ave. Depth = [S depth x weight] / S weight

Volume = Ave. Depth x Area

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Ditch / Trench Excavations

Average End Method

L

A2

A1

Vol. = (A1 + A2)/2 x L

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Land Excavation /Filling (grid system)

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Find the volume of excavation required for the area shown in

figure below. The figure at each grid inter-section represents the

depth of cut at that location

AVE. DEPTH = [1xCP + 2xBP + 4xIP]/TP

VOL. = L x L x AVE. DEPTH

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Problem: