lecture 27 low speed psp large tunnel - wmich.edu
TRANSCRIPT
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
Development of Pressure-Sensitive Paint
Systems for Low-Speed Flows and Large
Wind Tunnels
Sergey Fonov, Alan Forlines,
Steve Palluconi, Jim Crafton
Innovative Scientific Solutions Inc., Dayton Ohio
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
Pressure kPaPressure kPa
Pressure-Sensitive Paint
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
PSP for Research and Aircraft Design • Full model coverage
– Sounds nice, but is rarely practical
– We are not replacing taps, PSP is complementary
• Difficult to tap regions
– trailing edge, winglets, flaps, rotorcraft
• Build models with fewer taps
– Resolve pressure distribution on leading edge
– Pressure distribution on fuselage
– Need 2-3 taps per camera view
• Unsteady pressure measurements
– A few fast taps and a fast PSP system
Use PSP to provide higher spatial resolution, taps anchor data
Model you can’t tap
Improve loads calc.
Fast camera 1Mpix at 12 kHz
You can’t build that
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PSP for Production Wind Tunnel Testing
Mach 0.7
5˚ Angle of Attack
Innovative Scientific Solutions
Dayton Ohio
Aircraft Research Association
Bedford England
CP
Binary PSP
Lifetime PSP
Binary PSP
8 foot test section
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
Lifetime PSP in a Transonic Wind Tunnel
Mach 0.7
5˚ Angle of Attack
Innovative Scientific Solutions
Dayton Ohio
Aircraft Research Association
Bedford England
CP
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
Fast Response PSP Unsteady Pressure measurements in a supersonic cavity
AIAA-2013-0678
Fast response PSP systems are evolving quickly and will soon be deployed in larger tunnels such as AEDC 16T
Asai AIAA-2013-0485
Merienne AIAA-2013-1136
Flaherty AIAA-2013-0678
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
NASA SBIR Program
ISSI, OSU, NASA, US Army
Tunnel is lower speed, but blade tip is ~ 220-m/s
Not really low speed PSP
Rotorcraft Experimental Setup
PSP data from 2-meter Rotor in NASA 14X22
Single-Shot Concept
Unsteady PSP on Rotorcraft Model
Single-Shot Lifetime Detection of Fast PSP
Combine fast responding PSP with single-shot lifetime detection concept to
produce a system for measurements of unsteady pressure on rotorcraft blades.
Most recent measurements conducted on 2 blades using 5 cameras
Tip vortex
Klein AIAA-2013-0483
Gregory AIAA-2013-0484
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
Motivation
• PSP used regularly in transonic tunnels
– Academic, Research, and Production systems
– AEDC, ARA, DLR/DNW, NASA, TsAGI, JAXA, ONERA
• Fast PSP quickly developing
– Academic and Research tunnels
• PSP measurements demonstrated at low-speed
– NASA – Bell/Brown, Tohoku - Asai, ISSI - ADD
• Production PSP system for large low-speed tunnel
– Productivity? Accuracy? Low-Speed? Large?
– Definition differs for Academic, Research, Production,
Military, and Commercial
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
System Performance Requirements
• Academic (University)
– Accurate ~ flow visualization to quantitative
– Productive > student graduation rate? basic research
• Research and Development (NASA, AEDC, DLR, ...)
– Accurate ~ 3% of dynamic pressure
• need meaningful error bars
– Productive > tunnel run time
• Production (Boeing, Airbus)
– Accurate ~ 3% of dynamic pressure, used for loads design
– Productive > tunnel occupation time & data delivery
• Design cycle requires final data delivery in weeks
1-4 foot test section
Speed < Mach 0.3
Small blow-down tunnels
6+ foot test section
M 0.6 < Speed < M 2.5
return on investment
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
Very Low Speed (17-m/s) PSP AIAA 2004-878 (James Bell)
• ISSI Binary FIB
• Taps –vs- PSP ~ 35-Pa >> Q ~ 180-Pa
Flow
p (psi)
-0.06
0.01
-0.07
-0.06
-0.05
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0
-0.07 -0.06 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0
Tap Data (psi)
PS
P D
ata
(p
si)
RMS Difference = 0.0046 psi
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
Binary PSP for Low-Speed
• Errors in PSP measurements (Liu & Sullivan)
– Temperature
– Illumination (model movement & lamp stability)
– Camera noise (photon statistics)
– Paint Calibration (accuracy & stability)
– Photo-degradation, Filter Leakage
– Sedimentation (dirt, oil deposits on model)
– Spectral content of excitation (Flash-lamp)
• Determine sensitivity coefficients
• Identify major sources of error
– Temperature, Illumination
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
Temperature Errors
• Model construction
– metal model to minimize temperature gradients
• isothermal boundary condition
– plastic model to maximize temperature gradients
• adiabatic boundary condition
• Temperature changes during the run
– Tunnel stagnation temperature increases at startup
– Mach number is changed
– Angle of attack is changed
– Stagnation temperature in a blow-down tunnel
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
Illumination Errors
• Model movement/deformation
– Sting mounted model shifts
– Structural bending, twisting
– Motion Wind-on to Wind-off
• Estimation of error
– Assume LED is 1-m from model
– Wind bends 1-mm under load
– Intensity change is 0.2%
– Pressure error is ~ 250-Pa
– Wing bends 5-mm, pressure error is ~ 1,300 Pa
– 30-m/s = 540-Pa 60-m/s = 2,100-Pa
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Binary Pressure-Sensitive Paint Acquisition
• 1 camera + filter wheel
– Sequential images (time)
– Stable experiment
• 2 cameras
– Image alignment
– Perspective distortion
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Binary FIB Calibration with Filter Switch
• Temperature sensitivity
– ~ 25 times less than FIB
• Uncertainty
– 50 Pa/K
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PSP at lower speeds in Research Tunnels
• UCAV in SARL – 2004
– Mach 0.2, 0.4
– Taps –vs- PSP ~ RMS 1,100-Pa
• Slow-Scan CCD
• 4 LED lights
– 1.2-W each
– LM4-400 (4 inch unit)
• Binary FIB
• Filter Switch
• Acquisition time
– ~ 10-s/image
• Average 32 images
Background lighting is a
major issue in the SARL
Open circuit, runs in
daytime. Hope for a dry,
cloudy, summer day.
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
PSP at 50-m/s in 3X4 AFIT Tunnel
• LM2X LED
– 2.2-W
– 2 inch unit
• Binary FIB
• Filter Switch
• PCO.1600 camera
– Electronic shutter
• Acquisition time
– ~ 1-s/image
• Average 64
images
Open circuit tunnel
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
PSP at 60-m/s in 3X4 AFIT Tunnel
• LM2X LED
– 2.2-W
– 2 inch unit
• Binary FIB
• Filter Switch
• PCO.1600 camera
– Electronic shutter
• Acquisition time
– ~ 1-s/image
• Average 64 images
PSP deviation ~ 200 Pa
Starting to get useful
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
NACA 0012 with 2D Ice
Mike Bragg
Greg Elliott
University of Illinois Taps –vs- PSP ~ 130 Pa
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
PSP on MicroX in SARL
Side Top
Mach = 0.3
ISSI & AFRL
2007
• PCO.1600
• 8 LED lights
– 2.5-W each
• Binary FIB
• Filter Switch
• Acquisition time
– ~ 2-s/image
• Average 32 images
• Dynamic background
35°
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15°
5° 10°
35°
85 90 95 100
Pressure kPa
• Mach = 0.3
• Thin, removable tail section
– Difficult to tap
• Multi-vortex structure?
• Taps –vs- PSP
– ~ 270-Pa (model body)
– 5% dynamic pressure
• Substantial improvement
– 2004 ~ 1100 Pa
– 2007 ~ 270 Pa
• Better lights > S/N
• Dynamic background
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
-3
1 Cp Frees stream U∞ = 50 [m/s] (Re = 3×105),Yaw angle y = 0 [deg]
Hatchback’s
transverse and
trailing vortices
Taps –vs- PSP ~ 50 Pa
Oil Flow Visualization
・Yamashita, T., et al, Journal of Visualization, Vol. 10, No. 3, 2007, pp. 1343-8875.
・Yorita, D. et al., Paper No. P04-005 Flow Visualization Symposium, 2008
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
High Power LED
• Output power ~ 8-12 W
• Stability ~0.1 % per hour
• Maximum duty cycle 100%
• Rise time (10% - 90%) < 1-ms
• Fall time (90% - 10%) < 1-ms
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
ADD System – Tunnel Integration
• Master PC
– Tunnel PC control
– Collect & transmit
• Run conditions
• Pressure taps
– Pulse generator
• Fire cameras & lamps
• Slave system
– Camera
– Filter wheel
– Data storage
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
Taps –vs- PSP
• ADD 2009
• Tunnel
– 3m X 2.25m
– Closed circuit
• Max 90 m/s
• Average 64 images
– 2 second exposure
• Data mapped to mesh
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Mach Number Sweep, a=5° Top
Bottom 46-m/s 60-m/s 80-m/s
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a = -4° 0° 5° 8°
a Sweep, V = 46-m/s
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Binary PSP Acquisition
Seem to be reaching limit for
filter switch. Explore color
camera. Need paint to match
color mask on camera. Need
high quality color camera.
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
• Temperature sensitivity
– not quite as good as filter switch
• Pressure sensitivity
– Slightly lower
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Test section 3-m x 2.25-m
Speed 80, 60, 46–m/s
rms deviation ~ 130-Pa
Single Color Camera
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Bridge Model at 30 m/s
• LM2XX LED
– 4-W
– 2 inch unit
• Binary FIB
• Color Camera
– RFZ lens
• Acquisition time
– ~ 300 ms
• Average 64
images
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
Color Camera System for Production Test
• Production system
– Acquire accurate data
– At reasonable rates
• Remotely control FOV
– Add Pan/Tilt and Motorized Focus-Zoom-Aperture
– Integrate these into data acquisition software
• Get more cameras on model
– Resolve leading edge, focus on flap, etc.
– Cost of camera and data transfer rate
– GigE color camera
Pan/Tilt
RFZ Lens
Current systems have
fixed position and
manual lens
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
Conclusions
• Production Systems for Transonic Tunnel
– Systems becoming more common
• Lifetime and Binary systems are effective
– Multi-camera systems to cover model
– System integration essential for productivity
• Low Speed Measurements < 80-m/s
– Becoming common in Academic tunnels
– Better hardware, cost is coming down
– Systems developing in larger Research Tunnels
– Taps-vs-PSP ~ 50-Pa small tunnels, 100-Pa large tunnels
• Future systems based on color camera
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
PSP on a Low-Speed Propeller
Single-shot PSP on
rotating machinery
at low speed
Tip speed ~ 55-m/s
Dynamic pressure ~ 1,800-Pa
Pressure variation ~ 2,500-Pa gate ratio
ISSI & OSU
2009
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.
Evolution of Instrumentation
• Academic
– 1) Make it work
– TC & taps, balance, MDM, PSP/TSP, PIV, oil , S3F, etc.
– PSP works here at all speeds
• Research and Development
– & 2) Acquire accurate data, 3) at reasonable rates
– TC & taps, balance, MDM, TSP, oil, PIV?
• Production
– & 4) In a cost effective manner
– TC & taps, balance, MDM
Lots of cleaver instrumentation ideas are developed and demonstrated.
Very few are used in production testing.
Practical implementation (i.e. seed a transonic tunnel without compromising operation, optical access, etc.) is the major limit to wide spread deployment in many cases.