lecture 4b igneous rocks i - west virginia...
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture 4b
Igneous Rocks I
Objectives• Discover Nature of
Minerals that Crystallize from Magma to Make Igneous Rocks.
• Learn About Processes that Create the Great Variety of Igneous Rocks.
Objectives (continued)
• See How Minerals and Process Lead to IgneousRock Classification
• Introduce Volcanoes
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RockRock•• SOLID COHESIVE SOLID COHESIVE
AGGREGATE OF AGGREGATE OF GRAINS OF ONE GRAINS OF ONE
OR MORE OR MORE MINERALS.MINERALS.
Igneous Rock
=Rock Congealed from Magma Magma = Molten Rock Lava = Magma at the Surface
Rock Cycle
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Geothermal Gradient
16.5oC/km 48oF/mi
Geothermal Gradient
• How Far Down To Melt Quartz (570oC)? 570oC/16.5oC/km = 34 km (~20 mi)
Geothermal Gradient
• How Far Down To Melt Olivine (1500oC)? 1500oC/16.5oC/km = 90 km (~55 mi)
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Geothermal Gradient
• 30-90 km Depth = Hot Enough To Melt Rocks
• Magma Chambers
What's in a Magma Chamber?
• Most Are Similar. • Magma Rich in Fe, Mg, Ca,
(SiO4)-4 = Mafic• Little Na, K• Aqueous Solutions of S,
Gasses ( CO2, SO2, etc. )
Most Igneous Rocks Have Compositions Very Different
from Magma Chambers• How Does the Earth Create
a Wide Variety of IgneousRock from Similar BoringMagma Chambers?
• How Would You Try To Answer the Question?
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Time Out for
Discussion
N.L. Bowen
• Worked in Experimental Petrology on Early 1900s
Norman Bowen and Fiancee, Mary Lamont, ~1911
http://geoclio.st.usm.edu/bowen3.jpg
“Bomb” Xlization Studies
• High “Temp.” Ovens • Up to 1500oC (< 2700oF)• "Reaction" Series of
Silicate Minerals
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Bowen’s Reaction Series
• Unless Isolated From Magma, First Xls Reactwith Magma to Form New Xls of New Minerals.
Bowen’s Reaction Series
See Figure 3.20 on p. 73 in 11th edition of Plummer et al.
Hi
Lo
Tem
p.
Bowen’s Reaction Series• If First Xls are in Equilibrium
with Magma,• then Igneous Rocks have
same Chemistry & Mineralogy as BoringMagma Chambers
• No Help to Answering Question!
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So, How Do We Get Variety?
• Nature Must Isolate the First-Formed Xls from the Magma
• How? Several Ways
How Does Nature Isolate Xls?
• Zoned Xls–Ca-100 Plagioclase to –Na-100 Plagioclase
Zoned Xl of “Plag”• Magma Composition =
Plagioclase Feldspar with Equal % of Sodium & Calcium(Na50-Ca50)
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Zoned Xl of “Plag”
• Ca100 Plagioclase Forms First
Ca100
Magma is Depleted in Ca++
Ions as Xl Grows
Zoned Xl of “Plag”
• Ca75Na25 Plagioclase Forms
Ca100
Ca75Na25
Magma is More Depleted in Ca++ Ions & Relatively Enriched in Na+ Ionsas Xl Grows
Zoned Xl of “Plag”
• Ca30Na70 Plagioclase Forms
Magma is EvenMore Depleted in Ca++ Ions & Relatively Enriched in Na+ Ionsas Xl Grows
Ca100
Ca75Na25
Ca30Na70
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Zoned Xl of “Plag”
• Na100 Plagioclase Forms Last
Magma has LostAll Ca++ Ions, So Only Na+ Ions AreAvailable for Xl Growth
Ca100Ca100
Ca75Na25
Ca30Na70
Na100
How Does Nature Isolate Xls?
• Gravity Settling–Olivine settling
out of “lighter”mafic magma
Olivine image from www.webmineral.com
How Does Nature Isolate Xls?
• Filter Pressing • Like Squeezing Water
(Magma) from a Sponge (Xls)
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Fractionation = Fractional Xlization
High FeMagma
Fe RichXls
ReducedFe Magma
Mafic UltramaficFelsic
Fractional Xlization
ReducedFe Magma
Mafic UltramaficFelsic
Low FeMagma
High FeXls
Fe RichXls
Fractional XlizationMafic UltramaficFelsic
Low FeMagma
Low FeMagmaReduced
Fe Xls
Low FeXls
High FeXls Fe Rich
Xls
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Igneous Rock Classification Mineral Composition
(Magma History)
Text
ure
(Coo
ling
His
tory
)
MAFIC FELSICINTERMEDIATE
Most Important Igneous Rocks
Mineral Composition
Text
ure
Felsic Mafic Ultra-Mafic
Inter-mediate
Cellular,GlassyFine
Coarse
Mix
rare
rare
rare
peridotite
basalt
gabbro
rhyolite
granite
andesite
diorite
scoriapumice
rhyoliteporphyry
andesiteporphyry
basaltporphyry
basalt
granite
andesiteporphyry
obsidian
Igneous Rock Classification
Mineral Composition(Magma History)
Text
ure
(Coo
ling
His
tory
)
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See Figure 3.20 on p. 73 in 11th edition of Plummer et al.
Igneous Rock Classification
Mineral Composition(Magma History)
Text
ure
(Coo
ling
His
tory
)
Igneous Rock Classification
Mineral Composition(Magma History)
Text
ure
(Coo
ling
His
tory
)
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Igneous Rock Composition, 11th ed. Plummer, p. 62, Fig 3.6
Igneous Rock Classification
Mineral Composition(Magma History)
Text
ure
(Coo
ling
His
tory
)
Texture & Cooling History
• Very Rapid Cooling: No Xls = Glass or “Solid Bubbles”
•Rapid Cooling: Fine Xls•Slow Cooling: Coarse Xls - Can
Be Seen at Arm’s Length• Two-Stage Cooling (Slow, then
Rapid): Mix of Fine & Coarse Xls
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Texture Terms• No Xls: Glassy or Cellular• Fine Grained Xls: Aphanitic• Coarse Grained Xls: Phaneritic• Mix of Coarse Xls (Phenocrysts)
& Fine Xls: Porphyritic
Texture & Environment
• Glassy or Cellular - Surface of Lava Flow
• Fine Grained Xls: Aphanitic -Shallow Depth
• Coarse Grained Xls: Phaneritic -Deep Beneath Surface
Texture & Environment - #2
Porphyritic Texture:• First, Magma Cooled Slowly at
Great Depth• Later, Magma Cooled Rapidly near
the Surface
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Igneous Rock Classification Mineral Composition
Text
ure
Igneous Rock Classification Mineral Composition
Text
ure
Felsic Mafic Ultra-Mafic
Inter-mediate
Cellular,GlassyAphanitic
Phaneritic
Porphyry
Igneous Rock Classification Mineral Composition
Text
ure
Felsic Mafic Ultra-Mafic
Inter-mediate
Cellular,GlassyFine
Coarse
Mix
rare
rare
rare
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Igneous Rock Classification Mineral Composition
Text
ure
Felsic Mafic Ultra-Mafic
Inter-mediate
Cellular,GlassyFine
Coarse
Mix
rare
rare
rare
peridotiteperidotite
Peridotite
• Olivine-Rich Ultramafic Rock• Peridot = Gem Quality Olivine
Igneous Rock Classification Mineral Composition
Text
ure
Felsic Mafic Ultra-Mafic
Inter-mediate
Cellular,GlassyFine
Coarse
Mix
rare
rare
rare
peridotite
basalt
gabbro
basalt
gabbro
basalt
gabbro
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Igneous Rock Classification Mineral Composition
Text
ure
Felsic Mafic Ultra-Mafic
Inter-mediate
Cellular,GlassyFine
Coarse
Mix
rare
rare
rare
peridotite
basalt
gabbro
basalt
gabbro
basalt
Gabbro
Igneous Rock Classification Mineral Composition
Text
ure
Felsic Mafic Ultra-Mafic
Inter-mediate
Cellular,GlassyFine
Coarse
Mix
rare
rare
rare
peridotite
basalt
gabbro
rhyolite
granite
rhyolite
granite
Igneous Rock Classification Mineral Composition
Text
ure
Felsic Mafic Ultra-Mafic
Inter-mediate
Cellular,GlassyFine
Coarse
Mix
rare
rare
rare
peridotite
basalt
gabbro
rhyolite
granitegranite
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Granite is Used for TombstonesGranite is Used for Tombstones
U.S. GrantU.S. Grant R.I.P.R.I.P.
B. 1822B. 1822 D. 1885D. 1885
Igneous Rock Classification Mineral Composition
Text
ure
Felsic Mafic Ultra-Mafic
Inter-mediate
Cellular,GlassyFine
Coarse
Mix
rare
rare
rare
peridotite
basalt
gabbro
rhyolite
granite
andesite
diorite
andesite
diorite
Igneous Rock Classification Mineral Composition
Text
ure
Felsic Mafic Ultra-Mafic
Inter-mediate
Cellular,GlassyFine
Coarse
Mix
rare
rare
rare
peridotite
basalt
gabbro
rhyolite
granite
andesite
diorite
andesite
diorite
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Igneous Rock Classification Mineral Composition
Text
ure
Felsic Mafic Ultra-Mafic
Inter-mediate
Cellular,GlassyFine
Coarse
Mix
rare
rare
rare
peridotite
basalt
gabbro
rhyolite
granite
andesite
diorite
scoriapumice scoriapumiceobsidian
Igneous Rock Classification Mineral Composition
Text
ure
Felsic Mafic Ultra-Mafic
Inter-mediate
Cellular,GlassyFine
Coarse
Mix
rare
rare
rare
peridotite
basalt
gabbro
rhyolite
granite
andesite
diorite
scoriapumice scoriapumiceobsidian
Igneous Rock Classification Mineral Composition
Text
ure
Felsic Mafic Ultra-Mafic
Inter-mediate
Cellular,GlassyFine
Coarse
Mix
rare
rare
rare
peridotite
basalt
gabbro
rhyolite
granite
andesite
diorite
scoriapumice
rhyoliteporphyry
andesiteporphyry
basaltporphyry
rhyoliteporphyry
andesiteporphyry
basaltporphyry
obsidian
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Igneous Rock Classification Mineral Composition
Text
ure
Felsic Mafic Ultra-Mafic
Inter-mediate
Cellular,GlassyFine
Coarse
Mix
rare
rare
rare
peridotite
basalt
gabbro
rhyolite
granite
andesite
diorite
scoriapumice
rhyoliteporphyry
andesiteporphyry
basaltporphyry
rhyoliteporphyry
andesiteporphyry
Igneous Rock Classification Mineral Composition
Text
ure
Felsic Mafic Ultra-Mafic
Inter-mediate
Cellular,GlassyFine
Coarse
Mix
rare
rare
rare
peridotite
basalt
gabbro
rhyolite
granite
andesite
diorite
scoriapumice
rhyoliteporphyry
andesiteporphyry
basaltporphyry
Most Important Igneous Rocks
Mineral Composition
Text
ure
Felsic Mafic Ultra-Mafic
Inter-mediate
Cellular,GlassyFine
Coarse
Mix
rare
rare
rare
peridotite
basalt
gabbro
rhyolite
granite
andesite
diorite
scoriapumice
rhyoliteporphyry
andesiteporphyry
basaltporphyry
basalt
granite
andesiteporphyry
obsidian
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Volcanoes:• Composition of Magma:
Important To Nature of Volcanic Eruptions and Resulting Landforms.
3 Eruption Types:
• Gaseous: Few Landforms
3 Eruption Types:
• Gaseous: Few Landforms• Explosive: Viscous Magma -
Rhyolitic or Andesite -Pyroclastics
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Explosive Eruption: Mt. St.
Helens Pyroclastics
1980
3 Eruption Types:
• Gaseous: Few Landforms• Explosive: Viscous Magma -• Effusive: Fluid Magma -Basaltic - Lava
Fluid BasalticLava FlowMauna Loa, March 1983
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Nyriagongo Volcano, Dem. Rep. of Congo
Vent Eruptions =True Volcanoes
USGS Map
//vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Africa/Maps/map_drcongo_volcanoes.htmlOther Map: Global Volcanism Program Volcanic Activity Reports
www.volcano.si.edu/gvp/volcano/region02/africa_c/nyamura/var.htm#2603
Map of eruption sites and lava flows at Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira's 1977 Murara vent. The location of the stippled flow on Nyiragongo was provided by M. Krafft. Courtesy of Y. Pottier.
Source of Next Images:
Nyriagongo Volcano
Goma
Nyiragongo
Volcano
Y. Pottier
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Sources of Next 3 Images:http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/africa/nyiragongo2.html
Mudende area with the Adventist University of Central Africa campus.
http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/africa/nyiragongo.html
Lava Lake, Nyriagongo Volcano, 1994
Photo by J. Lockwood, USGS
Refugees near Nyriagongo Volcano, 1994
Photo by J. Lockwood, USGS
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Source of Next 3 Images:
/www.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/africa/01/20/congo.eruption/index.html
Nyriagongo Volcano, Jan 2002
Nyriagongo Lava Flow into Lake Kiwa
Jan 2002
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2 Types of Eruption Apertures:
•Fissures•Vents
Basaltic Fissure Eruption, Hawaii 1983
Popocatepetl, Mexico: 1994
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Start Working on Test Questions are available on my web site
http://www.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/teaching.htm
Next Time: Bring “Magma Chamber”(Lava Lamp)