lecture 24 - ashipunov.meashipunov.me/shipunov/school/biol_310/lec_310_24.pdfpharmacognosy plant...

Ethnobotany

Alexey Shipunov

Minot State University

Lecture 24

Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture 24 1 / 48

Outline

1 PharmacognosyPlant remedies for respiratory systemPlant remedies for nervous system; stimulants


Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system

PharmacognosyPlant remedies for respiratory system



Ipecac, Cephaelis (Psychotria) spp., Rubiaceae,Central America

Ipecacuanhae radixIoquinoline alkaloids as emetineHas both mucolytic and emetic effects (frequently used asanti-toxic)


http://www.google.com/search?q=Cephaelis&tbm=isch


Ipecac



Emetine



Cough

Normally a symptom of other diseasesSuppression of brain nervous centers will reduce the cough



Opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, Papaveraceae,Asia

Contain alkaloids codeine and morphineCodeine is toxic in large doses because of respiratory depressioneffectMorphine causes strong addiction and painful withdrawalsyndromeOpioids mimic endogenous opioids: endorphins, enkephalins,dynorphins neurotransmitters


http://www.google.com/search?q=Papaver somniferum&tbm=isch


Codeine and morphine


Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

PharmacognosyPlant remedies for nervous system;

stimulants



Stimulants and narcotics

Most of them substitute natural synaptic neurotransmittersWithdrawal syndrome is due to flexibility of our biosynthesis



From Nutt et al. (2007) in ”Lancet”



Cannabis, Cannabis sativa, Cannabaceae, South Asia

Annual or perennial herbLeaves contain unique family of terpeno-phenolic compoundscalled cannabinoids (some psychoactive like THC,tetrahydrocannabinol; some are not like CBD, cannabidiols)THC is known to activate protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors land 2 (CB1, CB2)Cannabinoids mimic endocannabinoids which acts asretro-neurotransmitters which go backward in synapse andterminate release of “normal” neurotransmitters


http://www.google.com/search?q=Cannabis sativa&tbm=isch


Cannabis



CBD, cannabidiol



Coca, Erythroxylon coca, Erythroxylaceae, SouthAmerica

Andean evergreen shrubContains cocaine, anesthetic andstrong stimulant narcoticCocaine blocks the dopaminetransporter protein


http://www.google.com/search?q=Erythroxylon coca&tbm=isch


Coca



Cocaine



Peyote cactus, Lophophora williamsii, Cactaceae,Mexico

Cactus plant containing mescaline, LSD/psilocybin grouphallucinogen narcoticAgonist of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor


http://www.google.com/search?q=Lophophora williamsii&tbm=isch


Lophophora



Mescaline



Cola, Cola acuminata, Malvaceae, West Africa

Colae semenTropical tree, seeds contain caffeine and kolaninsCaffeine is antagonist of adenosine inhibitory receptors andnatural insecticide



Cola



Caffeinated spiders make wrong webs



Tea, Camellia sinensis, Theaceae, East Asia

Small evergreen shrubNative to China, cultivated there from 2500 BC


http://www.google.com/search?q=Camellia sinensis&tbm=isch


Tea



Tea facts

Young leaves and buds are mostly usedThere are fermented (black, pu-ehr, up to 3% of caffeine!) andnon-fermented (green) teasAll contain caffeine and small amounts of theobromine andtheophylline



Coffee, Coffea arabica, Rubiaceae, East Africa

Small evergreen tree with regular growthNative to Ethiopia, was a local Yemen culture until XVIII century


http://www.google.com/search?q=Coffea arabica&tbm=isch


Coffee



Coffee facts

Seeds contain up to 2.5% of caffeineMost of aromatic compounds (caffeol) are activated when frying



Cocoa, Theobroma cacao, Malvaceae, South America

Evergreen small tree with caulifloryCocoa beans are large fruits which go to cocoa, chocolate and oilproduction


http://www.google.com/search?q=Theobroma cacao&tbm=isch


Cocoa



Cocoa facts

Fermented and fried seeds contain 2% of theobrominePhosphodiesterase inhibitor which raises intracellular cAMP43% of world cocoa come from Côte d’Ivoire



Theobromine



Yerba mate, Ilex paraguariensis, Aquifoliaceae, SouthAmerica

Evergreen shrub from semi-deserts of South AmericaLeaves contain up to 2% of caffeineAnti-cancer and cancer effects were both stated


http://www.google.com/search?q=Ilex paraguariensis&tbm=isch


Mate



Yerba mate



Guarana, Paullinia cupana, Sapindaceae, SouthAmerica

Tropical shrub with pinnate leaves; seed powder is used as a drinkExtremely high in caffeine (up to 6%), actually caffeine old namewas “guaranine”


http://www.google.com/search?q= Paullinia cupana&tbm=isch


Guarana



Khat, Catha edulis, Celastraceae, East Africa

Evergreen shrub ecologically similar to coffeeLeaves contain cathine (pseudonorephedrine), agonist ofnoardrenaline receptors, which mild psychoactive effects


http://www.google.com/search?q=Catha edulis&tbm=isch


Khat



Cathine



Areca nut, Areca catechu, Palmae, Southeast Asia

Nuts are chewed with betle pepper (Piper betle, Piperaceae)leaves and slaked lime (Ca(OH)2)Chemical reaction will free arecoline alkaloid (similar to nicotine),agonist of acetylcholine receptors


http://www.google.com/search?q=Areca catechu&tbm=isch

http://www.google.com/search?q=Piper betle&tbm=isch


Areca nut vendor (Hainan, China)



Arecoline



Summary

Most of stimulants / narcotics are analogs of neurotransmitters



For Further Reading

A. Shipunov.Ethnobotany [Electronic resource].2011—onwards.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310

Heinrich et al. 2012 (or 2004).Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy.Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.Mode of access: http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310/heinrich2004_fund_pharm_part.pdf


http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310

http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310/heinrich2004_fund_pharm_part.pdf

http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310/heinrich2004_fund_pharm_part.pdf

lecture 24 - ashipunov.meashipunov.me/shipunov/school/biol_310/lec_310_24.pdfpharmacognosy plant...

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