lecture 5, february 26, 2001ee105/sp01/slides_wk2_l3.pdf · 4.5.7,6.2, 7.1.1, 7.7 lecture 5,...
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Analog Integrated Circuits Overview and Circuit Value AddedOverview and Circuit Value Added
Andrew R. NeureutherEECS 105 Microelectronics Devices and Circuits, Spring 2001
Topics:(finish Diffusion Current),Process Flow, Device Cross SectionsSheet Resistance, Counting Squares
Version 1/26/01
Reading: 2.6, 2.5.4 4.1.1, 4.5.7,6.2, 7.1.1, 7.7
Lecture 5, February 26, 2001
Analog Integrated Circuits Overview and Circuit Value AddedOverview and Circuit Value Added
W2 F L5: Silicon Physics
l Drift and diffusion currents (HS 2.4.2, 2.4.3)» Both holes and electrons drift and diffuse => four
current density components
l Process Flow with Layouts for Devices (HS 2.5.4 4.1.1, 4.5.7,6.2, 7.1.1, 7.7)» Generalize microfabrication in E40 to CMOS and
Bipolar
l IC Resistors (HS 2.6)» Sheet resistance and squares
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Mean Free Path Length and Diffusion
Mean free path length
Flux = # atoms/scm2
Current density = (charge) (flux)
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Diffusion Current Density
Jp Diff = (q/Aττc)[1/2 p(x =xr–λ) λλΑΑ –1/2 p(x =xr+λ) λλΑΑ]
Approx: p(x) = p(xr) + (dp/dx)(x- xr)
JpDiff = -q(λλ2/ ττc)(dp/dx) = -qDp(dp/dx) Fick’s Law
Diffusion constant Dp = (λλ2/ ττc) = (distance2/time)
EE 130 develops the Einstein relation that shows that the diffusion constant and the mobility are related by kT/q.
Dp = (kT/q)µµp
Both n and p contribute to the diffusion current J Diff = -qDp(dp/dx) + qDn(dn/dx)
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Total Current: Drift plus Diffusion
J = JDr + J Diff
JDr = (qpµµp + qnµµn)E
J Diff = -qDp(dp/dx) + qDn(dn/dx)
Two types of carriers n and p and two phenomena drift and diffusion give rise to
four current components.
Holes Electrons
Drift
Diffusion
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IC Process Flow and Layout
l Resistor (Figure 2.18)l MOS (Figure 4.1)l CMOS (Figure 4.27)l Diode (Figure 6.3)l Bipolar (Figure 7.1)l Lateral pnp Bipolar (Figure 7.6)
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Process Flow: NMOS => CMOS
1. Grow 500 nm of thermal SiO2 (field oxide) and pattern using Oxide (active area) mask
2. Implant phosphorous Nwell after selecting PMOS area with Nwellmask.
3. Grow 15 nm thermal SiO2 (gate oxide) 4. Deposit 500 nm polysilicon and pattern using Poly mask5. Implant arsenic (n-type) source/drain after protecting PMOS area
with Nwell’ mask6. Implant boron (p-type) source/drain after selecting PMOS area
with Nwell’’ mask7. Deposit 600 nm SiO2 (dielectric) and pattern using Contact Mask8. Sputter 1000 nm Al (metal) and pattern using Metal Mask
Simplified Flow
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MOS Device Cross Section
Fig. 2.19 and 4.1
Dielectric
Gate oxideField oxide
Poly
Metal
Source GateDrain
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Resistor: Process and Layout
Analog Integrated Circuits Overview and Circuit Value AddedOverview and Circuit Value Added
CMOS Cross Section
Fig. 4.27
What is wrong here?
Why the extra contact?
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Bipolar Layout
Fig. 7.1
Base
BaseEmitter
Collector
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Ohms Law
R= ρρ [L/(Wt)] = (1/σ) [L/(Wt)]
R = (1/tσσ) (L/W)
R = (sheet resistance) (layout squares)
R = (1/qNdµµnt)(L/W)
ρρ = 1/σσ = 1/(qpµp+qnµe)
V = RI
usual
general
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Typical Sheet Resistances
l Metal 0.01 Ω/squarel Polysilicon 10 Ω /squarel N+ source/drain doping 100 Ω/squarel Base pinch region 200 to 1000
Ω/squarel N-Well 10,000 Ω/square
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Resistor Design
Fig. 2.21
Contact
Drift
n-type
p-type substrate
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Corners and Terminations
Fig. 2.22
Inside shortcut
0.65 squares0.56 squares
Extra paths
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Typical Process Variations
l Linewidth 3σ = 10%l Film Thickness 3σ = 6%l Doping 3σ = 3%l Mobility 3σ = 1%l Layout Length 3σ = 1%
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Impact of Process Variations
R = (1/qNdµµnt)(L/W)l W = W (1 + εw)l T = t (1 + εt)l Nd = Nd (1 + εN)
l µµn = µµn (1 + εu)
l L = L (1 + εL)
Substitute these expansions, keep first order terms, and bring them all to the numerator.
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Worst Case: Coherent
l Assume min/max 3σ level
l RMAX= R0 (1+| εw |+| εt |+| εN |+| εu |+| εL |) = 1.21
l RMIN = R0 (1-| εw |-| εt |-| εN |-| εu |-| εL |) = 0.79
l ε terms 0.10 + 0.06 + 0.03 + 0.01 + 0.01 = 0.21
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Random Case: IND
l Assume independently normally distributed, then take square root of the sum squares of variations
εεR = sqrt(εεw2 + εεt
2 + εεN2 + εεu
2 + εε2L)
εεR = sqrt(0.102 + 0.062 +0.032 +0.012 +0.012 ) = 0.12
3 εεR range is 0.88 to 1.12
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Geometrical Design Rules
n-well
poly
silic
on
active
1
1
2
3
2
1
metal
act
ive
polysilicon
contact-to-active