Lecture 4: Landside

-Terminal Building

By: Zuliana Ismail

Learning Outcomes

Students able to:• Describe major terminal design concepts• Describe about the passenger movement and

baggage handling.• Explain the public transportation at airport

Air

sid

e L

an

dsid

e

Landside

• Landside areas include parking facilities, public transportation, terminal building and all utilities that support the operations of terminals.

• All these facilities associated with the movement of passengers and their baggage.

LANDSIDE

Landside Facilities

TERMINAL BUILDING

PASSENGER MOVEMENT

BAGGAGE HANDLING

PARKING FACILITIES

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

Terminal Building

Terminal Building

• Terminal building is the main building where passengers embark and disembark aircrafts.

• *embark = go onboard an aircraft.

• The terminals are the ‘front door’ to the Airport and serve as the public interface between the airside and landside elements.

The world's largest airport terminal

• The Hong Kong International Airport passenger terminal building is 1.3 km long and covers an area of 135.9 acres and is the world's largest single airport building.

• It also has 48 aircraft parking stands with boarding gates and air bridges, the terminal has a capacity of 45 million passengers a year, arriving on 460 flights every day.

Airport Terminal Design

• Piers offer high aircraft capacity and simplicity of design, but often result in a long distance from the check-in counter to the gate (this way called as Contact Pier).

• Most large international airports have piers, including Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, Frankfurt International Airport, London Heathrow Airport, Amsterdam Schiphol Airport, Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Bangkok International Airport, Beirut International Airport and Miami International Airport.

Kansai International Airport

Pier Finger Terminals

• This configuration involves a single terminal where all the ticketing and passenger processing takes place.

• Connected to this are numerous concourses that lead to one or more satellite structures.

• Need high speed escalators, monorails or electric-powered carts to reduce walking distances.

Pier Satellite Terminal

Airport Terminal DesignKLIA Airport

Tampa Airport

Transporter TerminalAirport Terminal Design

• In this concept passengers are transported to and from the building to the parked airplane. • With this concept, aircraft can be parked remotely from the terminal buildings thus increasing the

amount of aircraft embarking and disembarking passengers. • Airplane taxiing time to and from the runway is decreased as well as reduce the amount of aircraft

engine noise around the terminal.

Advantages:• Short distance from check-in area to contact pier.• Low cost construction

Incheon Airport

Semicircular Terminal Airport Terminal Design

What are the functions of Terminal Building?

Four Key Functions of Terminal

• To process passengers (ticket check, customs clearance, immigration control, safety)

• To provide various facilities for passenger (shopping, toilets, eating, meeting & greeting, business & conference).

• To organize passengers before journey by plane.

• To facilitate a change of transfer mode (ex: from train to plane, from car to plane, etc.).

Inside Terminal Building

Parts of Terminal Building

A terminal building could be made for passengers, cargo and for any other specific purposes. It comprises the basic physical parts as

•  Front side of the Terminal • Visitors Area and Check-in Area• Shop retails• Security Hold Area & Baggage Make Up area• Passengers Meet and Greet area• Airlines offices, counters for Tour and Travel

agencies counters for Taxi services• Lounges of Business class or Executive Class

passengers

Any airport’s aim is to provide high quality terminal facilities

WHY??• T o handle the passengers traffic flows effectively .• To provide a quality experience for customers,

because terminals provide the first and last impressions for visitors to the airport.

• To become a HUB

What are the key factors to build an ATTRACTIVE & EFFECTIVE airport

terminal building?

KEY FACTORS OF ATTRACTIVE TERMINAL

• Ambiance (character/atmosphere of place)• Cleanliness• Unique Architectural• Excellent retail stores• Many activities for passengers • Pleasing & good waiting environment • Passengers friendly• Excellent customer service.

KEY FACTORS OF EFFECTIVE TERMINAL

• Good and adequate signage in the terminal• Less walking distance for passengers• Accurate information• Efficient public transportation • Hotels and rest rooms walking distance• Well located facilities & services (restaurants,

etc.)• High security level, safe from any threat

potential.

Attractive and Effective Terminal

• Ambiance (character/atmosphere of place)• Cleanliness

Ambiance Singapore Changi

Ambiance Singapore Changi

Attractive and Effective Terminal

• Unique Architectural

Incheon

Attractive and Effective Terminal

• Good and adequate signage

Attractive and Effective Terminal

• Less walking distance for passengers

Attractive and Effective Terminal

• Excellent retail stores• Becoming mini township• Branded stores

Dubai Airport Retail Shops

Attractive and Effective Terminal

• Many activities for passengers

Attractive and Effective Terminal

• Pleasing & good waiting environment

Attractive and Effective Terminal

• Accurate information

Attractive and Effective Terminal

• Passengers friendly• Excellent customer service.

Attractive and Effective Terminal

• Efficient public transportation • Hotels and rest rooms walking distance• Well located facilities & services (restaurants,

etc.)• High security level, safe from any threat

potential•

Passenger’s Movement

Flow chart of an embarking passenger

Flow chart of an EMBARKING passenger

Check-in

• Airport Check-in are service counters found at commercial airports handling commercial air travel. The check-in is normally handled by an airline or a handling agent working on behalf of an airline. Passengers usually hand over any baggage they do not wish or are not allowed to carry-on to the aircraft's cabin and receive a boarding pass before they can proceed to board their aircraft.

Aer Lingus Self Check-in Kiosk at Dublin Airport

Check-in counters

Immigration Duties

• Immigration responsible for:

• Monitor persons who leave or enter the country,• Checking for appropriate documentation,• Arresting people wanted by international arrest

warrants.• Block the entry of dangerous people to the country.

Security Checks

• Passenger Screening:• Confirming the identity of travelers, Checking a photo ID &

transports.

• Body Screening using Metal Detector Gate

• Baggage Screening using X-ray machine

Security Checks

• 1st major act of criminal act occurred on Nov, 1 1955, when man named Jack Graham placed a bomb in luggage belonging to his mother. The bomb exploded in flight, killing all 33 people,

• 2nd such act occurred in 1960, when a suicide bomber killed all aboard a National Airlines aircraft.

Who handles security at Airports

• A police force hired and dedicated to the airport

• For Example, at Malaysia Airport Securities are handled by: Malaysia Airports Berhad Auxiliary Police. They are trained at Malaysia Airport Training Centre (MATC), Penang.

• Members of a country's military• Members of a country's airport

protection service• In U.S, Transportation Security

Administration (TSA)

Malaysia Airports Berhad Auxiliary Police

Security Checks

• Airport security procedures are designed to prevent any criminal acts that may affect the security both at airport on in flight.1. Passenger Screening

2. Baggage Screening

3. Larger X-Ray Scanner

• Criminal acts including theft, vandalism against passengers and their property, aircraft and all airport facilities.

• The worst is hijacking of aircraft, damaging or destroying aircraft or airport with explosives

Passenger Screening

• Confirming the identity of travelers. • Checking a photo ID & transports.• Some Airports using Biometrics (finger

print/retinal scan)

Passenger Screening

Walk-through metal detector• Objects on your clothing or person containing metal may set

off the alarm on the metal detector.

Additional screening• Additional screening occurs when an individual sets off the

alarm on the metal detector, or if he or she is selected for the additional screening.

• This screening includes a hand-wand inspection

Passenger Screening-

Metal objects will be detected and produce

alarm sound.

Passenger Screening

• Purpose: to ensure that certain prohibited items don’t board commercial airliners.

• Every passenger thus is screened by airport security staff using the latest screening techniques to prevent any terrorist or criminal activity.

• Every piece of luggage is screened for explosives using the latest technology and equipment before being placed on a plane

Prohibited items

There are a number of items that you cannot carry on a plane, and some of that can't be packed in your bags, example :

• Explosives: Fireworks, matches, gunpowder• Weapons: Guns, swords, martial arts weapons, knives

with blades of any length• Pressurized containers: Hair spray, oxygen tanks• Household items: Flammable liquids, solvents, bleach• Poisons: Insecticides, pesticides, rat poison• Corrosives: Car batteries

baggage Screening

The X-ray machine • Place all carry-on baggage and any items you are carrying

with you on the belt of the X-ray machine.• Laptop computers and video cameras with cassettes must be

removed from their carrying cases and placed in one of the bins provided.

• You will also need to remove your coat, jacket, suit jacket or blazer and place it in one of the bins.

• These items go through the X-ray machine.

baggage Screening

X-Ray technology: “see through” the baggage

Technologies to Screen Luggage

baggage Screening

Your baggage might also be inspected with an Explosive Trace Detection machine (ETD), Alarm will be

sounded if a weapon or explosive item is detected.

Larger X-Ray Scanner

• In addition to passenger baggage, most planes carry enormous amounts of cargo.

• All of this cargo has to be checked before it is loaded. • One old-fashioned method of bomb detection still

works as well or better than most hi-tech systems -- the use of trained dogs.

• In addition to an X-ray system, many airports also use larger scanners

Larger X-Ray Scanner

Larger X-Ray Scanner for bigger baggage and trained Dogs are used to sniff for bombs.

Issues

The increased security has meant longer waits and longer lines and longer waits at

the gate screening counters and area.

How to reduce longer waits problems for airport security procedures?

Flow chart of an DISEMBARKING passenger

Custom Duties

• Customs responsible for :

• The processing of people, carriers, cargo, and mail into and out of the country.(including animals & hazardous items)

• The proper collection of taxes, fees, penalties for imported items.

• The prohibition of narcotics and illegal drugs.

BAGGAGE HANDLING

Baggage Handling System

Functions : To process and move the passengers’s baggage

• From the check in area to the departure area or• From the arrival gate to the baggage-claim area.

Goals: • Faster• Safe

Methods of Moving Bags• Manual Methods

• Multiple luggage pieces in one cart

• Not automatically sorted

• Automatic Methods• DCV – Destination Coded Vehicles

• Each cart contains a single piece of baggage• Automatically sorted• Little or no human interaction required

DCV – Destination Coded Vehicles

• DCVs = Destination-coded vehicles

• Automatic Scanner=scan the labels

on the baggage• Conveyors- Like a local ‘roads’

Baggage Handling using DCVs• Check-in: Agents put tag on baggage

• Bag’s owner, Flight number, Final destination, Intermediate connections and airlines

• Automated bar code scanner• After reading the bar-code, the system will know where that bag is at

all times.• Hundred of computers keep track of the bag.

• Conveyors• Hundreds of conveyors with junctions connecting all of them• Sort all of the bags from all of the different airlines and send them to

DCVs that are headed to the proper terminal and gate• DCVs –Destination Coded Vehicles

• Headed to proper destination• Move bag quickly (5 times faster than conveyors)• Tracked by computers

Parking Facilities

Parking Facilities

• Public Parking Facility- for airline passengers• Near terminal building.

• Off-Airport Parking- for airline passengers• Far away from terminal building, with lower

charges.• Separate Parking-for airport employee

• Far away from terminal area, airport workers using bus go to the terminal.

• Car Rental Parking-for taxi or airport limousine• Close to the terminal building. Pick-up / Drop-off

Public Transportation

Example: Public Transportation at KLIA

• Taxis and limousine - Airport taxis or airport limousines are provided by Airport Limo. The taxis and limousines are readily available at the Taxi and Limousine counters.

• Bus - Both public and private buses connect KLIA to several points in Kuala Lumpur and beyond.

• NadiKLIA bus - Main Terminal Building to LCCT• Express Train- Kuala Lumpur International Airport can be

reached by the KLIA Express (ERL) and the KLIA Transit train services.

• Aerotrain - Main Terminal Building to Satellite Terminal A. The journey between terminals takes under two minutes train is able to transport 250passengers one time.

Terminal congestion means excessive crowding in the terminal

building.

How To Reduce Terminal Building Congestion ?

Reducing Terminal congestion

• Separate/different levels to separate arrival and departing flows.

• More Terminal Buildings to separate international and domestic.

• Adequate signage inside terminal building for quick passengers movement .

• Adequate public transport (Cars, Taxis, Buses) for quick passengers movement .

• More check-in counters & more immigration counter for quick passengers movement .