lecture 5: social learning. historical roots skinner/watson (behaviourists) believed that all of our...
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Lecture 5: Social learning
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Historical Roots
• Skinner/Watson (behaviourists) believed that all of our behaviours were determined by direct experience
BUT is direct experience necessary for learning to occur?
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Social learning
• “Social learning occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models”
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Real Snake
Lab-raised monkeys are not normally afraid of snakes.
Big deal
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Observational conditioning
If a lab-raised monkey sees a wild monkey act afraid of a snake…
!
Performer Observer
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Observational conditioning
… it will acquire a fear of snakes.
!
Observer
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!
Performer Observer
= US
CS
!UR =
Observer
!CR =
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Social Learning?
Instrumental Conditioning (Trial and error)
R Pecking the lid
Rft Access to milk
(Sd milkman gone)
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Social facilitation vs Social Learning?Goal Enhancement
– Getting access to some wanted goal might facilitate later trial and error learning, e.g. access to cream which is not usually readily available
Stimulus Enhancement – Observe others and are often more likely approach places
that they are, e.g. the milk bottles
Increased Motivation to Act– Try more new things in the company of friends and parents
Contagious Behaviour– Mimicking an already learnt behaviour, e.g. yawning
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Two-action test
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Two-action test
OR
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Capp et al (2005)
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Capp et al (2005)
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Capp et al (2005)
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Capp et al (2005)
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Capp et al (2005)
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Social (instrumental) learning
Mimicry– copying without reference to a goal
Emulation– understanding there is a goal but not using the
same method to gain access to the goal
Imitation– copying with reference to a goal
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• Mimicry is a copied action that is made without reference to a goal, or that may not be reinforced by some consequence.
• Replicating the action regardless of result
Mimicry
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Emulation
• There is understanding of the goal but the specific response required to obtain the goal may not be well understood
• Eg. Chimpanzees obtaining food with a rake
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Imitation
• Copied actions made with respect to the goal/consequence
• A replication of the same response(s) made by the ‘performer’.
E.g. infants solving two-action tasks in the same manner the demonstrater did
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Bandura, Ross & Ross, 1961
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Modeling• Children will not only imitate an adult’s specific
behaviour but also model general styles of behaviour (e.g., aggressive vs gentle play).
• Suggested cognitive aspects of social learning:– People actively watch others to gain knowledge about
the type of things that they do– Use that knowledge in situations where it’s useful,– Information is not always used immediately.
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Bandura (1965)How does reinforcement influence modeling?
Three groups1) Model rewarded 2) Model punished3) No consequence
Model observed on TV
Two tests; no incentive and positive incentive
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Bandura (1965)
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Bandura (1965)
Modeling is reinforcement dependent
Modeling can occur through TV, not just in person
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Social cognition theory
1. Attention to the model,2. Incorporate the model’s actions into
memory,3. Requires having the ability to reproduce the
actions of the model,4. The motivation to reproduce the actions of
the model– Was the model reinforced?– Is the reinforcer currently desired?
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Applications
Advertising campaigns – Some real R-Rft associations, e.g.
smoking, drink driving, weight watchers– Some manufactured R-Rft associations– Often a role of CC too
Smacking a child…who has just bitten another child(?)