Lecture #23:Lecture #23: Developmental Developmental

PsychologyPsychology , Part I, Part I

Copyright © 2002 L.A. LoweCopyright © 2002 L.A. Lowe

Questions to ConsiderQuestions to Consider

What are some of the different What are some of the different theories oftheories of developmental psychologydevelopmental psychology??

What are some of the What are some of the developmental developmental milestonesmilestones in: in: childhood?childhood? adolescence?adolescence? adulthood?adulthood?

Major Theories in Developmental Major Theories in Developmental

Freud’s five stage Freud’s five stage psychopsychoSEXUALSEXUAL theory. theory.

Piaget’s (1963) four stage Piaget’s (1963) four stage cognitive cognitive developmentaldevelopmental theory. theory.

Erikson’s (1963) eight stage theory of Erikson’s (1963) eight stage theory of psychopsychosocialsocial personality developmentpersonality development..

Kohlberg’s (1969) three stage theory of Kohlberg’s (1969) three stage theory of

moral developmentmoral development..

Piaget’s (1963) Cognitive Developmental Piaget’s (1963) Cognitive Developmental TheoryTheory

Premise of Piaget’s theory:Premise of Piaget’s theory:

physicalphysical development of the development of the CNSCNS and and brainbrain leads to: leads to:

cognitivecognitive and and intellectualintellectual development in development in humans.humans.

Four stages of cognitive developmentFour stages of cognitive development:: sensori-motorsensori-motor stage (birth to 2 years). stage (birth to 2 years). pre-operationalpre-operational stage (2 to 7 years). stage (2 to 7 years). concrete operationalconcrete operational stage (7 to 11 yrs.) stage (7 to 11 yrs.) formal operationalformal operational stage (11 yrs. & up). stage (11 yrs. & up).

Piaget’s (1963) TheoryPiaget’s (1963) Theory

Sensori-motor Sensori-motor stage -- birth to age 2:stage -- birth to age 2: Cognitive developmental milestones during Cognitive developmental milestones during

this stage:this stage: understanding understanding object permanenceobject permanence..

usually acquired by ages 1-2.usually acquired by ages 1-2. understanding of understanding of deindividuationdeindividuation and and

independence of selfindependence of self from caretaker. from caretaker. lack of understanding lack of understanding object permanenceobject permanence::

an object an infant no longer sees an object an infant no longer sees becomes, literally, “becomes, literally, “out of sight, out of out of sight, out of mindmind” ” hence, hence, stranger anxietystranger anxiety..

Piaget’s (1963) Theory (cont’d.)Piaget’s (1963) Theory (cont’d.) Pre-operationalPre-operational stage -- ages 2 to 7: stage -- ages 2 to 7:

Cognitive developmental “struggles” during Cognitive developmental “struggles” during this stage:this stage: egocentrismegocentrism.. animismanimism -- personification. -- personification. artificialismartificialism -- nature as human-controlled. -- nature as human-controlled. conservationconservation::

objects or things remain the same, objects or things remain the same, despite changes in appearance.despite changes in appearance.

pre-op. children pre-op. children CANNOTCANNOT conserveconserve.. objectivityobjectivity in moral judgement -- lack of in moral judgement -- lack of

emotional intelligenceemotional intelligence, due to , due to egocentrismegocentrism..

Piaget’s (1963) Theory (cont’d.)Piaget’s (1963) Theory (cont’d.)

Concrete operationalConcrete operational stage -- ages 7 to 11: stage -- ages 7 to 11: Cognitive developmental milestones during Cognitive developmental milestones during

this stage:this stage: concrete operationsconcrete operations::

understanding of “understanding of “cause-effectcause-effect”.”. concrete logical thought (“concrete logical thought (“seeing is seeing is

believingbelieving”).”). conservationconservation is understood at this stage. is understood at this stage. subjectivitysubjectivity in moral judgement -- in moral judgement --

beginnings of beginnings of emotional intelligenceemotional intelligence (e.g., (e.g., empathy, compassion, care, altruism, “Good empathy, compassion, care, altruism, “Good Samaritanism”, etc.).Samaritanism”, etc.).

Piaget’s (1963) Theory (cont’d.)Piaget’s (1963) Theory (cont’d.)

Formal operationalFormal operational stage -- ages 11 & up: stage -- ages 11 & up:

Cognitive developmental milestones Cognitive developmental milestones

during this stage:during this stage:

abstract, logical thought.abstract, logical thought.

absolutist, generalized thought?absolutist, generalized thought?

i.e., “i.e., “black and whiteblack and white” thinking.” thinking.

Evaluation of Piaget’s TheoryEvaluation of Piaget’s Theory

Isn’t cognitive development a lifelong Isn’t cognitive development a lifelong process, not one that ends at age 12?process, not one that ends at age 12?

Argument of a Argument of a 5th stage5th stage of cognitive of cognitive development: development:

post-formal operational thought post-formal operational thought or or dialectical reasoning:dialectical reasoning:

abstract, abstract, absolute, absolute, dynamic and dynamic and fluid, fluid, “gray”, & “gray”, & flexible. flexible.

Evaluation of Piaget’s Theory (cont’d.)Evaluation of Piaget’s Theory (cont’d.)

Not all children (or adults) reach the Not all children (or adults) reach the formal formal operationaloperational stage of C.D. stage of C.D. in fact, it’s been argued that only in fact, it’s been argued that only 10% to 10% to

20% of all adults20% of all adults operate at a level of operate at a level of cognitive development cognitive development beyondbeyond concrete concrete operational stage (similar to Maslow’s operational stage (similar to Maslow’s statistic re: love and belongingness).statistic re: love and belongingness).

Order of stages may be reached Order of stages may be reached earlierearlier by by some children.some children. e.g., e.g., conservationconservation & & emotional IQemotional IQ can be can be

understood by some understood by some pre-op.pre-op. children). children).

Next Time...Next Time...

Developmental Psychology, Part II.Developmental Psychology, Part II. Please continue reading Chapter 11...Please continue reading Chapter 11...

Physiological NeedsPhysiological Needs

Safety & Security NeedsSafety & Security Needs

Love & Belongingness Love & Belongingness NeedsNeeds

Esteem NeedsEsteem Needs

Maslow’s (1970) Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s (1970) Hierarchy of Needs

Natural Natural progression is progression is

upwardupward

Self-Self-

ActualizationActualization

80%-90% never 80%-90% never

develop develop

beyond Love & beyond Love &

BelongingnessBelongingness

Are formal operations & Are formal operations & post-conventional morality post-conventional morality

contingent upon L. & Bcontingent upon L. & B..