lecture 5: procedure & process models · linear vs. non-linear procedure models –5–...
TRANSCRIPT
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – main –
Softw
aretech
nik
/Softw
are-E
ngin
eering
Lectu
re5:
Pro
cedure
&P
rocess
Models
2018-0
5-0
3
Pro
f.Dr.A
nd
reas
Po
de
lski,Dr.B
erndW
estphal
Alb
ert-Lu
dw
igs-Un
iversität
Freib
urg,G
erm
any
To
pic
Area
Pro
jectM
an
agem
ent:
Co
nten
t
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sblockcontent –
2/
69
•V
L2
Softw
areM
etrics
•P
rop
ertie
so
fM
etrics
•S
cales
•E
xamp
les
•C
ostEstimation
•“(S
oftw
are)Eco
no
mics
ina
Nu
tshe
ll”
•E
xpe
rt’sE
stimatio
n
•A
lgorith
mic
Estim
ation
•P
rojectManagem
ent
•P
roje
ct
•P
roce
ssan
dP
roce
ssM
od
ellin
g
•P
roce
du
reM
od
els
•P
roce
ssM
od
els
•
...
Process
Metrics
•C
MM
I,Sp
ice
...
VL
3
...
VL
4
...
VL
5
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – main –
3/
69
Describ
ing
So
ftware
Develo
pm
ent
Pro
cesses
– 4 – 2018-04-30 – Sptopm –
29
/4
9
Ove
rtim
e,th
efo
llow
ing
no
tion
sp
rove
du
sefu
ltod
escrib
ean
dm
od
el(�
ina
min
ute)so
ftware
de
velo
pm
en
tp
roce
sses:
•ro
le—
has
resp
osib
ilities
and
rights,n
ee
ds
skillsan
dcap
abilitie
s.ro
le
Inp
articular:h
asre
spo
nsib
ilityfo
rarte
facts,particip
ates
inactivitie
s.
•arte
fact—
alldo
cum
en
ts,evalu
ation
pro
toco
ls,softw
arem
od
ule
s,etc.,
state
artefact
allpro
du
ctse
me
rging
du
ring
ad
eve
lop
me
nt
pro
cess.
Isp
roce
ssed
by
activities,m
ayh
avestate
.
isresp
on
sible
for
•activity
—an
yp
roce
ssing
of
artefacts,m
anu
allyo
rau
tom
atic;solve
stasks.
activityD
ep
en
ds
on
artefacts,cre
ates/
mo
difie
sarte
facts.
pa
rticipa
tesin
dep
end
so
ncrea
tes/mo
difies
•d
ecisio
np
oin
t—
spe
cialcaseo
factivity
:ad
ecisio
nis
mad
eb
ased
on
artefacts
(ina
certain
state),cre
ates
ad
ecisio
narte
facts.
De
limits
ph
ases,m
ayco
rresp
on
dto
mile
ston
e.
state
de
cision
po
int
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – main –
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69
Fro
mB
uild
ing
Blo
cksto
Pro
cess(A
nd
Back)
– 4 – 2018-04-30 – Sptopm –
34
/4
9
M
�
cod
ing
cod
ing
M
spe
c.ofM
prg
prg
...
M
testin
gte
sting
rep
:M
�/�
tests
forM
tst
M1
�...
Mn
�
M1 ,...,M
n
read
y?M
1 ,...,Mn
read
y?
de
cision
mgr
M1
�...
Mn
�
inte
gratein
tegrate
de
cision
S
int
Bu
ildin
gB
locks
Plan
cod
eB
cod
eB
B...
testB
testB
B...
spe
c.ofB
tests
forB
A,B
read
y?A,B
read
y?
de
cision
inte
gratein
tegrate
S
spe
c.ofA
tests
forA
cod
eA
cod
eA
A...
testA
testA
A...
prg
tst
prg
prg
tst
mgr
int
cod
eB
cod
eB
B...
rev.13
9.
testB
testB
B...
rev.13
9.
�
spe
c.ofB
tests
forB
A,B
read
y?A,B
read
y?
de
cision
inte
gratein
tegrate
S
spe
c.ofA
tests
forA
cod
eA
cod
eA
A...
rev.12
7.
testA
testA
A...
rev.12
7.
�
cod
eA
cod
eA
A...
rev.2
54
.
testA
testA
A...
rev.2
54
.
�
prg
tst
prg
prg
tstprg
tst
mgr
int
Pro
cess
Co
nten
t
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Scontent –
5/
69
•P
rocedureand
Process
Models
•P
rocedureM
od
elE
xamp
les
•T
he
(in)fam
ou
sW
aterfallm
od
el
•T
he
famo
us
Sp
iralmo
de
l
•P
roce
du
reclassificatio
n
•lin
ear
/n
on
-line
ar
•p
roto
typ
ing
•e
volu
tion
ary,iterative
,incre
me
ntal
•Fro
mP
roce
du
reto
Pro
cess
Mo
de
ls
•P
rocessM
od
elE
xamp
les
•P
hase
Mo
de
l
•V
-Mo
de
llXT
•A
gile
•E
xtrem
eP
rogram
min
g
•S
crum
•P
rocessM
etrics
•C
MM
I,Sp
ice
Pro
cessvs.
Pro
cedu
reM
od
els
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – main –
6/
69
Pro
cessvs.
Pro
cedu
reM
od
el
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Spmrecall –
7/
69
(Lud
ew
igan
dL
ichte
r,20
13)p
rop
ose
tod
istingu
ish:process
modelan
dprocedure
model.
•A
Process
model(‘P
roze
ssmo
de
ll’)com
prise
s
(i)P
rocedurem
odel(‘Vo
rgeh
en
smo
de
ll’)
e.g.,“w
aterfallm
od
el”
(70s/
80
s).
(ii)O
rganisationalstructure—
com
prisin
gre
qu
irem
en
tso
n
•p
roje
ctm
anage
me
nt
and
resp
on
sibilitie
s,
•q
uality
assuran
ce,
•d
ocu
me
ntatio
n,d
ocu
me
nt
structu
re,
•re
vision
con
trol.
e.g.,V
-Mo
de
ll,RU
P,XP
(90
s/0
0s).
•In
the
literatu
re,process
modelan
dprocedure
modelare
ofte
nu
sed
assy
no
ny
ms;
the
reis
no
tu
nive
rsallyagre
ed
distin
ction
.
Pro
cedu
reM
od
els
—W
aterfa
ll—
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – main –
8/
69
Th
e(In
)fam
ou
sW
aterfa
llM
od
el(R
oso
ve,1
96
7)
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Swaterfallcont –
9/
69
Waterfall
orD
ocument-M
odel—S
oftw
ared
eve
lop
-m
en
tisse
en
asa
sequenceofactivities
cou
ple
db
y(p
ar-tial)re
sults
(do
cum
en
ts).T
he
seactivitie
scan
be
con
du
cted
concurrentlyo
riter-atively
.
Ap
artfro
mth
at,th
ese
qu
en
ceo
factivitie
sis
fixed
as
(basically)
analyse,
specify,
design,
code,
test,install,
maintain
.Ludew
ig&
Lichter( 2013)
system
analysis
softw
aresp
ecificatio
narchite
cture
de
sign
refin
ed
de
signan
dco
din
g
inte
gration
and
testin
ginstallatio
nan
dacce
ptan
ceop
eratio
nan
dm
ainte
nan
ce
Pro
cedu
reM
od
els
—S
pira
l—
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – main –
10/
69
Th
eS
pira
lM
od
el(B
oeh
m,1
98
8)
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sspiral –
11/6
9
Barry
W.B
oe
hm
Recall:
Qu
ickE
xcursio
n:
Risk
an
dR
iskvalu
e
– 4 – 2018-04-30 – Smgmt –
10/
49
risk—
ap
rob
lem
,w
hich
did
no
to
ccur
yet,
bu
to
no
ccurre
nce
thre
aten
sim
po
rtant
pro
ject
goals
or
resu
lts.Wh
eth
er
itw
illoccu
r,cann
ot
be
sure
lyp
red
icted
.
Lud
ew
ig&
Lich
ter
(20
13)
riskvalue=
p·K
p:p
rob
ability
of
pro
ble
mo
ccurre
nce
,
K:co
stin
caseo
fp
rob
lem
occu
rren
ce.
105
106
107
108
cost
incase
of
incid
en
ce/
e
10�5
10�4
10�3
0.01
0.1
0.5
incid
en
cep
rob
ability
p
accep
table
risks
inacce
ptab
le
risks
extre
me
risks
•A
vion
icsre
qu
ires:“A
verage
Pro
bab
ilityp
er
Fligh
tH
ou
rfo
rC
atastrop
hic
Failure
Co
nd
ition
so
f10�9
or
‘Extre
me
lyIm
pro
bab
le”’(AC
25
.130
9-1).
•“p
rob
lem
sw
ithp=
0.5
aren
ot
risks,bu
te
nviro
nm
en
tco
nd
ition
sto
be
de
altw
ith”
Th
eS
pira
lM
od
el(B
oeh
m,1
98
8)
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sspiral –
11/6
9
Barry
W.B
oe
hm
Note:
riskscan
have
variou
sfo
rms
and
cou
nte
r-me
asure
s,e.g.,
•o
pe
nte
chn
icalqu
estio
ns
(→p
roto
typ
e?),
•le
add
eve
lop
er
abo
ut
tole
aveth
eco
mp
any
(→in
vest
ind
ocu
me
ntatio
n?),
•ch
ange
dm
arket
situatio
n(→
adap
tap
pro
priate
featu
res?),
•...
Ide
ao
fSpiralM
odel:do
no
tp
lanah
ead
eve
ryth
ing,b
ut
goste
p-b
y-ste
p.
Re
pe
atu
ntile
nd
of
pro
ject
(succe
ssfulco
mp
letio
no
rfailu
re):
(i)determ
ineth
ese
tR
ofrisks
wh
ichare
threateningth
ep
roje
ct;ifR
=∅
,the
pro
ject
issu
ccessfu
llyco
mp
lete
d
(ii)assign
each
riskr∈
Ra
riskvalue
v(r)
(iii)fo
rth
erisk
r0
with
the
highestriskvalue
,r0=
max{v(r)|r∈
R}
,fin
da
way
toe
limin
ateth
isrisk,an
dgo
this
way
;if
the
reis
no
way
toe
limin
ateth
erisk,sto
pw
ithp
roje
ctfailu
re
Advantages:
•W
ekn
ow
early
ifth
ep
roje
ctgo
alisu
nre
achab
le.
•K
no
win
gth
atth
eb
iggest
risksare
elim
inate
dgive
sa
goo
dfe
elin
g.
Wa
it,W
here’s
the
Sp
iral?
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sspiral –
12/
69
Aco
ncre
tep
roce
ssu
sing
the
Sp
iralMo
de
lcou
ldlo
ok
asfo
llow
s:
t(co
st,pro
ject
pro
gress)
t0
t1
t2
t3
-in
vestigate
goals,alte
rnative
s,side
con
ditio
ns
-co
nd
uct
riskan
alysis,
-d
eve
lop
and
test
the
ne
xtp
rod
uct
part,
-p
lanth
en
ext
ph
ase,
Co
nten
t
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Scontent –
13/
69
•P
rocedureand
Process
Models
•P
rocedureM
od
elE
xamp
les
•T
he
(in)fam
ou
sW
aterfallm
od
el
•T
he
famo
us
Sp
iralmo
de
l
•P
roce
du
reclassificatio
n
•lin
ear
/n
on
-line
ar
•p
roto
typ
ing
•e
volu
tion
ary,iterative
,incre
me
ntal
•Fro
mP
roce
du
reto
Pro
cess
Mo
de
ls
•P
rocessM
od
elE
xamp
les
•P
hase
Mo
de
l
•V
-Mo
de
llXT
•A
gile
•E
xtrem
eP
rogram
min
g
•S
crum
•P
rocessM
etrics
•C
MM
I,Sp
ice
Pro
cedu
reM
od
elC
lassifi
catio
n
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – main –
14/
69
Pro
cedu
reM
od
elC
lassifi
catio
n
—L
inea
rvs.
No
n-L
inea
r—
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – main –
15/
69
Lin
ear
vs.N
on
-Lin
ear
Pro
cedu
reM
od
els
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Slinear –
16/
69
•linear:th
estrict
Wate
rfallMo
de
l(n
ofe
ed
back)
•non-linear:b
asicallye
very
thin
ge
lse(w
ithfe
ed
back
be
twe
en
activities)
Pro
cedu
reM
od
elC
lassifi
catio
n
—B
yT
reatm
ent
of
Artefa
cts—
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – main –
17/
69
Cla
ssifica
tion
By
Trea
tmen
to
f(S
oftw
are)
Artefa
cts
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sprototyp –
18/
69
•P
rototyping:
req
.
pro
toty
pe
pro
toty
pe
P
resu
lts
de
velo
pd
eve
lop
S
(Ra
pid
)P
roto
typin
g
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sprototyp –
19/
69
req
.
pro
toty
pe
pro
toty
pe
P
resu
lts
de
velo
pd
eve
lop
S
prototype—
Ap
relim
inary
typ
e,fo
rm,o
rinstan
ceo
fa
syste
mth
atse
rves
asa
mo
de
lforlate
rstages
or
for
the
final,co
mp
lete
versio
no
fth
esy
stem
.IEEE
610.12
(1990)
prototyping—
Ah
ardw
arean
dso
ftware
de
velo
pm
en
tte
chn
iqu
ein
wh
icha
pre
limin
aryve
rsion
of
part
or
allof
the
hard
ware
or
softw
areis
de
velo
pe
dto
pe
rmit
use
rfe
ed
back,d
ete
rmin
efe
asibility,
or
inve
stigatetim
ing
or
oth
er
issue
sin
sup
po
rto
fth
ed
eve
lop
me
nt
pro
cess.
IEEE610
.12(1990
)
rapidprototyping
—A
typ
eo
fp
roto
typ
ing
inw
hich
em
ph
asisis
place
do
nd
eve
lop
ing
pro
toty
pe
s
early
inth
ed
eve
lop
me
nt
pro
cess
top
erm
ite
arlyfe
ed
back
and
analy
sisin
sup
po
rto
fth
ed
eve
lop
-
me
nt
pro
cess.
IEEE610
.12( 1990
)
Kin
ds
of
pro
toty
pe
s,distin
guish
ed
by
...
•usage
:demonstration
prototype,functionalprototype
,labsam
ple,pilotsystem
,etc.
•supported
activity:explorativeprot.:su
pp
ort
analysis;experim
entalprot.:sup
po
rtd
esign
;evolutionary
prot.:→e
volu
tion
aryp
roce
du
re
Cla
ssifica
tion
By
Trea
tmen
to
f(S
oftw
are)
Artefa
cts
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sevoiter –
20
/6
9
•P
rototyping:
req
.
pro
toty
pe
pro
toty
pe
P
resu
lts
de
velo
pd
eve
lop
S
•Evolutionary
Developm
ent:req
.
evo
lutio
n1
evo
lutio
n1
I1
...In−1
evo
lutio
nn
evo
lutio
nn
S
•Iterative
Developm
ent:
req
.
plan
plan
spe
c.1
...
spe
c.n
iteratio
n1
iteratio
n1
I1
···
In−1
iteratio
nn
iteratio
nn
S
Evo
lutio
na
rya
nd
Iterative
Develo
pm
ent
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sevoiter –
21/
69
req
.
evo
lutio
n1
evo
lutio
n1
I1
...In−1
evo
lutio
nn
evo
lutio
nn
S
evolutionarysoftw
aredevelopm
ent—
anap
pro
achw
hich
inclu
de
se
volu
tion
so
fth
ed
eve
lop
ed
softw
areu
nd
er
the
influ
en
ceo
fp
ractical/fie
ldte
sting.
Ne
wan
dch
ange
dre
qu
irem
en
tsare
con
side
red
by
de
velo
pin
gth
eso
ftware
insequentialsteps
ofevolution
.Ludew
ig&
Lichter(2013),flw
.(Züllighoven,200
5)
req
.
plan
plan
spe
c.1
...
spe
c.n
iteratio
n1
iteratio
n1
I1
···
In−1
iteratio
nn
iteratio
nn
S
iterativesoftw
aredevelopm
ent—
softw
areis
de
velo
pe
din
multiple
iterativesteps,
allof
the
mp
lann
ed
and
con
trolle
d.
Go
al:e
achite
rativeste
p,
be
ginn
ing
with
the
seco
nd
,co
rrects
and
imp
rove
sth
ee
xisting
syste
mb
ased
on
de
fects
de
tecte
dd
urin
gu
sage.
Each
iterative
step
sin
clud
es
the
characte
risticactivitie
sanalyse
,design,code
,test.
Ludewig
&Lichter( 20
13)
Cla
ssifica
tion
By
Trea
tmen
to
f(S
oftw
are)
Artefa
cts
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sinc –
22
/6
9
•P
rototyping:
req
.
pro
toty
pe
pro
toty
pe
P
resu
lts
de
velo
pd
eve
lop
S
•Evolutionary
Developm
ent:req
.
evo
lutio
n1
evo
lutio
n1
I1
...In−1
evo
lutio
nn
evo
lutio
nn
S
•Iterative
Developm
ent:
req
.
plan
plan
spe
c.1
...
spe
c.n
iteratio
n1
iteratio
n1
I1
···
In−1
iteratio
nn
iteratio
nn
S
•Increm
entalDevelopm
ent:req
.1
pro
ject
1p
roje
ct1
S1
···
req
.n
pro
ject
np
roje
ctn
Sn
Increm
enta
lD
evelop
men
t
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sinc –
23
/6
9
req
.1
pro
ject
1p
roje
ct1
S1
···
req
.n
pro
ject
np
roje
ctn
Sn
incrementalsoftw
aredevelopm
ent—
Th
eto
talexte
nsio
no
fa
syste
mu
nd
erd
eve
lop
me
ntre
main
so
pe
n;it
isre
alised
instages
ofexpansion
.Th
efirst
stageis
the
coresystem
.
Each
stageo
fe
xpan
sion
exte
nd
sth
ee
xisting
syste
man
dis
sub
ject
toa
sep
aratep
roje
ct.Pro
vidin
g
an
ew
stageo
fe
xpan
sion
typ
icallyin
clud
es
(asw
ithite
ratived
eve
lop
me
nt)an
imp
rove
me
nt
of
the
old
com
po
ne
nts.
Ludewig
&Lichter(20
13)
•N
ote:(to
maxim
iseco
nfu
sion
)IEE
Ecalls
ou
r“ite
rative”in
crem
en
tal:
incrementaldevelopm
ent—
Aso
ftware
de
velo
pm
en
tte
chn
iqu
ein
wh
ichre
qu
irem
en
tsd
efin
ition
,
de
sign,im
ple
me
ntatio
n,an
dte
sting
occu
rinan
ove
rlapp
ing,ite
rative(rath
erth
anse
qu
en
tial)man
-
ne
r,resu
lting
inin
crem
en
talcom
ple
tion
of
the
ove
rallsoftw
arep
rod
uct.
IEEE610
.12( 1990
)
•O
ne
diffe
ren
ce(in
ou
rd
efin
ition
s):
•iterative
:step
sto
ward
sfixe
dgo
al,
•increm
ental:goale
xten
de
dfo
re
achste
p;n
ext
step
goals
may
alread
yb
ep
lann
ed
.
Examples:o
pe
rating
syste
mre
lease
s,sho
rttim
e-to
-marke
t(→
con
tinu
ou
sin
tegratio
n).
Cla
ssifica
tion
By
Trea
tmen
to
f(S
oftw
are)
Artefa
cts
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sevoinciter –
24
/6
9
•P
rototyping:
req
.
pro
toty
pe
pro
toty
pe
P
resu
lts
de
velo
pd
eve
lop
S
•Evolutionary
Developm
ent:req
.
evo
lutio
n1
evo
lutio
n1
I1
...In−1
evo
lutio
nn
evo
lutio
nn
S
•Iterative
Developm
ent:
req
.
plan
plan
spe
c.1
...
spe
c.n
iteratio
n1
iteratio
n1
I1
···
In−1
iteratio
nn
iteratio
nn
S
•Increm
entalDevelopm
ent:req
.1
pro
ject
1p
roje
ct1
S1
···
req
.n
pro
ject
np
roje
ctn
Sn
•Staircase
:pip
elin
ed
incremental
Co
nten
t
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Scontent –
25
/6
9
•P
rocedureand
Process
Models
•P
rocedureM
od
elE
xamp
les
•T
he
(in)fam
ou
sW
aterfallm
od
el
•T
he
famo
us
Sp
iralmo
de
l
•P
roce
du
reclassificatio
n
•lin
ear
/n
on
-line
ar
•p
roto
typ
ing
•e
volu
tion
ary,iterative
,incre
me
ntal
•Fro
mP
roce
du
reto
Pro
cess
Mo
de
ls
•P
rocessM
od
elE
xamp
les
•P
hase
Mo
de
l
•V
-Mo
de
llXT
•A
gile
•E
xtrem
eP
rogram
min
g
•S
crum
•P
rocessM
etrics
•C
MM
I,Sp
ice
Pro
cessM
od
els
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – main –
26
/6
9
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – main –
27
/6
9
Fro
mP
roced
ure
toP
rocess
Mo
del
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sprocesses –
28
/6
9
Aprocess
modelm
ayd
escrib
e:
•steps
tob
eco
nd
ucte
dd
urin
gd
eve
lop
me
nt,
the
irse
qu
en
tialarrange
me
nt,
the
ird
ep
en
de
ncie
s(th
eprocedure
model)
•organisation
,resp
on
sibilitie
s,role
s
•stru
cture
and
pro
pe
rties
ofdocum
ents
•m
ethodsto
be
use
d,
e.g.,fo
rgath
erin
gre
qu
irem
en
tso
rch
eckin
gin
term
ed
iatere
sults
•p
roje
ctp
hase
s,milestones,te
sting
criteria
•notations
and
langu
ages
•tools
tob
eu
sed
(inp
articular
for
pro
ject
man
agem
en
t).
Pro
cess
mo
de
lsty
pically
com
ew
ithth
eir ow
nterm
inology(to
maxim
iseco
nfu
sion
?),e
.g.wh
atw
ecallartefact
iscalle
dproduct
inV
-Mo
de
lterm
ino
logy.
Co
nten
t
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Scontent –
29
/6
9
•P
rocedureand
Process
Models
•P
rocedureM
od
elE
xamp
les
•T
he
(in)fam
ou
sW
aterfallm
od
el
•T
he
famo
us
Sp
iralmo
de
l
•P
roce
du
reclassificatio
n
•lin
ear
/n
on
-line
ar
•p
roto
typ
ing
•e
volu
tion
ary,iterative
,incre
me
ntal
•Fro
mP
roce
du
reto
Pro
cess
Mo
de
ls
•P
rocessM
od
elE
xamp
les
•P
hase
Mo
de
l
•V
-Mo
de
llXT
•A
gile
•E
xtrem
eP
rogram
min
g
•S
crum
•P
rocessM
etrics
•C
MM
I,Sp
ice
Pro
cessM
od
els
—P
ha
seM
od
els—
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – main –
30
/6
9
Th
eP
ha
seM
od
el
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sphase –
31/
69
•T
he
pro
ject
isp
lann
ed
by
phases,d
elim
ited
by
we
ll-de
fine
dm
ilestones.
•E
achp
hase
isassign
ed
atim
e/costbudget.
•P
hase
san
dm
ilesto
ne
sm
ayb
ep
arto
fth
ed
eve
lop
me
nt
con
tract;p
artialpay
me
nt
wh
en
reach
ing
mile
ston
es.
•R
ole
s,resp
on
sibilitie
s,artefacts
definedas
needed.
•B
yd
efin
ition
,the
reis
noiteration
ofphases.
•B
utactivities
may
span(b
eactive
du
ring
)multiple
phases.
•N
ot
un
com
mo
nfo
rsm
allpro
jects
(few
softw
arep
eo
ple
,smallp
rod
uct
size),an
dsm
allcom
pan
ies.
Pro
cessM
od
els
—V
-Mo
del
XT
—
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – main –
32
/6
9
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Svxt –
33
/6
9
���������
��
� ���
������
���
�����
����������
V-M
od
ellX
T
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Svxt –
34
/6
9
req
uire
me
nts
fixed
req
uire
me
nts
fixed
accep
tance
accep
tance
system
spe
cified
system
spe
cified
system
de
livere
dsyste
md
elive
red
archite
cture
de
signe
darch
itectu
red
esign
ed
system
inte
grated
system
inte
grated
mo
du
les
de
signe
dm
od
ule
sd
esign
ed
system
realise
dsyste
mre
alised
verificatio
n&
validatio
n
•T
he
reare
diffe
ren
t“V
-shaped”
processm
odels,we
discu
ssth
e(G
erm
an)“V
-Mo
de
ll”.
•“V
-Modell”:
•d
eve
lop
ed
by
com
pan
yIA
BG
inco
op
eratio
nw
ithth
eFe
de
ralOffice
for
De
fen
ceTe
chn
olo
gyan
dP
rocu
rem
en
t(‘B
un
de
smin
isteriu
mfü
rV
erte
idigu
ng’),re
lease
d19
98
•(G
erm
an)go
vern
me
nt
ascu
stom
er
ofte
nrequires
usage
of
the
V-M
od
ell
•2
012
:“V-M
odellXT
”V
ersio
n1.4
(Extre
me
Tailorin
g)(V
-Mo
de
llXT
,20
06
)
V-M
od
ellX
T:
Decisio
nP
oin
ts
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Svxt –
36
/6
9
V-M
od
ellX
T:
Exa
mp
leB
uild
ing
Blo
ck&
Pro
du
ctS
tate
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Svxt –
37
/6
9
SW
-De
velo
pm
en
t(‘S
W-E
ntw
icklun
g’)
vs.co
din
gco
din
g
M
spe
c.ofM
pro
gramm
er
%''�������#��1 �������
����������
V-M
od
ellX
T:
(Lo
tso
f)D
isciplin
esa
nd
Pro
du
cts
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Svxt –
38
/6
9
5 �����L
��������
V-M
od
ellX
T:
(Lo
tso
f)D
isciplin
esa
nd
Pro
du
cts
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Svxt –
38
/6
9
5 �����L
��������
V-M
od
ellX
T:
Activities
(as
ma
ny?
!)
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Svxt –
39
/6
9
V-M
od
ellX
T:
Activities
(as
ma
ny?
!)
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Svxt –
39
/6
9
V-M
od
ellX
T:
Ro
les(even
mo
re?!)
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Svxt –
40
/6
9
ProjectR
oles:
Änderungssteuerungsgruppe
(Change
ControlB
oard),Änderungsverantw
ortlicher,
Anforderungsanalytiker
(AG
),Anforderungsanalytiker
(AN
),Anw
ender,Assessor,
Ausschreibungsverantw
ortlicher,Datenschutzverantw
ortlicher,Ergonomieverantw
ortlicher,Funktionssicherheitsverantw
ortlicher,HW
-Architekt,H
W-Entw
ickler,Inform
ationssicherheitsverantwortlicher,K
M-A
dministrator,K
M-V
erantwortlicher,Lenkungsausschuss,
Logistikentwickler,Logistikverantw
ortlicher,Projektkaufm
ann,P
rojektleiter,Projektm
anager,
Prozessingenieur,P
rüfer,Q
S-V
erantwortlicher,S
W-A
rchitekt,SW
-Entwickler
,System
architekt,Systemintegrator,TechnischerA
utor,Trainer
Organisation
Roles:A
kquisiteur,Datenschutzbeauftragter(O
rganisation),Einkäufer,IT-Sicherheitsbeauftragter
(Organisation),Q
ualitätsmanager
Wh
at
Ab
ou
tth
eC
olo
urs?
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Svxt –
41/
69
V-M
od
ellX
T:
Pro
jectTyp
es
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Svxt –
42
/6
9
V-M
od
ellX
Tco
nsid
ers
fou
rd
iffere
ntprojecttypes:
•A
G:p
roje
ctfro
mth
ep
ersp
ective
of
the
custo
me
r(cre
atecallfo
rb
ids,ch
oo
sed
eve
lop
er,acce
pt
pro
du
ct)
•A
N:p
roje
ctfro
mth
ep
ersp
ective
of
the
de
velo
pe
r(cre
ateo
ffer,d
eve
lop
system
,han
do
ver
system
tocu
stom
er)
•A
G/A
N:cu
stom
er
and
de
velo
pe
rfro
msam
eo
rganisatio
n
•P
M:in
trod
uctio
no
rim
pro
vem
en
to
fa
pro
cess
mo
de
l
Projecttype
variants:on
e/
man
ycu
stom
er(s);d
eve
lop
me
nt/
imp
rove
me
nt/
migratio
n;m
ainte
nan
ce
pro
ject
role
custo
me
r‘A
uftragge
be
r’d
eve
lop
er
‘Au
ftragne
hm
er’
custo
me
r/de
velo
pe
r‘A
uftragg.’/
‘Au
ftragn.’
custo
me
r/de
velo
pe
r‘A
uftragg.’/
‘Au
ftragn.’
projecttype
system
de
velo
pm
en
tp
roje
ct(A
G)
system
de
velo
pm
en
tp
roje
ct(A
N)
system
de
velo
pm
en
tp
roje
ct(A
G/A
N)
intro
du
ction
and
main
ten
ance
of
spe
cificp
roce
ssm
od
el
pro
ject
sub
ject
HW
system
SW
system
HW
-SW
sys-te
m/e
mb
ed
de
dS
ystem
inte
gration
intro
du
ction
and
main
ten
ance
of
spe
cificp
roce
ssm
od
el
V-M
od
ellX
T:
Cu
stom
er/Develo
per
Interfa
ce
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Svxt –
43
/6
9
V-M
od
ellX
T:
Ta
ilorin
gIn
stan
ce
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Svxt –
44
/6
9
Bu
ildin
gB
locks
Plan
V-M
od
ellX
T:
Develo
pm
ent
Stra
tegies
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Svxt –
45
/6
9
V-M
od
ellX
Tm
ainly
sup
po
rtsth
ree
strategies,i.e
.prin
cipalsequences
between
decisionpoints,
tod
eve
lop
asyste
m:
incre
me
ntal
com
po
ne
nt
base
dp
roto
typ
ical
V-M
od
ellX
T:
Discu
ssion
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Svxt –
46
/6
9
Advantages:
•ce
rtainm
anagement
relatedbuilding
blockare
part
of
each
pro
ject,
thu
sth
ey
may
rece
iveincreased
attentiono
fm
anage
me
nt
and
de
velo
pe
rs
•p
ub
liclyavailable
,canb
eu
sed
freeoflicense
costs
•ve
rygeneric,su
pp
ort
fortailoring
•com
prehensive,low
riskofforgetting
thin
gs
Disadvantages:
•com
prehensive,trie
sto
cove
re
very
thin
g;tailorin
gis
sup
po
rted
,bu
tm
ayn
ee
dh
ighe
ffort
•tailo
ring
isnecessary
,oth
erw
isea
hu
geam
ou
nt
of
use
less
do
cum
en
tsis
create
d
•d
escrip
tion
/p
rese
ntatio
nle
aves
roomforim
provement
Ne
ed
sto
pro
vein
practice
,inp
articular
insm
all/m
ed
ium
sized
en
terp
rises
(SM
E).
Co
nten
t
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Scontent –
47
/6
9
•P
rocedureand
Process
Models
•P
rocedureM
od
elE
xamp
les
•T
he
(in)fam
ou
sW
aterfallm
od
el
•T
he
famo
us
Sp
iralmo
de
l
•P
roce
du
reclassificatio
n
•lin
ear
/n
on
-line
ar
•p
roto
typ
ing
•e
volu
tion
ary,iterative
,incre
me
ntal
•Fro
mP
roce
du
reto
Pro
cess
Mo
de
ls
•P
rocessM
od
elE
xamp
les
•P
hase
Mo
de
l
•V
-Mo
de
llXT
•A
gile
•E
xtrem
eP
rogram
min
g
•S
crum
•P
rocessM
etrics
•C
MM
I,Sp
ice
Ag
ile
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – main –
48
/6
9
Th
eA
gile
Ma
nifesto
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sagile –
49
/6
9
“Agile
—d
eno
ting
‘the
qua
lityo
fb
eing
agile;rea
din
essfo
rm
otio
n;n
imb
leness,a
ctivity,d
exterityin
mo
tion’—
softw
are
develo
pm
ent
meth
od
sa
rea
ttemp
ting
too
ffera
na
nsw
erto
the
eager
busin
essco
mm
unity
askin
gfo
rlighter
weight
alo
ng
with
faster
an
dn
imb
lerso
ftwa
red
evelop
men
tp
rocesses.
Th
isis
especia
llyth
eca
sew
ithth
era
pid
lygro
win
ga
nd
vola
tileIn
ternet
softw
are
ind
ustrya
sw
ellas
for
the
emergin
gm
ob
ilea
pp
licatio
nen
viron
men
t.”( A
bra
ha
msso
net
al.,20
02)
TheA
gileM
anifesto(2
00
1):
We
areu
nco
verin
gb
ette
rw
ayso
fd
eve
lop
ing
softw
areb
yd
oin
git
and
he
lpin
go
the
rsd
oit.
Th
rou
ghth
isw
ork
we
have
com
eto
value
:
Individualsand
interactionso
ver
processesand
toolsW
orkingsoftw
areo
ver
comprehensive
documentation
Custom
ercollaborationo
ver
contractnegotiationR
espondingto
changeo
ver
following
aplan
that
is,wh
ilethere
isvalue
inthe
items
onthe
right,we
value
the
item
so
nth
ele
ftm
ore
.
Ag
ileP
rincip
les
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sagile –
50
/6
9
•“co
ntin
ou
s/
susta
ina
ble
delivery
”
•O
urh
ighest
prio
rityis
tosa
tisfyth
ecu
stom
erth
rough
early
an
dco
ntin
uo
us
delivery
of
valua
ble
softw
are.
•D
eliverw
orkin
gso
ftwa
refreq
uen
tly,fro
ma
coup
leo
fw
eeksto
aco
uple
of
mo
nth
s,with
ap
reference
toth
esh
orter
timesca
le.
•A
gilep
rocesses
pro
mo
tesu
stain
ab
led
evelop
men
t.T
he
spo
nso
rs,develo
pers,a
nd
userssh
ould
be
ab
leto
ma
inta
ina
con
stan
tp
ace
ind
efinitely.
•“sim
plicity
”
•S
imp
licity—
the
art
of
ma
ximizin
gth
ea
mo
un
to
fw
ork
no
td
on
e—
isessen
tial.
•W
orkin
gso
ftwa
reis
the
prim
ary
mea
sure
of
pro
gress.
•“ch
an
ges”
•W
elcom
ech
an
ging
requ
iremen
ts,even
late
ind
evelop
men
t.A
gilep
rocesses
ha
rness
cha
nge
for
the
custom
er’sco
mp
etitivea
dva
nta
ge.
•“p
eop
le”
•T
he
best
arch
itectures,requirem
ents,
an
dd
esigns
emerge
from
self-orga
nizin
gtea
ms.
•B
uild
pro
jectsa
rou
nd
mo
tivated
ind
ividu
als .
Give
them
the
enviro
nm
ent
an
dsup
po
rtth
eyn
eed,a
nd
trustth
emto
getth
ejo
bd
on
e.
•B
usin
essp
eop
lea
nd
develo
pers
mu
stw
ork
togeth
erd
aily
thro
ugho
utth
ep
roject.
•T
he
mo
stefficien
ta
nd
effectivem
etho
do
fco
nveyin
gin
form
atio
nto
an
dw
ithin
ad
evelop
men
ttea
mis
face-to
-face
con
versatio
n.
•“retro
spective”
•C
on
tinuo
usa
ttentio
nto
techn
ical
excellence
an
dgo
od
design
enh
an
cesa
gility.
•A
tregula
rin
tervals,th
etea
mreflects
on
ho
wto
beco
me
mo
reeffective,th
entun
esa
nd
ad
justs
itsb
eha
vior
acco
rdin
gly.
Sim
ilarities
of
Ag
ilesP
rocess
Mo
dels
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sagile –
51/
69
•iterative
:cycles
of
afe
ww
ee
ks,atm
ost
thre
em
on
ths.
•W
ork
insm
allgrou
ps
(6–
8p
eo
ple)p
rop
ose
d.
•D
isliketh
eid
ea
of
large,co
mp
reh
en
sived
ocu
me
ntatio
n(rad
icalor
with
restrictio
ns).
•C
on
side
rth
ecu
stom
er
imp
ortan
t;re
com
me
nd
or
req
ue
stcu
stom
er’s
pre
sen
cein
the
pro
ject.
•D
isliked
ogm
aticru
les.
(Lud
ew
igan
dLich
ter,2
013
)
Ag
ile
—E
xtreme
Pro
gra
mm
ing
(XP
)—
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – main –
52
/6
9
Extrem
eP
rog
ram
min
g(X
P)
(Beck
,1
99
9)
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sxp –
53
/6
9
XP
values:
•sim
plicity,feedback,com
munication
,courage,respect.
XP
practices:
•m
anagement
•in
tegralte
am(in
clud
ing
custo
me
r)
•p
lann
ing
game
(→D
elp
him
eth
od
)
•sh
ort
rele
asecycle
s
•stan
d-u
pm
ee
tings
•asse
ssin
hin
dsigh
t
•team
:
•jo
int
resp
on
sibility
for
the
cod
e
•co
din
gco
nve
ntio
ns
•acce
ptab
lew
orklo
ad
•ce
ntralm
etap
ho
r
•co
ntin
uo
us
inte
gration
•program
ming
•testdriven
development
•re
factorin
g
•sim
ple
de
sign
•pairprogram
ming
...
✘co
din
gco
din
g
...
tests
for...
spe
c.of...
pro
gramm
er
pro
gramm
er
Ag
ile
—S
crum
—
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – main –
54
/6
9
Scru
m
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sscrum –
55
/6
9
•F
irstp
ub
lishe
d19
95
(Sch
wab
er,19
95
),base
do
nid
eas
ofTakeuchian
dN
onaka.
•In
spire
db
yR
ugby(ye
s,the
“ho
oligan’s
game
playe
db
yge
ntle
me
n”):ge
tth
eb
allina
scrum,th
en
sprintto
score
.
•R
ole
-base
d;ite
rativean
din
crem
en
tal;in
con
trastto
XP
no
tech
niq
ue
sp
rop
ose
d/
req
uire
d.
Threeroles:
•product
owner:
•re
pre
sen
tativeo
fcu
stom
er,
•m
aintain
sre
qu
irem
en
tsin
the
productbacklog,
•p
lans
and
de
cide
sw
hich
req
uire
me
nt(s)to
realise
inn
ext
sprin
t,
•(p
assive)particip
ant
of
dailyscrum
,
•asse
sses
resu
ltso
fsp
rints
•scrum
team:
•m
em
be
rscap
able
of
de
velo
pin
gau
ton
om
ou
sly,
•d
ecid
es
ho
wan
dh
ow
man
yre
qu
irem
en
tsto
realise
inn
ext
sprin
t,
•d
istribu
tion
of
tasksse
lf-organ
ised
,team
de
cide
sw
ho
do
es
wh
atw
he
n,
•e
nviro
nm
en
tn
ee
ds
tosu
pp
ort
com
mu
nicatio
nan
dco
op
eratio
n,e
.g.by
spatial
locality
•scrum
master:
•h
elp
sto
con
du
ctscru
mth
erigh
t™w
ay,
•lo
oks
for
adh
ere
nce
top
roce
ssan
dru
les,
•e
nsu
res
that
the
team
isn
ot
distu
rbe
dfro
mo
utsid
e,
•m
od
erate
sdaily
scrum,
resp
on
sible
for
kee
pin
gproduct
backlogu
p-to
-date
,
•sh
ou
ldb
eab
leto
assess
tech
niq
ue
san
dap
pro
ache
s
Scru
mP
rocess
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sscrum –
56
/6
9
Pro
du
ctB
acklog
sprin
tp
lann
ing
rele
asep
lann
ing
Re
lease
Plan
Re
lease
Bu
rn.
Sp
rint
Backlo
gsprint
realisatio
nd
ailyscru
mS
prin
tB
urn
do
wn
revie
wre
trosp
ective
Sp
rint
Re
po
rt
req
uire
me
nts
wo
rksho
p
Pro
du
ctIn
crem
en
t
•productbacklog(m
aintain
ed
by
productow
ner)
•co
mp
rises
allreq
uire
me
nts
tob
ere
alised
,
•p
riority
and
effo
rte
stimatio
nfo
rre
qu
irem
en
ts,
•co
llects
tasksto
be
con
du
cted
,
•release
plan
•b
ased
on
initialve
rsion
of
pro
du
ctb
acklog,
•h
ow
man
ysp
rints,w
hich
majo
rre
qu
irem
en
tsin
wh
ichsp
rint,
•release-burndow
nreport
•se
esprint-burndow
nreport
•sprint
backlog
•re
qu
irem
en
tsto
be
realise
din
ne
xtsp
rint,
taken
from
pro
du
ctb
acklog,
•m
ore
pre
cisee
stimatio
ns,
•d
ailyu
pd
ate(tasks
do
ne
,ne
wtasks,n
ew
estim
ation
s)
•sprint-burndow
nreport
•co
mp
lete
d/o
pe
ntasks
from
sprin
tb
acklog,
•sh
ou
ldd
ecre
aselin
early,
oth
erw
isere
mo
vetasks
from
sprin
tb
acklog,
•sprint
report
•w
hich
req
uire
me
nts
(no
t)realise
din
lastsp
rint,
•d
escrip
tion
of
ob
stacles/
pro
ble
ms
du
ring
sprin
t
Scru
mP
rocess
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sscrum –
56
/6
9
Pro
du
ctB
acklog
sprin
tp
lann
ing
rele
asep
lann
ing
Re
lease
Plan
Re
lease
Bu
rn.
Sp
rint
Backlo
gsprint
realisatio
nd
ailyscru
mS
prin
tB
urn
do
wn
revie
wre
trosp
ective
Sp
rint
Re
po
rt
req
uire
me
nts
wo
rksho
p
Pro
du
ctIn
crem
en
t
•daily
scrum:
•d
ailym
ee
ting,15
min
.
•d
iscuss
pro
gress,sy
nch
ron
ised
ayp
lan,d
iscuss
and
do
cum
en
tn
ew
ob
stacles
•te
amm
em
be
rs,scrum
maste
r,pro
du
cto
wn
er
(ifp
ossib
le)
•sprint:
•at
mo
st3
0d
ays,u
sually
sho
rter
(initially
lon
ger)
•sprint
review:
•asse
ssam
ou
nt
and
qu
alityo
fre
alisation
s;pro
du
cto
wn
er
accep
tsre
sults
•sprint
retrospective:
•asse
ssh
ow
we
llthe
scrum
pro
cess
was
imp
lem
en
ted
;id
en
tifyactio
ns
for
imp
rove
me
nt
(ifn
ece
ssary)
Scru
m:
Discu
ssion
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sscrum –
57
/6
9
•H
asb
ee
nu
sed
inm
any
pro
jects,e
xpe
rien
cein
majo
rityp
ositive
.
•Te
amsize
bigge
r7–
10m
ayn
ee
dscrum
ofscrums.
•C
om
pe
ten
tproductow
nern
ece
ssaryfo
rsu
ccess.
•S
ucce
ssd
ep
en
ds
on
mo
tivation
,com
pe
ten
ce,
and
com
mu
nicatio
nskills
of
team
me
mb
ers.
•Te
amm
em
be
rsare
resp
on
sible
for
plan
nin
g,an
dfo
rad
he
ring
top
roce
ssan
dru
les,
thu
sintensive
learningand
experiencen
ece
ssary.
•C
an(as
oth
er
pro
cess
mo
de
ls)be
com
bin
ed
with
tech
niq
ue
sfro
mX
P.
Co
nten
t
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Scontent –
58
/6
9
•P
rocedureand
Process
Models
•P
rocedureM
od
elE
xamp
les
•T
he
(in)fam
ou
sW
aterfallm
od
el
•T
he
famo
us
Sp
iralmo
de
l
•P
roce
du
reclassificatio
n
•lin
ear
/n
on
-line
ar
•p
roto
typ
ing
•e
volu
tion
ary,iterative
,incre
me
ntal
•Fro
mP
roce
du
reto
Pro
cess
Mo
de
ls
•P
rocessM
od
elE
xamp
les
•P
hase
Mo
de
l
•V
-Mo
de
llXT
•A
gile
•E
xtrem
eP
rogram
min
g
•S
crum
•P
rocessM
etrics
•C
MM
I,Sp
ice
Pro
cessM
etrics
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – main –
59
/6
9
Assessm
ent
an
dIm
pro
vemen
to
fth
eP
rocess
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sprocmet –
60
/6
9
•Idea
(for
mate
rialgoo
ds):T
he
qu
alityo
fth
e(p
rod
uctio
n)p
roce
ssin
flue
nce
sproduct
quality.
•P
lan:S
pe
cifyab
stractcrite
ria(m
etrics)to
de
term
ine
goodproduction
processes(e
.g.,toch
oo
sem
anu
facture
r).
•In
du
stryin
gen
eral(production!):
•IS
O90
01,IS
O/
TS
169
49
(auto
mo
tive),...
•S
oftw
arein
du
stry(developm
ent!):
•C
MM
(I),SP
ICE
•N
ote:a
goodprocess
do
es
no
tsto
pu
sfro
mcre
ating
badproducts;
(the
ho
pe
is,that)b
adp
rod
ucts
arele
sslike
lyw
he
nu
sing
ago
od
pro
cess,
i.e.th
atth
ere
isa
corre
lation
:process
qualitylo
wh
igh
product quality
high
falsepositive
×
truepositive
××
××
×
××
low
truenegative
××
×
××
falsenegative
×
××
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sprocmet –
61/
69
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MI
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sprocmet –
62
/6
9
•19
91:C
apab
ilityM
aturity
Mo
de
l(CM
M),D
oD
/S
EI/
CM
U;su
pe
rsed
ed
by
•19
97
:Capability
Maturity
ModelIntegration
(CM
MI)(Te
am,2
010
);constellations:C
MM
I-DEV
(de
velo
pm
en
t),CM
MI-A
CQ
(acqu
isition
),CM
MI-S
RV
(service)
CM
MI
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sprocmet –
62
/6
9
•19
91:C
apab
ilityM
aturity
Mo
de
l(CM
M),D
oD
/S
EI/
CM
U;su
pe
rsed
ed
by
•19
97
:Capability
Maturity
ModelIntegration
(CM
MI)(Te
am,2
010
);constellations:C
MM
I-DEV
(de
velo
pm
en
t),CM
MI-A
CQ
(acqu
isition
),CM
MI-S
RV
(service)
•G
oals:
•applicable
toallo
rganisatio
ns
wh
ichd
eve
lop
softw
are,
•m
akestre
ngth
san
dw
eakn
esse
so
fth
ere
alpro
cess
visible
,to
po
int
ou
tw
aysfo
rimprovem
ent,
•neutralw
rt.tech
no
logy
em
plo
yed
inp
roje
ct,
•levels:h
ighe
rle
vels
have
low
er
leve
lsas
pre
mise
,
•b
eco
nsiste
nt
with
ISO
155
04
(SP
ICE
)
•A
ssumptions:
•b
ette
rdefined,described,andplanned
pro
cesse
sh
avehigher
matu
rity,
•h
ighe
rm
aturity
leve
lsre
qu
irestatisticalcontrolto
sup
po
rtco
ntin
uo
us
imp
rove
me
nt,
•h
ighe
rm
aturity
leve
lyie
lds:
•better
time
/cost/q
uality
prediction;
•low
errisk
tom
issp
roje
ctgo
als;
•higherquality
of
pro
du
cts.
CM
MI
Levels
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sprocmet –
63
/6
9
leve
lle
veln
ame
pro
cess
areas
1initial
-
2m
anagedR
EQ
M,P
P,PM
C,M
A,P
PQ
A,C
M,S
AM
3defined
+R
D,T
S,P
I,VE
R,V
AL
,OP
F,OP
D,O
T,IPM
,RS
KM
,DA
R
4quantitatively
managed
+O
PP,Q
PM
5optim
ising+
OID
,CA
R
CM
MI
Levels
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sprocmet –
63
/6
9
leve
lle
veln
ame
pro
cess
areas
1initial
-
2m
anagedR
EQ
M,P
P,PM
C,M
A,P
PQ
A,C
M,S
AM
3defined
+R
D,T
S,P
I,VE
R,V
AL
,OP
F,OP
D,O
T,IPM
,RS
KM
,DA
R
4quantitatively
managed
+O
PP,Q
PM
5optim
ising+
OID
,CA
R
•initial–
the
pro
cess
isn
ot
con
sciou
slyd
esign
ed
,just
evo
lved
.
CM
MI
Levels
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sprocmet –
63
/6
9
leve
lle
veln
ame
pro
cess
areas
1initial
-
2m
anagedR
EQ
M,P
P,PM
C,M
A,P
PQ
A,C
M,S
AM
3defined
+R
D,T
S,P
I,VE
R,V
AL
,OP
F,OP
D,O
T,IPM
,RS
KM
,DA
R
4quantitatively
managed
+O
PP,Q
PM
5optim
ising+
OID
,CA
R
•m
anaged(fo
rme
rly:repeatable
)–
imp
ortan
tare
aso
fso
ftware
de
velo
pm
en
to
rganise
dan
dp
rescrib
ed
tore
spo
nsib
lep
eo
ple
;each
pro
ject
may
have
ow
np
roce
ss
•A
reas:req
uire
me
nts
man
agem
en
t(R
EQ
M),p
roje
ctp
lann
ing
(PP
),pro
ject
mo
nito
ring
and
con
trol(P
MC
),me
asure
me
nt
and
analysis
(MA
),Pro
cess
and
Pro
du
ctQ
uality
Assu
rance
(PP
QA
),con
figuratio
nm
anage
me
nt
(CM
),sup
plie
ragre
em
en
tm
anage
me
nt
(SA
M)
CM
MI
Gen
eral/S
pecifi
cG
oa
lsa
nd
Pra
ctices
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sprocmet –
64
/6
9
•C
MM
Icertificate
scan
be
ob
taine
dvia
aso
-called
appraisal
•T
he
reare
thre
ele
vels
of
revie
wm
eth
od
sA
,B,C
;A
ism
ost
tho
rou
gh(an
de
xpe
nsive).
•A
certificate
auth
ority
che
cks,tow
hat
amo
un
tgeneric
goalsG
G.1,...,G
G.3
with
the
irgenericpractices
arere
ache
d.
Example
:GG
.2(fo
rle
vel2
)inclu
de
s
•G
G2
.1:create
strategy
for
plan
nin
gan
din
stallation
of
pro
cess
•G
G2
.2:p
lanth
ep
roce
ss
•G
G2
.3:allo
catere
ou
rces
•...
•E
acharea,like
RD
,has
specificgoals
and
specificpractices,so
me
time
sp
er
leve
l
Example
:RD
(req
uire
me
nts
de
velo
pm
en
t)inclu
de
s
•S
G1:d
eve
lop
custo
me
rre
qu
irem
en
ts
•S
G2
:de
velo
pp
rod
uct
req
uire
me
nts
•S
G3
:analy
sean
dvalid
atere
qu
irem
en
ts
•Thatis,to
reach
CM
MIle
vel2
,ano
rganisatio
nh
asto
reach
GG
.1,GG
.2,
and
SG
1an
dS
G2
for
area
RD
.
CM
MI:
Discu
ssion
– 5 – 2018-05-03 – Sprocmet –
65
/6
9
•in
CM
MI,e
.g.area
RD
req
uire
sthat
req
uire
me
nts
arean
alysed
,bu
td
oe
sn
ot
statehow
—th
ere
aree
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66
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9
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– 5 – 2018-05-03 – main –
68
/6
9
Referen
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– 5 – 2018-05-03 – main –
69
/6
9
Ab
raham
sson
,P.,Salo
,O.,R
on
kaine
n,J.,an
dW
arsta,J.(20
02
).A
gileso
ftware
de
velo
pm
en
tm
eth
od
s.revie
wan
dan
alysis.Te
chn
icalRe
po
rt4
78
.
Be
ck,K.(19
99
).E
xtreme
Pro
gram
min
gE
xpla
ined
–E
mb
race
Ch
an
ge.A
dd
ison
-We
sley.
Bo
eh
m,B
.W.(19
88
).A
spiralm
od
elo
fso
ftware
de
velo
pm
en
tan
de
nh
ance
me
nt.
IEE
EC
om
puter,2
1(5):6
1–7
2.
Hö
rman
n,K
.,Dittm
ann
,L.,H
ind
el,B
.,and
Mü
ller,M
.(20
06
).S
PIC
Ein
der
Pra
xis:Interp
retatio
nsh
ilfefür
An
wen
der
und
Assesso
ren.
dp
un
kt.verlag.
IEE
E(19
90
).IE
EE
Sta
nd
ard
Glo
ssary
of
So
ftwa
reE
ngin
eering
Termin
olo
gy.S
td6
10.12
-199
0.
Lud
ew
ig,J.and
Lich
ter,H
.(20
13).
So
ftwa
reE
ngin
eering.
dp
un
kt.verlag,3
.ed
ition
.
Ro
sove
,P.E.(19
67
).D
evelop
ing
Co
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uter-ba
sedIn
form
atio
nS
ystems.
Joh
nW
iley
and
So
ns.
Sch
wab
er,K
.(199
5).
SC
RU
Md
eve
lop
me
nt
pro
cess.
InS
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erlan
d,J.e
tal.,e
dito
rs,Busin
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Design
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plem
enta
tion
,OO
PS
LA’9
5W
orksh
op
Pro
ceedin
gs.Sp
ringe
r-Ve
rlag.
Team
,C.P.(2
010
).C
mm
ifor
de
velo
pm
en
t,versio
n1.3
.Te
chn
icalRe
po
rtE
SC
-TR
-20
10-0
33
,CM
U/
SE
I.
V-M
od
ellX
T(2
00
6).
V-M
od
ellXT
.V
ersio
n1.4
.
Zü
lligho
ven
,H.(2
00
5).
Ob
ject-Orien
tedC
on
struction
Ha
nd
bo
ok
-D
evelop
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plica
tion
-Orien
tedS
oftw
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terials
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pu
nkt.ve
rlag/
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.