lecture 4: procedure & process models
TRANSCRIPT
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – main –
Softw
aretech
nik
/Softw
are-E
ngin
eering
Lectu
re4:
Pro
cedure
&P
rocess
Models
2019-0
5-0
6
Pro
f.Dr.A
nd
reas
Po
de
lski,Dr.B
erndW
estphal
Alb
ert-Lu
dw
igs-Un
iversität
Freib
urg,G
erm
any
To
pic
Area
Pro
jectM
an
agem
ent:
Co
nten
t
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sblockcontent –
2/
59
•V
L2
Softw
areM
etrics
•M
etrics,P
rop
ertie
so
fM
etrics
•S
oftw
areM
etrics
•S
oftw
areM
etrics
Issue
s
•C
ostEstimation
•(S
oftw
are)Eco
no
mics
ina
Nu
tshe
ll
•S
oftw
areC
ost
Estim
ation
•E
xpe
rt’s/
Algo
rithm
icE
stimatio
n
•P
rojectManagem
ent
•P
roje
ct
•P
roce
ssan
dP
roce
ssM
od
ellin
g
•P
roce
du
reM
od
els
•P
roce
ssM
od
els
•...
Process
Metrics
•C
MM
I,Sp
ice
...
VL
3
...
VL
4
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Spmrecall –
3/
59
Fro
mP
rocess
Mod
el
toC
oncre
teP
rocess
– 3 – 2019-05-02 – Sptopm –
41/
62
ne
wlo
calp
ost
escalate?
escalate?
han
dle
issue
,loc.
han
dle
issue
,loc.
no
tuto
r
resp
on
sein
local
foru
m
resp
on
setim
e:
1w
ork
day
(after
orig./
int.p
ost)
ne
wlo
calp
ost
escalate?
escalate?
escalateissu
ee
scalateissu
e
yes
tuto
r
inte
rnal
foru
mp
ost
resp
on
sein
local
foru
m
resp
on
setim
e:
1w
ork
day
(after
orig./
int.p
ost)
han
dle
issue
,int.
han
dle
issue
,int.
tuto
r
resp
on
sein
inte
rnal
foru
m
resp
on
sein
inte
rnal
foru
m
inte
rnal
foru
mp
ost
han
dle
issue
,glo
b.
han
dle
issue
,glo
b.
lectu
rer
assistant
tuto
r
resp
on
sein
glob
alfo
rum
orre
spo
nse
time
:1
wo
rkd
ay(afte
ro
rig.po
st)
Bu
ildin
gB
locks
com
po
se
ne
wlo
calp
ost
escalate?
escalate?
han
dle
issue
,loc.
han
dle
issue
,loc.
no
tuto
r
resp
on
sein
local
foru
m
resp
on
setim
e:
1w
ork
day
(after
orig./
int.p
ost)
han
dle
issue
,int.
han
dle
issue
,int.
tuto
r
resp
on
sein
inte
rnal
foru
m
escalateissu
ee
scalateissu
e
yes
tuto
r
inte
rnal
foru
mp
ost
han
dle
issue
,glo
b.
han
dle
issue
,glo
b.
lectu
rer
assistant
tuto
r
resp
on
sein
glob
alfo
rum
orre
spo
nse
time
:1
wo
rkd
ay(afte
ro
rig.po
st)
Plan
con
cretise
Pro
cess
’Did
you
up
load
...?’
escalate?
escalate?
han
dle
issue
,loc.
han
dle
issue
,loc.
no Tu
tor
A
local
foru
m:
’So
rry...’
’Isth
ataty
po
?’e
scalate?e
scalate?e
scalateissu
ee
scalateissu
e
yes Tu
tor
B
inte
rnal
foru
mp
ost
han
dle
issue
,glo
b.
han
dle
issue
,glo
b.
lectu
rer
assistant
Tuto
rB
glob
alfo
rum
:’N
ew
versio
n...’
Co
nten
t
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Scontent –
4/
59
•P
rocedureand
Process
Models
•V
ocab
ulary
:
•lin
ear
/n
on
-line
ar
•e
volu
tion
ary,iterative
,incre
me
ntal
•p
roto
typ
ing
•P
rocedureM
od
elE
xamp
les
•T
he
(in)fam
ou
sW
aterfallm
od
el
•T
he
famo
us
Sp
iralmo
de
l
•P
rocessM
od
elE
xamp
les
•C
od
e-an
d-F
ix,Ph
aseM
od
el
•V
-Mo
de
llXT
•A
gile
•E
xtrem
eP
rogram
min
g(X
P)
•S
crum
•P
rocessM
etrics
•C
MM
I,Sp
ice
Pro
cessvs.
Pro
cedu
reM
od
els
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – main –
5/
59
Pro
cessvs.
Pro
cedu
reM
od
el
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Spmvspm –
6/
59
(Lud
ew
igan
dL
ichte
r,20
13)p
rop
ose
tod
istingu
ish:process
modelan
dprocedure
model.
•A
Process
model(‘P
roze
ssmo
de
ll’)com
prise
s
(i)P
rocedurem
odel(‘Vo
rgeh
en
smo
de
ll’)
Exam
ple
:“Wate
rfallMo
de
l”(70
s/8
0s).
(ii)O
rganisationalstructure—
com
prisin
gre
qu
irem
en
tso
n
•p
roje
ctm
anage
me
nt
and
resp
on
sibilitie
s,
•q
uality
assuran
ce,
•d
ocu
me
ntatio
n,d
ocu
me
nt
structu
re,
•re
vision
con
trol.
Exam
ple
s:V-M
od
ell,R
UP,X
P(9
0s/
00
s).
•N
ote:In
the
literatu
re,process
modelan
dprocedure
modelare
ofte
nu
sed
assy
no
ny
ms;
the
reare
(again)n
ou
nive
rsallyagre
ed
term
s...
•A
nticip
ated
benefitso
fu
sing
pro
cess
mo
de
ls:
•“econom
yofthought”
•clearresponsibilities
•few
ererrors
•quantification,reproducibility
Co
nten
t
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Scontent –
7/
59
•P
rocedureand
Process
Models
•V
ocab
ulary
:
•lin
ear
/n
on
-line
ar
•e
volu
tion
ary,iterative
,incre
me
ntal
•p
roto
typ
ing
•P
rocedureM
od
elE
xamp
les
•T
he
(in)fam
ou
sW
aterfallm
od
el
•T
he
famo
us
Sp
iralmo
de
l
•P
rocessM
od
elE
xamp
les
•C
od
e-an
d-F
ix,Ph
aseM
od
el
•V
-Mo
de
llXT
•A
gile
•E
xtrem
eP
rogram
min
g(X
P)
•S
crum
•P
rocessM
etrics
•C
MM
I,Sp
ice
Pro
cedu
reM
od
elE
xam
ples
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – main –
8/
59
Lin
ear
vs.N
on
-Lin
ear
Pro
cedu
reM
od
els
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Slinear –
9/
59
•linear:b
asicallyth
estrictW
aterfallModel
(with
ou
tfe
edback
be
twe
en
activities)
•non-linear:b
asicallyeverything
else
(with
fee
db
ackb
etw
ee
nactivitie
s)
Iterative,
Increm
enta
l,E
volu
tion
ary
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sevoinciter –
10/
59
•Iterative
Developm
ent:
req
.
plan
plan
spe
c.1
...
spe
c.n
iteratio
n1
iteratio
n1
I1
···
In−1
iteratio
nn
iteratio
nn
S
iterativesoftw
aredevelopm
ent—
softw
areis
de
vel-
op
ed
inm
ultipleiterative
steps,all
of
the
mp
lann
ed
and
con
trolle
d.
Go
al:e
achite
rativeste
p,
be
ginn
ing
with
the
seco
nd
,co
rrects
and
imp
rove
sth
ee
xisting
syste
mb
ased
on
de
-fe
ctsd
ete
cted
du
ring
usage
.
Each
iterative
step
sin
clud
es
the
characte
risticactivitie
s
analyse,design
,code,test.
Ludewig
&Lichter(20
13)
•Increm
entalDevelopm
ent:
req
.1
pro
ject
1p
roje
ct1
S1
···
req
.n
pro
ject
np
roje
ctn
Sn
incrementalsoftw
aredevelopm
ent—
Th
eto
talexte
n-
sion
of
asy
stem
un
de
rd
eve
lop
me
nt
rem
ains
op
en
;it
isre
alised
instages
ofexpansion
.T
he
firststage
isth
ecore
system.
Each
stageo
fe
xpan
sion
exte
nd
sth
ee
xisting
syste
m
and
issu
bje
ctto
ase
parate
pro
ject.
Pro
vidin
ga
ne
w
stageo
fe
xpan
sion
typ
icallyin
clud
es
(asw
ithite
rative
de
velo
pm
en
t)anim
pro
vem
en
to
fth
eo
ldco
mp
on
en
ts.
Ludewig
&Lichter( 20
13)
•Evolutionary
Developm
ent:
req
.
evo
lutio
n1
evo
lutio
n1
I1
...In−1
evo
lutio
nn
evo
lutio
nn
S
evolutionarysoftw
aredevelopm
ent—
anap
pro
achw
hich
inclu
de
se
volu
tion
so
fth
ed
eve
lop
ed
softw
areu
nd
er
the
influ
en
ceo
fp
ractical/fie
ldte
sting.
Ne
wan
dch
ange
dre
qu
irem
en
tsare
con
side
red
by
de
-
velo
pin
gth
eso
ftware
insequentialsteps
ofevolution.
Ludewig
&Lichter( 20
13),flw.(Züllighoven,20
05)
Iterative,
Increm
enta
l,E
volu
tion
ary
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sevoinciter –
10/
59
•Iterative
Developm
ent:re
q.
plan
plan
spe
c.1
...
spe
c.n
iteratio
n1
iteratio
n1
I1
···
In−1
iteratio
nn
iteratio
nn
S
•Increm
entalDevelopm
ent:re
q.1
pro
ject
1p
roje
ct1
S1
···
req
.n
pro
ject
np
roje
ctn
Sn
•Evolutionary
Developm
ent:re
q.
evo
lutio
n1
evo
lutio
n1
I1
...In−1
evo
lutio
nn
evo
lutio
nn
S
•N
ote:(to
maxim
iseco
nfu
sion
)IEE
Ecalls
ou
r“ite
rative”in
crem
en
tal:
incrementaldevelopm
ent—
Aso
ftware
de
velo
pm
en
tte
chn
iqu
ein
wh
ichre
qu
irem
en
tsd
efin
ition
,
de
sign,im
ple
me
ntatio
n,an
dte
sting
occu
rinan
ove
rlapp
ing,ite
rative(rath
er
than
seq
ue
ntial)m
an-
ne
r,resu
lting
inin
crem
en
talcom
ple
tion
of
the
ove
rallsoftw
arep
rod
uct.
IEEE610
.12(1990
)
•O
ne
diffe
ren
ce(in
ou
rd
efin
ition
s):
•iterative
:step
sto
ward
sfixe
dgo
al,
•increm
ental:goale
xten
de
dfo
re
achste
p;n
ext
step
goals
may
alread
yb
ep
lann
ed
.
Pro
totyp
ing
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sprototyp –
11/5
9
req
.
pro
toty
pe
pro
toty
pe
P
resu
lts
de
velo
pd
eve
lop
S
prototype—
Ap
relim
inary
typ
e,fo
rm,o
rinstan
ceo
fa
syste
mth
atse
rves
asa
mo
de
lforlate
rstages
or
for
the
final,co
mp
lete
versio
no
fth
esy
stem
.IEEE
610.12
(1990)
prototyping—
Ah
ardw
arean
dso
ftware
de
velo
pm
en
tte
chn
iqu
ein
wh
icha
pre
limin
aryve
rsion
of
part
or
allof
the
hard
ware
or
softw
areis
de
velo
pe
dto
pe
rmit
use
rfe
ed
back,d
ete
rmin
efe
asibility,
or
inve
stigatetim
ing
or
oth
er
issue
sin
sup
po
rto
fth
ed
eve
lop
me
nt
pro
cess.
IEEE610
.12(1990
)
rapidprototyping
—A
typ
eo
fp
roto
typ
ing
inw
hich
em
ph
asisis
place
do
nd
eve
lop
ing
pro
toty
pe
s
early
inth
ed
eve
lop
me
nt
pro
cess
top
erm
ite
arlyfe
ed
back
and
analy
sisin
sup
po
rto
fth
ed
eve
lop
-
me
nt
pro
cess.
IEEE610
.12( 1990
)
•classificatio
nb
yusage
:
•dem
onstrationprototype
•functionalprototype
•lab
sample
•pilotsystem
,etc.
•classificatio
nb
ysupported
activity:
•explorative
p.(analysis)
•experim
entalp.(de
sign)
•evolutionary
p.(p
rod
uct
islast
pro
to-
typ
e)
Pro
totyp
ing
Pro
cedu
reM
od
el
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sprototyp –
12/
59
qu
estio
np
roto
typ
esp
ecificatio
n
op
eratio
ne
nviro
nm
en
tp
roto
typ
easse
ssme
nt
pro
toty
pe
de
term
ine
s
de
velo
pb
asiso
fm
od
ify
assess
influ
en
ces
(Lud
ew
igan
dLich
ter,2
013
)
Qu
estio
ns
tow
ards
‘definitionofdone
’:
•W
hich
purposed
oe
sth
ep
roto
typ
eh
ave?
Wh
atare
the
openquestions?
•W
hich
pe
rson
s(ro
les)p
articipate
indevelopm
ent?
An
d,m
ost
imp
ortan
t,wh
op
articipate
sin
assessment
of
the
pro
toty
pe?
•W
hat
isth
etim
e/costbudget
for
pro
toty
pe
de
velo
pm
en
t?
Co
nten
t
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Scontent –
13/
59
•P
rocedureand
Process
Models
•V
ocab
ulary
:
•lin
ear
/n
on
-line
ar
•e
volu
tion
ary,iterative
,incre
me
ntal
•p
roto
typ
ing
•P
rocedureM
od
elE
xamp
les
•T
he
(in)fam
ou
sW
aterfallm
od
el
•T
he
famo
us
Sp
iralmo
de
l
•P
rocessM
od
elE
xamp
les
•C
od
e-an
d-F
ix,Ph
aseM
od
el
•V
-Mo
de
llXT
•A
gile
•E
xtrem
eP
rogram
min
g(X
P)
•S
crum
•P
rocessM
etrics
•C
MM
I,Sp
ice
Th
e(In
)fam
ou
sW
aterfa
llM
od
el(R
oso
ve,1
96
7)
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Swaterfall –
14/
59
WaterfallorD
ocument-M
odel—S
oftw
ared
eve
l-o
pm
en
tis
see
nas
asequence
ofactivities
cou
-p
led
by
(partial)re
sults
(do
cum
en
ts).T
he
seactivitie
scan
be
con
du
cted
concurrentlyo
riteratively
.
Ap
artfro
mth
at,the
seq
ue
nce
of
activities
isfixe
d
as(b
asically)analyse,specify
,design,code
,test,install,m
aintain.
Ludewig
&Lichter( 20
13)
system
analysis
softw
aresp
ecificatio
narchite
cture
de
sign
refin
ed
de
signan
dco
din
g
inte
gration
and
testin
ginstallatio
nan
dacce
ptan
ceop
eratio
nan
dm
ainte
nan
ce
Th
eW
aterfa
llM
od
el:D
iscussio
n
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Swaterfall –
15/
59
system
analysis
softw
aresp
ecificatio
narchite
cture
de
sign
refin
ed
de
signan
dco
din
g
inte
gration
and
testin
ginstallatio
nan
dacce
ptan
ceop
eratio
nan
dm
ainte
nan
ce
(In)famous?!
•T
he
wate
rfallmo
de
lhas
be
en
sub
ject
of
he
ated
discu
ssion
s:
•O
riginalm
od
elw
itho
ut
fee
db
acknot
realistic.
•G
ives
roo
mfo
rm
any
inte
rpre
tation
s;veryabstract;
hard
lyu
sable
asa
“tem
plate”
for
plan
nin
gre
alpro
jects.
•C
ycles
(and
the
lacko
fm
ilesto
ne
s)make
sit
hard
for
pro
ject
man
agem
en
tto
assessa
project’sprocess.
•M
ayb
eb
est
app
reciate
din
the
con
text
of
itstim
e:
“Dearpeople
(ofthe60
’s),thereis
more
insoftw
aredevelopm
entthan
coding;and
thereare
(obvious)dependencies.”
Th
atm
ayh
aveb
ee
nn
ew
sto
som
eso
ftware
pe
op
leb
ackth
en
...(cf.“softw
arecrisis”).
•E
very
bo
dy
kno
ws
it(at
least
the
nam
e...).
Th
eS
pira
lM
od
el(B
oeh
m,1
98
8)
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sspiral –
16/
59
Barry
W.B
oe
hm
Qu
ickE
xcu
rsion
:R
iska
nd
Risk
va
lue
– 4 – 2018-04-30 – Smgmt –
10/
49
risk—
ap
rob
lem
,w
hich
did
no
to
ccur
yet,
bu
to
no
ccurre
nce
thre
aten
sim
po
rtant
pro
ject
goals
or
resu
lts.Wh
eth
er
itw
illoccu
r,cann
ot
be
sure
lyp
red
icted
.
Lud
ew
ig&
Lichte
r( 2
013
)
riskvalue=
p·K
p:p
rob
ability
of
pro
ble
mo
ccurre
nce
,
K:co
stin
caseo
fp
rob
lem
occu
rren
ce.
105
106
107
108
cost
incase
of
incid
en
ce/
e
10�5
10�4
10�3
0.01
0.1
0.5
incid
en
cep
rob
ability
p
accep
table
risks
inacce
ptab
le
risks
extre
me
risks
•A
vion
icsre
qu
ires:“A
verage
Pro
bab
ilityp
er
Fligh
tH
ou
rfo
rC
atastrop
hic
Failure
Co
nd
ition
so
f10�9
or
‘Extre
me
lyIm
pro
bab
le”’(AC
25
.130
9-1).
•“p
rob
lem
sw
ithp=
0.5
aren
ot
risks,bu
te
nviro
nm
en
tco
nd
ition
sto
be
de
altw
ith”
Risks
inth
esoftw
aredevelopm
entprocess
canh
avevario
us
form
san
dco
un
ter-m
easu
res,e
.g.,
•o
pe
ntechnicalquestions
(→p
roto
typ
e?),
•lead
developerab
ou
tto
leave
the
com
pan
y(→
inve
stin
do
cum
en
tation
?),
•ch
ange
dm
arketsituation
(→ad
apt
app
rop
riatefe
ature
s?),
•...
Th
eS
pira
lM
od
el(B
oeh
m,1
98
8)
Co
nt’d
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sspiral –
17/
59
Ide
ao
fth
eS
piralModel:ite
ratively
add
ress
the
(curre
ntly)h
ighe
strisk
(inste
ado
fp
lanin
gah
ead
eve
ryth
ing
).
Re
pe
atu
ntile
nd
of
pro
ject
(succe
ssfulco
mp
letio
no
rfailu
re):
(i)determ
ineth
ese
tR
ofrisks
wh
ichare
threateningth
ep
roje
ct;ifR
=∅
,the
pro
ject
issu
ccessfu
llyco
mp
lete
d
(ii)assign
each
riskr∈
Ra
riskvalue
v(r)
(iii)fo
rth
erisk
r0
with
the
highestriskvalue
,r0=
max{v(r)|r∈
R}
,fin
da
way
toe
limin
ateth
isrisk,an
dgo
this
way
;
ifth
ere
isn
ow
ayto
elim
inate
the
risk,stop
with
pro
ject
failure
Advantages:
•W
ekn
ow
early
ifth
ep
roje
ctgo
alisu
nre
achab
le.
•K
no
win
gth
atth
eb
iggest
risksare
elim
inate
dgive
sa
goo
dfe
elin
g.
Wa
it,W
here’s
the
Sp
iral?
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sspiral –
18/
59
Aco
ncre
tep
roce
ssu
sing
the
Sp
iralMo
de
lcou
ldlo
ok
asfo
llow
s:
t(co
st,pro
ject
pro
gress)
t0
t1
t2
t3
-in
vestigate
goals,alte
rnative
s,side
con
ditio
ns
-co
nd
uct
riskan
alysis,
-d
eve
lop
and
test
the
ne
xtp
rod
uct
part,
-p
lanth
en
ext
ph
ase,
Co
nten
t
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Scontent –
19/
59
•P
rocedureand
Process
Models
•V
ocab
ulary
:
•lin
ear
/n
on
-line
ar
•e
volu
tion
ary,iterative
,incre
me
ntal
•p
roto
typ
ing
•P
rocedureM
od
elE
xamp
les
•T
he
(in)fam
ou
sW
aterfallm
od
el
•T
he
famo
us
Sp
iralmo
de
l
•P
rocessM
od
elE
xamp
les
•C
od
e-an
d-F
ix,Ph
aseM
od
el
•V
-Mo
de
llXT
•A
gile
•E
xtrem
eP
rogram
min
g(X
P)
•S
crum
•P
rocessM
etrics
•C
MM
I,Sp
ice
Pro
cessM
od
elE
xam
ples
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – main –
20
/5
9
Fro
mP
roced
ure
toP
rocess
Mo
del
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sprocesses –
21/
59
Aprocess
modelm
ayd
escrib
e:
•steps
tob
eco
nd
ucte
dd
urin
gd
eve
lop
me
nt,
the
irse
qu
en
tialarrange
me
nt,
the
ird
ep
en
de
ncie
s(th
eprocedure
model)
•organisation
,resp
on
sibilitie
s,role
s
•stru
cture
and
pro
pe
rties
ofdocum
ents
•m
ethodsto
be
use
d,
e.g.,fo
rgath
erin
gre
qu
irem
en
tso
rch
eckin
gin
term
ed
iatere
sults
•p
roje
ctp
hase
s,milestones,te
sting
criteria
•notations
and
langu
ages
•tools
tob
eu
sed
(inp
articular
for
pro
ject
man
agem
en
t).
Pro
cess
mo
de
lsty
pically
com
ew
ithth
eirow
nterm
inology(to
maxim
iseco
nfu
sion
?),e
.g.wh
atw
ecallartefact
iscalle
dproduct
inV
-Mo
de
lterm
ino
logy.
Trivia
lE
xam
ple:
Co
de
&F
ix
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Scodeandfix –
22
/5
9
(req
.)
cod
ean
dfix
cod
ean
dfix
S
de
velo
pe
r
•C
ode&
Fixd
en
ote
san
app
roach
wh
ere
coding(p
rogram
min
g)o
rfixing(re
pairin
gd
efe
cts)inalte
rnatio
nw
ithad-hoc
testingare
the
onlyconsciously
con
du
cted
activities.
•A
dvantages:
•co
rresp
on
ds
toth
eim
pu
lseto
pro
cee
dq
uickly
and
solve
the
pro
ble
m
•y
ield
se
xecu
table
pro
grams
early
•sim
ple
activities
•D
isadvantages:
•p
roje
ctn
ot
plan
nab
le
•h
ardto
distrib
ute
pro
ject
ove
rm
ultip
lep
erso
ns
or
grou
ps
•o
ften
com
es
with
ou
tse
riou
sre
qu
irem
en
tsan
dp
rop
lem
analysis
•ad
-ho
cte
sting
lackse
xpe
cted
value
s(‘S
oll-W
ert’)
•re
sultin
gp
rogram
so
ften
bad
lystru
cture
dan
dh
ardto
main
tain
•h
ighe
ffort
(and
cost)fo
rco
rrectio
ns;issu
es
ofte
nd
ete
cted
late
•im
po
rtant
con
cep
tsan
dd
ecisio
ns
usu
allyn
ot
do
cum
en
ted
→sabotages
qu
ality,ove
ralltoo
exp
en
sive
Th
eP
ha
seM
od
el:P
ha
ses,M
ileston
es
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sdeadlines –
23
/5
9
Aphase
isa
con
tinu
ou
s,i.e
.no
tin
terru
pte
dran
geo
ftim
ein
wh
ichce
rtainw
orks
arecarrie
do
ut
and
com
ple
ted
.At
the
en
do
fe
achp
hase
,the
reis
am
ilestone.
Ap
hase
issuccessfully
completed
ifth
ecrite
riad
efin
ed
by
the
mile
ston
eare
satisfied
.Ludew
ig&
Lichter(2013)
•P
hase
s(in
this
sen
se)donotoverlap
!
Yet
the
rem
ayb
ed
iffere
nt
“thre
ads
of
de
velo
pm
en
t”ru
nn
ing
inp
arallel,
structu
red
by
diffe
ren
tm
ilesto
ne
s.
•S
plittin
ga
pro
ject
into
ph
ases
makes
controllingeasier;
mile
ston
es
may
invo
lveth
ecu
stom
er
(accep
tin
term
ed
iatere
sults)an
dtrigge
rp
aym
en
ts.
•T
he
granularityo
fth
ep
hase
structu
ring
iscritical:
•ve
rysh
ort
ph
ases
may
no
tb
eto
lerate
db
ya
custo
me
r,
•ve
rylo
ng
ph
ases
may
mask
significan
td
elay
slo
nge
rth
ann
ece
ssary.
Ifnecessary:
de
fine
internal(custo
me
rn
ot
invo
lved
)and
external(cu
stom
er
invo
lved
)mile
ston
es.
Milesto
nes,
Dea
dlin
es
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sdeadlines –
24
/5
9
Aphase
isa
con
tinu
ou
s,i.e
.no
tin
terru
pte
dran
geo
ftim
ein
wh
ichce
rtainw
orks
arecarrie
do
ut
and
com
ple
ted
.At
the
en
do
fe
achp
hase
,the
reis
am
ilestone.
Ap
hase
issuccessfully
completed
ifth
ecrite
riad
efin
ed
by
the
mile
ston
eare
satisfied
.Ludew
ig&
Lichter(2013)
•W
he
the
ra
mile
ston
eis
reached(o
rsu
ccessfu
llyco
mp
lete
d)m
ust
be
assessableb
y
•cle
ar,
•o
bje
ctive,an
d
•u
nam
bigu
ou
s
criteria.
•T
he
definitionofa
milestone
ofte
nco
mp
rises:
•a
de
finitio
no
fth
eresults
wh
ichn
ee
dto
be
achie
ved
,
•th
ere
qu
ired
qualityp
rop
ertie
so
fth
ese
resu
lts,
•th
ed
esire
dtim
efo
rre
achin
gth
em
ilesto
ne
(the
deadline),an
d
•th
ein
stance
(pe
rson
or
com
mitte
e)wh
ichdecide
sw
he
the
rth
em
ilesto
ne
isre
ache
d.
•M
ilesto
ne
scan
be
part
of
the
development
contract;n
ot
reach
ing
ad
efin
ed
mile
ston
eas
plan
ne
dcan
lead
tolegalclaim
s.
Th
eP
ha
seM
od
el
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sphase –
25
/5
9
req
.
Ph
ase1
Ph
ase1
Pro
d.1
Mile
ston
e1
Mile
ston
e1
Ph
ase2
Ph
ase2
Pro
d.2
Mile
ston
e2
Mile
ston
e2
Ph
ase3
Ph
ase3
SM
ilesto
ne
3M
ilesto
ne
3
•T
he
pro
ject
isp
lann
ed
by
phases,d
elim
ited
by
we
ll-de
fine
dm
ilestones.
•E
achp
hase
isassign
ed
atim
e/costbudget.
•P
hase
san
dm
ilesto
ne
sm
ayb
ep
arto
fth
ed
eve
lop
me
nt
con
tract;p
artialpay
me
nt
wh
en
reach
ing
mile
ston
es.
•R
ole
s,resp
on
sibilitie
s,artefacts
definedas
needed.
•B
yd
efin
ition
,the
reis
noiteration
ofphases.
•B
utactivities
may
span(b
eactive
du
ring
)multiple
phases.
•N
ot
un
com
mo
nfo
rsm
allpro
jects
(few
softw
arep
eo
ple
,smallp
rod
uct
size),and
smallco
mp
anie
s.
Co
nten
t
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Scontent –
26
/5
9
•P
rocedureand
Process
Models
•V
ocab
ulary
:
•lin
ear
/n
on
-line
ar
•e
volu
tion
ary,iterative
,incre
me
ntal
•p
roto
typ
ing
•P
rocedureM
od
elE
xamp
les
•T
he
(in)fam
ou
sW
aterfallm
od
el
•T
he
famo
us
Sp
iralmo
de
l
•P
rocessM
od
elE
xamp
les
•C
od
e-an
d-F
ix,Ph
aseM
od
el
•V
-Mo
de
llXT
•A
gile
•E
xtrem
eP
rogram
min
g(X
P)
•S
crum
•P
rocessM
etrics
•C
MM
I,Sp
ice
V-M
od
elX
T
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – main –
27
/5
9
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Svxt –
28
/5
9
���������
��
� ���
������
���
�����
����������
V-M
od
ellX
T
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Svxt –
29
/5
9
req
uire
me
nts
fixed
req
uire
me
nts
fixed
accep
tance
accep
tance
system
spe
cified
system
spe
cified
system
de
livere
dsyste
md
elive
red
archite
cture
de
signe
darch
itectu
red
esign
ed
system
inte
grated
system
inte
grated
mo
du
les
de
signe
dm
od
ule
sd
esign
ed
system
realise
dsyste
mre
alised
verificatio
n&
validatio
n
•T
he
reare
diffe
ren
t“V
-shaped”
processm
odels,we
discu
ssth
e(G
erm
an)“V
-Mo
de
ll”.
•“V
-Modell”:
•d
eve
lop
ed
by
com
pan
yIA
BG
inco
op
eratio
nw
ithth
eFe
de
ralOffice
for
De
fen
ceTe
chn
olo
gyan
dP
rocu
rem
en
t(‘B
un
de
smin
isteriu
mfü
rV
erte
idigu
ng’),re
lease
d19
98
•(G
erm
an)go
vern
me
nt
ascu
stom
er
ofte
nrequires
usage
of
the
V-M
od
ell
•2
012
:“V-M
odellXT
”V
ersio
n1.4
(Extre
me
Tailorin
g)(V
-Mo
de
llXT
,20
06
)
V-M
od
ellX
T:
Decisio
nP
oin
ts
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Svxt –
31/
59
V-M
od
ellX
T:
Exa
mp
leB
uild
ing
Blo
ck&
Pro
du
ctS
tate
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Svxt –
32
/5
9
SW
-De
velo
pm
en
t(‘S
W-E
ntw
icklun
g’)
vs.co
din
gco
din
g
M
spe
c.ofM
pro
gramm
er
%''�������#��1 �������
����������
V-M
od
ellX
T:
(Lo
tso
f)D
isciplin
esa
nd
Pro
du
cts
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Svxt –
33
/5
9
5 �����L
��������
V-M
od
ellX
T:
(Lo
tso
f)D
isciplin
esa
nd
Pro
du
cts
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Svxt –
33
/5
9
5 �����L
��������
V-M
od
ellX
T:
Activities
(as
ma
ny?
!)
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Svxt –
34
/5
9
V-M
od
ellX
T:
Activities
(as
ma
ny?
!)
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Svxt –
34
/5
9
V-M
od
ellX
T:
Ro
les(even
mo
re?!)
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Svxt –
35
/5
9
ProjectR
oles:
Änderungssteuerungsgruppe
(Change
ControlB
oard),Änderungsverantw
ortlicher,
Anforderungsanalytiker
(AG
),Anforderungsanalytiker
(AN
),Anw
ender,Assessor,
Ausschreibungsverantw
ortlicher,Datenschutzverantw
ortlicher,Ergonomieverantw
ortlicher,Funktionssicherheitsverantw
ortlicher,HW
-Architekt,H
W-Entw
ickler,Inform
ationssicherheitsverantwortlicher,K
M-A
dministrator,K
M-V
erantwortlicher,Lenkungsausschuss,
Logistikentwickler,Logistikverantw
ortlicher,Projektkaufm
ann,P
rojektleiter,Projektm
anager,
Prozessingenieur,P
rüfer,Q
S-V
erantwortlicher,S
W-A
rchitekt,SW
-Entwickler
,System
architekt,Systemintegrator,TechnischerA
utor,Trainer
Organisation
Roles:A
kquisiteur,Datenschutzbeauftragter(O
rganisation),Einkäufer,IT-Sicherheitsbeauftragter
(Organisation),Q
ualitätsmanager
Wh
at
Ab
ou
tth
eC
olo
urs?
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Svxt –
36
/5
9
V-M
od
ellX
T:
Pro
jectTyp
es
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Svxt –
37
/5
9
V-M
od
ellX
Tco
nsid
ers
fou
rd
iffere
ntprojecttypes:
•A
G:p
roje
ctfro
mth
ep
ersp
ective
of
the
custo
me
r(cre
atecallfo
rb
ids,ch
oo
sed
eve
lop
er,acce
pt
pro
du
ct)
•A
N:p
roje
ctfro
mth
ep
ersp
ective
of
the
de
velo
pe
r(cre
ateo
ffer,d
eve
lop
system
,han
do
ver
system
tocu
stom
er)
•A
G/A
N:cu
stom
er
and
de
velo
pe
rfro
msam
eo
rganisatio
n
•P
M:in
trod
uctio
no
rim
pro
vem
en
to
fa
pro
cess
mo
de
l
Projecttype
variants:on
e/
man
ycu
stom
er(s);d
eve
lop
me
nt/
imp
rove
me
nt/
migratio
n;m
ainte
nan
ce
pro
ject
role
custo
me
r‘A
uftragge
be
r’d
eve
lop
er
‘Au
ftragne
hm
er’
custo
me
r/de
velo
pe
r‘A
uftragg.’/
‘Au
ftragn.’
custo
me
r/de
velo
pe
r‘A
uftragg.’/
‘Au
ftragn.’
projecttype
system
de
velo
pm
en
tp
roje
ct(A
G)
system
de
velo
pm
en
tp
roje
ct(A
N)
system
de
velo
pm
en
tp
roje
ct(A
G/A
N)
intro
du
ction
and
main
ten
ance
of
spe
cificp
roce
ssm
od
el
pro
ject
sub
ject
HW
system
SW
system
HW
-SW
sys-te
m/e
mb
ed
de
dS
ystem
inte
gration
intro
du
ction
and
main
ten
ance
of
spe
cificp
roce
ssm
od
el
V-M
od
ellX
T:
Cu
stom
er/Develo
per
Interfa
ce
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Svxt –
38
/5
9
V-M
od
ellX
T:
Ta
ilorin
gIn
stan
ce
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Svxt –
39
/5
9
Bu
ildin
gB
locks
Plan
V-M
od
ellX
T:
Develo
pm
ent
Stra
tegies
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Svxt –
40
/5
9
V-M
od
ellX
Tm
ainly
sup
po
rtsth
ree
strategies,i.e
.prin
cipalsequences
between
decisionpoints,
tod
eve
lop
asyste
m:
incre
me
ntal
com
po
ne
nt
base
dp
roto
typ
ical
V-M
od
ellX
T:
Discu
ssion
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Svxt –
41/
59
Advantages:
•ce
rtainm
anagement
relatedbuilding
blockare
part
of
each
pro
ject,
thu
sth
ey
may
rece
iveincreased
attentiono
fm
anage
me
nt
and
de
velo
pe
rs
•p
ub
liclyavailable
,canb
eu
sed
freeoflicense
costs
•ve
rygeneric,su
pp
ort
fortailoring
•com
prehensive,low
riskofforgetting
thin
gs
Disadvantages:
•com
prehensive,trie
sto
cove
re
very
thin
g;tailorin
gis
sup
po
rted
,bu
tm
ayn
ee
dh
ighe
ffort
•tailo
ring
isnecessary
,oth
erw
isea
hu
geam
ou
nt
of
use
less
do
cum
en
tsis
create
d
•d
escrip
tion
/p
rese
ntatio
nle
aves
roomforim
provement
Ne
ed
sto
pro
vein
practice
,inp
articular
insm
all/m
ed
ium
sized
en
terp
rises
(SM
E).
Ag
ile
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – main –
42
/5
9
Th
eA
gile
Ma
nifesto
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sagile –
43
/5
9
“Agile
—d
eno
ting
‘the
qua
lityo
fb
eing
agile;rea
din
essfo
rm
otio
n;n
imb
leness,a
ctivity,d
exterityin
mo
tion’—
softw
are
develo
pm
ent
meth
od
sa
rea
ttemp
ting
too
ffera
na
nsw
erto
the
eager
busin
essco
mm
unity
askin
gfo
rlighter
weight
alo
ng
with
faster
an
dn
imb
lerso
ftwa
red
evelop
men
tp
rocesses.
Th
isis
especia
llyth
eca
sew
ithth
era
pid
lygro
win
ga
nd
vola
tileIn
ternet
softw
are
ind
ustrya
sw
ellas
for
the
emergin
gm
ob
ilea
pp
licatio
nen
viron
men
t.”( A
bra
ha
msso
net
al.,20
02)
TheA
gileM
anifesto(2
00
1):
We
areu
nco
verin
gb
ette
rw
ayso
fd
eve
lop
ing
softw
areb
yd
oin
git
and
he
lpin
go
the
rsd
oit.
Th
rou
ghth
isw
ork
we
have
com
eto
value
:
Individualsand
interactionso
ver
processesand
toolsW
orkingsoftw
areo
ver
comprehensive
documentation
Custom
ercollaborationo
ver
contractnegotiationR
espondingto
changeo
ver
following
aplan
that
is,wh
ilethere
isvalue
inthe
items
onthe
right,we
value
the
item
so
nth
ele
ftm
ore
.
Ag
ileP
rincip
les
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sagile –
44
/5
9
•“co
ntin
ou
s/
susta
ina
ble
delivery
”
•O
urh
ighest
prio
rityis
tosa
tisfyth
ecu
stom
erth
rough
early
an
dco
ntin
uo
us
delivery
of
valua
ble
softw
are.
•D
eliverw
orkin
gso
ftwa
refreq
uen
tly,fro
ma
coup
leo
fw
eeksto
aco
uple
of
mo
nth
s,with
ap
reference
toth
esh
orter
timesca
le.
•A
gilep
rocesses
pro
mo
tesu
stain
ab
led
evelop
men
t.T
he
spo
nso
rs,develo
pers,a
nd
userssh
ould
be
ab
leto
ma
inta
ina
con
stan
tp
ace
ind
efinitely.
•“sim
plicity
”
•S
imp
licity—
the
art
of
ma
ximizin
gth
ea
mo
un
to
fw
ork
no
td
on
e—
isessen
tial.
•W
orkin
gso
ftwa
reis
the
prim
ary
mea
sure
of
pro
gress.
•“ch
an
ges”
•W
elcom
ech
an
ging
requ
iremen
ts,even
late
ind
evelop
men
t.A
gilep
rocesses
ha
rness
cha
nge
for
the
custom
er’sco
mp
etitivea
dva
nta
ge.
•“p
eop
le”
•T
he
best
arch
itectures,requirem
ents,
an
dd
esigns
emerge
from
self-orga
nizin
gtea
ms.
•B
uild
pro
jectsa
rou
nd
mo
tivated
ind
ividu
als .
Give
them
the
enviro
nm
ent
an
dsup
po
rtth
eyn
eed,a
nd
trustth
emto
getth
ejo
bd
on
e.
•B
usin
essp
eop
lea
nd
develo
pers
mu
stw
ork
togeth
erd
aily
thro
ugho
utth
ep
roject.
•T
he
mo
stefficien
ta
nd
effectivem
etho
do
fco
nveyin
gin
form
atio
nto
an
dw
ithin
ad
evelop
men
ttea
mis
face-to
-face
con
versatio
n.
•“retro
spective”
•C
on
tinuo
usa
ttentio
nto
techn
ical
excellence
an
dgo
od
design
enh
an
cesa
gility.
•A
tregula
rin
tervals,th
etea
mreflects
on
ho
wto
beco
me
mo
reeffective,th
entun
esa
nd
ad
justs
itsb
eha
vior
acco
rdin
gly.
Sim
ilarities
of
Ag
ilesP
rocess
Mo
dels
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sagile –
45
/5
9
•iterative
:cycles
of
afe
ww
ee
ks,atm
ost
thre
em
on
ths.
•W
ork
insm
allgrou
ps
(6–
8p
eo
ple)p
rop
ose
d.
•D
isliketh
eid
ea
of
large,co
mp
reh
en
sived
ocu
me
ntatio
n(rad
icalor
with
restrictio
ns).
•C
on
side
rth
ecu
stom
er
imp
ortan
t;re
com
me
nd
or
req
ue
stcu
stom
er’s
pre
sen
cein
the
pro
ject.
•D
isliked
ogm
aticru
les.
(Lud
ew
igan
dLich
ter,2
013
)
Ag
ile
—E
xtreme
Pro
gra
mm
ing
(XP
)—
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – main –
46
/5
9
Extrem
eP
rog
ram
min
g(X
P)
(Beck
,1
99
9)
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sxp –
47
/5
9
XP
values:
•sim
plicity,feedback,com
munication
,courage,respect.
XP
practices:
•m
anagement
•in
tegralte
am(in
clud
ing
custo
me
r)
•p
lann
ing
game
(→D
elp
him
eth
od
)
•sh
ort
rele
asecycle
s
•stan
d-u
pm
ee
tings
•asse
ssin
hin
dsigh
t
•team
:
•jo
int
resp
on
sibility
for
the
cod
e
•co
din
gco
nve
ntio
ns
•acce
ptab
lew
orklo
ad
•ce
ntralm
etap
ho
r
•co
ntin
uo
us
inte
gration
•program
ming
•testdriven
development
•re
factorin
g
•sim
ple
de
sign
•pairprogram
ming
...
✘co
din
gco
din
g
...
tests
for...
spe
c.of...
pro
gramm
er
pro
gramm
er
Ag
ile
—S
crum
—
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – main –
48
/5
9
Scru
m
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sscrum –
49
/5
9
•F
irstp
ub
lishe
d19
95
(Sch
wab
er,19
95
),base
do
nid
eas
ofTakeuchian
dN
onaka.
•In
spire
db
yR
ugby(ye
s,the
“ho
oligan’s
game
playe
db
yge
ntle
me
n”):ge
tth
eb
allina
scrum,th
en
sprintto
score
.
•R
ole
-base
d;ite
rativean
din
crem
en
tal;in
con
trastto
XP
no
tech
niq
ue
sp
rop
ose
d/
req
uire
d.
Threeroles:
•product
owner:
•re
pre
sen
tativeo
fcu
stom
er,
•m
aintain
sre
qu
irem
en
tsin
the
productbacklog,
•p
lans
and
de
cide
sw
hich
req
uire
me
nt(s)to
realise
inn
ext
sprin
t,
•(p
assive)particip
ant
of
dailyscrum
,
•asse
sses
resu
ltso
fsp
rints
•scrum
team:
•m
em
be
rscap
able
of
de
velo
pin
gau
ton
om
ou
sly,
•d
ecid
es
ho
wan
dh
ow
man
yre
qu
irem
en
tsto
realise
inn
ext
sprin
t,
•d
istribu
tion
of
tasksse
lf-organ
ised
,team
de
cide
sw
ho
do
es
wh
atw
he
n,
•e
nviro
nm
en
tn
ee
ds
tosu
pp
ort
com
mu
nicatio
nan
dco
op
eratio
n,e
.g.by
spatial
locality
•scrum
master:
•h
elp
sto
con
du
ctscru
mth
erigh
t™w
ay,
•lo
oks
for
adh
ere
nce
top
roce
ssan
dru
les,
•e
nsu
res
that
the
team
isn
ot
distu
rbe
dfro
mo
utsid
e,
•m
od
erate
sdaily
scrum,
resp
on
sible
for
kee
pin
gproduct
backlogu
p-to
-date
,
•sh
ou
ldb
eab
leto
assess
tech
niq
ue
san
dap
pro
ache
s
Scru
mP
rocess
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sscrum –
50
/5
9
Pro
du
ctB
acklog
sprin
tp
lann
ing
rele
asep
lann
ing
Re
lease
Plan
Re
lease
Bu
rn.
Sp
rint
Backlo
gsprint
realisatio
nd
ailyscru
mS
prin
tB
urn
do
wn
revie
wre
trosp
ective
Sp
rint
Re
po
rt
req
uire
me
nts
wo
rksho
p
Pro
du
ctIn
crem
en
t
•productbacklog(m
aintain
ed
by
productow
ner)
•co
mp
rises
allreq
uire
me
nts
tob
ere
alised
,
•p
riority
and
effo
rte
stimatio
nfo
rre
qu
irem
en
ts,
•co
llects
tasksto
be
con
du
cted
,
•release
plan
•b
ased
on
initialve
rsion
of
pro
du
ctb
acklog,
•h
ow
man
ysp
rints,w
hich
majo
rre
qu
irem
en
tsin
wh
ichsp
rint,
•release-burndow
nreport
•se
esprint-burndow
nreport
•sprint
backlog
•re
qu
irem
en
tsto
be
realise
din
ne
xtsp
rint,
taken
from
pro
du
ctb
acklog,
•m
ore
pre
cisee
stimatio
ns,
•d
ailyu
pd
ate(tasks
do
ne
,ne
wtasks,n
ew
estim
ation
s)
•sprint-burndow
nreport
•co
mp
lete
d/o
pe
ntasks
from
sprin
tb
acklog,
•sh
ou
ldd
ecre
aselin
early,
oth
erw
isere
mo
vetasks
from
sprin
tb
acklog,
•sprint
report
•w
hich
req
uire
me
nts
(no
t)realise
din
lastsp
rint,
•d
escrip
tion
of
ob
stacles/
pro
ble
ms
du
ring
sprin
t
Scru
mP
rocess
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sscrum –
50
/5
9
Pro
du
ctB
acklog
sprin
tp
lann
ing
rele
asep
lann
ing
Re
lease
Plan
Re
lease
Bu
rn.
Sp
rint
Backlo
gsprint
realisatio
nd
ailyscru
mS
prin
tB
urn
do
wn
revie
wre
trosp
ective
Sp
rint
Re
po
rt
req
uire
me
nts
wo
rksho
p
Pro
du
ctIn
crem
en
t
•daily
scrum:
•d
ailym
ee
ting,15
min
.
•d
iscuss
pro
gress,sy
nch
ron
ised
ayp
lan,d
iscuss
and
do
cum
en
tn
ew
ob
stacles
•te
amm
em
be
rs,scrum
maste
r,pro
du
cto
wn
er
(ifp
ossib
le)
•sprint:
•at
mo
st3
0d
ays,u
sually
sho
rter
(initially
lon
ger)
•sprint
review:
•asse
ssam
ou
nt
and
qu
alityo
fre
alisation
s;pro
du
cto
wn
er
accep
tsre
sults
•sprint
retrospective:
•asse
ssh
ow
we
llthe
scrum
pro
cess
was
imp
lem
en
ted
;id
en
tifyactio
ns
for
imp
rove
me
nt
(ifn
ece
ssary)
Scru
m:
Discu
ssion
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sscrum –
51/
59
•H
asb
ee
nu
sed
inm
any
pro
jects,e
xpe
rien
cein
majo
rityp
ositive
.
•Te
amsize
bigge
r7–
10m
ayn
ee
dscrum
ofscrums.
•C
om
pe
ten
tproductow
nern
ece
ssaryfo
rsu
ccess.
•S
ucce
ssd
ep
en
ds
on
mo
tivation
,com
pe
ten
ce,
and
com
mu
nicatio
nskills
of
team
me
mb
ers.
•Te
amm
em
be
rsare
resp
on
sible
for
plan
nin
g,an
dfo
rad
he
ring
top
roce
ssan
dru
les,
thu
sintensive
learningand
experiencen
ece
ssary.
•C
an(as
oth
er
pro
cess
mo
de
ls)be
com
bin
ed
with
tech
niq
ue
sfro
mX
P.
Pro
cessM
etrics
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – main –
52
/5
9
Assessin
gP
rocess
Qu
ality
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sprocmet –
53
/5
9
•A
goodprocess,in
gen
eral,d
oe
sn
ot
stop
us
from
creatin
gbad
products,
•(th
eh
op
eis,th
at)bad
pro
du
ctsare
less
likely
wh
en
usin
ga
goo
dp
roce
ss,i.e
.that
the
reis
aco
rrelatio
nlike
:
processquality
low
high
product quality
high
falsepositive
×
truepositive
××
××
×
××
low
truenegative
××
×
××
falsenegative
×
××
•S
om
ecu
stom
ers
wo
uld
liketo
on
lyw
ork
with
con
tractors
with
goodprocesses.
•B
uthow
tom
easureth
eq
uality
of
ap
roce
ss?
SP
ICE
(Hö
rma
nn
eta
l.,2
00
6)
an
dC
MM
I(T
eam
,2
01
0)
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sprocmet –
54
/5
9
•S
PIC
E/
ISO
15504
(So
ftware
Pro
cess
Imp
rove
me
nt
and
Cap
ability
De
term
inatio
n)
•can
be
see
nas
asp
ecificatio
nfo
rp
roce
sspseudo-m
etrics;IS
O/
IEC
155
04
Part
5give
so
ne
exam
ple
imp
lem
en
tation
•id
ea:
•d
efin
eco
nsid
ere
dprocess
areas
•assess
each
pro
cess
for
so-calle
dprocess
attributes
•m
apre
sults
tom
aturitylevel
assessm
en
tco
nd
ucte
db
ysp
ecially
traine
dasse
ssors
(→su
bje
ctivem
etrics)
By Arenault66 - CC BY-SA 4.0, commons.wikimedia.org, curid=35407467
•C
MM
I(C
apab
ilityM
aturity
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de
lInte
gration
)
•co
nsid
ers
5process
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roje
ctm
agmt.,su
pp
ort,e
ngin
ee
ring,p
roce
ssm
gmt.),
•e
achco
nsistin
go
f5
–7
processareas,
•e
achp
roce
ssare
acan
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da
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plete,1:perform
ed,2
:managed
,3:defined
)
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ability
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lscan
be
aggregatedto
organ
isation’s
maturity
level(1:initial,2
:managed
,3:defined
,4:quantitatively
managed
,5:optim
izing)
•flavo
urs:C
MM
I-DE
V,C
MM
I-AC
Q,C
MM
I-SV
C
Co
nten
t
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Scontent –
55
/5
9
•P
rocedureand
Process
Models
•V
ocab
ulary
:
•lin
ear
/n
on
-line
ar
•e
volu
tion
ary,iterative
,incre
me
ntal
•p
roto
typ
ing
•P
rocedureM
od
elE
xamp
les
•T
he
(in)fam
ou
sW
aterfallm
od
el
•T
he
famo
us
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iralmo
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l
•P
rocessM
od
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xamp
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od
e-an
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ix,Ph
aseM
od
el
•V
-Mo
de
llXT
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gile
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xtrem
eP
rogram
min
g(X
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•S
crum
•P
rocessM
etrics
•C
MM
I,Sp
ice
Discu
ssion
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sdisc –
56
/5
9
Re
call:An
ticipate
dB
en
efits
of
Pro
cess
Mo
de
lling:
•“econom
yofthought”
•quantification,reproducibility
•few
ererrors
•clearresponsibilities
•P
rocessm
odel-ingis
easily
overdone—
the
be
stp
roce
ssm
od
el
isw
orthlessif
you
rso
ftware
pe
op
led
on’t
“live”it.
•B
efo
rein
trod
ucin
ga
pro
cess
mo
de
l
•u
nd
erstan
dw
hat
you
have
,un
de
rstand
wh
atyo
un
ee
d.
•p
roce
ss-mo
de
lasm
uch
asn
ee
de
d,n
ot
mo
re(→
tailorin
g).
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ssw
he
the
rth
en
ew
/chan
ged
pro
cess
mo
de
lmake
sm
atters
be
tter
or
wo
rse(→
me
trics).
•N
ote:cu
stom
er
may
req
uire
ace
rtainp
roce
ssm
od
el.
Tell
Th
emW
ha
tYo
u’ve
To
ldT
hem
...
– 4 – 2019-05-06 – Sttwytt –
57
/5
9
•C
lassificationo
fp
roce
sses
•linear,non-linear
•evolutionary
,iterative,increm
ental
•prototyping
:ne
ed
sp
urp
ose
san
dq
ue
stion
s
•P
rocedureM
odels
•W
aterfall(ve
ryw
ell-kn
ow
n,ve
ryab
stract,of
limite
dp
racticaluse)
•Spiral
(iterate
drisk
assessm
en
t,e.g.,fo
rve
ryin
no
vativep
roje
cts)
•V
-ModelX
T
•sligh
tlyd
iffere
nt
vocab
ulary,
•q
uite
com
pre
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nsive
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MM
I,Spice
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