lecture 5 a - introduction to ogranic chemistry

7/24/2019 LECTURE 5 a - Introduction to Ogranic Chemistry

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Lecture 1

12.1 IntroductionLearning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson the students should be able to :

1. List the elements that made up organic compounds C, H,O, N, , ! and halogens.

2. !tate the abilit" of carbon to form # co$alent bonds %ithother carbons or elements.

&. 'ifferentiate bet%een saturated and unsaturated organic

compounds.

#. (i$e e)amples of organic compounds used in medicine,engineering, biotechnolog" and agriculture.


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WHAT IS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY?

Organic chemistry is the chemistry o car!oncom"ounds#

Organic com"ounds contain H as $e%% as C&$hi%e other common e%ements are O& N& the

ha%ogens& S and '#There are many (arieties o organiccom"ounds ) more than *+ mi%%ions,,,-

They may e.ist as sim"%e or com"%e.mo%ecu%es/ as gases& %i0uids or so%id andco%oured or co%our%ess#


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*)amples:+

CH1

methane )a com"onent o natura% gas-

methy% sa%icy%ic acid )as"irin2a drug-

OCOCH3

COOH


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CH2 C

O

NH

O

S

N

COOH

penicillin (anantibiotic)

Cl CH Cl

CCl3

dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetane

(DDT- a pesticide component)


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All organic compounds consist of carbon

atom.

Properties of carbon atom:

-has !alence electrons.

-can form co!alent bonds.

C C

Single bond

C CC C

"ouble bond #riple bond


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Hydrocarbons

saturated unsaturated

Contains only single

bonds ( -C-C- )

Examples: alkanes,

cycloalkanes

Contains at leastone carbon-carbondouble bond (-C=C-)or triple bond (-CC-).

Examples: alkenes,alkynes.


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3ses o organic com"ounds

Medicine Anti!iotics are used to ight!acteria% and unga% inections

Engineering Gaso%ine2as a ue% or interna%com!ustion engines#

4iotechno%ogy Genetic inormation %i5e 6NA

Agricu%ture 66T2as insectisides to 5i%%harmu% insects#


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Lecture 2:

12.2 olecular and !tructural -ormulae

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson the students should

be able to :'efine structural formula.

'ra% structural formula in the form of e)panded,condensed and seletal structures based on themolecular formula.

*)plain primar" /10, secondar" /20, tertiar" /&0and uaternar" /#0 carbon.


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Structural formulasho$s ho$ theatoms in a molecule are bonded toeach other.

3 t%pes of structural formula:3 condensed structure

3 e)panded structure3 seletal structure


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2- Dimensional formula

Condensed Structure"oes not sho$ single bonds bet$een carbon andh%drogen atoms& but double and triple bonds aresho$n.

All atoms that are attached to a carbon are$ritten immediatel% after that carbon.

CH'Cl CH3CHClCH2CH3

(Condensed structure)

CH) CH3CH*CHCH3(Condensed structure)


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H2C

CH2

CH2

CH2

H2

CH2C

Examples:

ii) Cyclohexane C!H"2

iii) #ldehyde CH$CH%

CH$CH

%


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Expanded Structure

+,panded structures indicate ho$ atoms

are attached to each other but are not

representations of the actual shapes of the

molecules.

CH'Cl

&olecular

'ormula

Expanded structure

C C C C

H H

H H HCl

H H H H


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*)amples:

i Alcohol /C2H4O

ii Carbo)"lic acid /C&H4O2

C

H

H

H

C

H

H

OH

C

H

H

H

C

H

H

C

O

OH


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Skeletal Structure

Sho$s onl% the carbon seleton.H%drogen atoms are not $ritten.

Other atoms such as O& Cl& N etc. are sho$n.

i CH3CH(ClCH2CH3 *

Cl

ii *H2C CH2

H2C CH2


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$- Dimensional formula

( ede * dashed ede * line formula )

"escribes ho$ the atoms of amolecule are arranged in

space.


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Example : +romomethane

or or

,ndication:-

:bondsthatlie inthe plane

:bondsthatliebehind theplane

:bondsthatproectoutof theplane

C

5r

H

H

H

C

/r

HH

H

C

H

/rH

H

C

H

H/r

H


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A carbon atom can be classified as

primary carbon (1o) 6bonded to 1 C

secondary carbon (2o)6 bonded to 2 C

tertiary carbon (3o) 6 bonded to 3 C

quarternary carbon (4o

)6 bonded to # C

Classification of Catoms:


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Example:

0. #he classification of carbon atoms

1


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+,ercise:

Ho$ man%

a 2 C atomsb 3oC atoms

c oC atoms

d 0oH atoms

are present

#nser:

a) $ atoms

b) $ atoms

c) " atom

d) . atoms


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+,ample:

3. #he classification of alcohol

. #he classification of haloal/anes4. #he classification of amines

1


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**#7 83NCTIONA9 GRO3'S AN6

HOMO9OGO3S SERIES-unctional groupis an atom or a group of atoms that determines thechemical properties of a organic compound.

Why unctiona% grou"s are im"ortant?

-unctional groups are important for three reasons:

3 7he" are the units b" %hich %e di$ide organic compounds into classes.

3 7he" are sites of chemical reaction8 a particular functionalgroup, in%hate$er compound it is found, undergoes thesame t"pes of chemicalreactions.

3 -unctional groups ser$e as a basicfor naming organic compounds.

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Homologousare compounds belonging to the samehomologous series

A homologous seriesis a functional group ofcompounds of similar structures and properties%ith the same functional group.

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CH&

Homo%ogousSeries

8unctiona%grou"

Genera%8ormu%a

I3'AC nomencu%ature"rei.2 2sui.

E.am"%e

Alane none CnH2n92 +aneCH

#

ethane

AleneC C

/double bondC

nH

2n +eneCH

2 CH

2

*thene

Al"neC C

/triple bond

CnH

2n+2 +"neCH CH

*th"ne

Arene/aromatic ring

CnH

2n+4 +ben;ene

eth"lben;ene

Some important functional groups in organic compounds :-

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C

O

H

C

O

Alcohol


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C

O

OH

C

O

O C

C

O

NH2

C

O

Cl5

Carbo)"licacid

/carbo)"l

CnH

2nO

2 Alanoic acid

CH&CO

OH

*thanoic acid

Ac"l halide

/ac"l

CnH

2n91

COClAlano"l chloride

CH&CO

Cl

*thano"l chloride

*ster

/ester

CnH

2nO

2 Al"l alanoate

CH&COOCH

&

*th"lethanoate

Amide

/amide

CnH2n91CONH

2

+ amide CH&CONH2*thanamide

Amine+NH

2

/aminoC

nH

2n91NH

2 + amineCH

&NH

2

ethanamine


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Exercise ":

1


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Exercise 2:

1


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Exercise $:

Determine the functional roups of each structures

0 * % * 01 0 *

#l/oxy #mino Carboxyl Hydroxyl Carbonyl

0 * C * %H

% 0 * %H 0 3 %


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Exercise 4:

Describe the functional roups in the folloin structures

0.

.3.

2.

#cyl chloride


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Exercise !:Classif% the follo$ing compounds into their respecti!e families

1

0.

3.

2.

lecture 5 a - introduction to ogranic chemistry

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