lecture 6: emotions

LECTURE 6: EMOTIONS

  MOTIVATION –   desires, needs, and interests that arouse or activate

an organism and direct it toward a specific goal   EMOTIONS – difficult to define

(characteristics =)   a)   b)   c)

  Smiles:   Fake-polite:   Genuine:

  -infants – 10 months   -schizophrenics   -ad agencies   -brain activity – fake and sincere   -smugglers – Canada Customs

EMOTIONS: DISTINCTIONS   Classifying Emotions:

  1). Valence: positive ------- negative   2). Primary or mixed:

  primary = happiness, disgust, surprise, sadness, anger, fear   (agree ? see illustration)   mixed e.g., jealousy = love + anger

  3. Opposites: e.g., love -------- hate   4). Intensity e.g. fear

  Task –

Theories of Emotion   -how do we feel “different emotions?   Intuitive

  Arousing Event “emotional physiological

experience” response

Scientific Theories   James-Lange

  Arousing Event pattern of (depending on physiological pattern) specific response emotional exper.

  Critique of James-Lange by Canon :   Assumptions of James-Lange and problems

  1. each emotion is accompanied by a specific physiological reaction

but…

  2. interpret experience by “reading” the pattern but … we …

  SO ???????

  Canon-Bard Theory(see overhead)   But….. Still doesn’t explain data….

  Schachter’s Two Component Theory   1)   2)

  -

  -

How to test Schachter’s Theory 1) arouse (similarly) two groups subjects/

participants 2) give one group cue A 3) give one group cue B

  then see if behaviors/emotions differ between two groups – if so, supports Schachter’s theory because although should have same emotion (i.e. same arousal), they feel different (because of cues)   [thus both components necessary]

Schachter & Singer (1962)

  Exp’t: drugs on vision, all injected   -some placebo (no arousal)   -some epinephrine (adrenaline) arousal   INDEP   A) Side Effects

  1)   2)   3)

next, all subjects fill out questionnaires in presence of accomplice (confederate)

B) Type of Accomplice 1)

2) DEPENDENT VARIABLE

1) 2) RESULTS – consider only “Happy Condition” as an example (parallel results in “Sad Condition”)

What do you think happens??

  Consider only Happy Condition   “which group of subjects feels and acts

happiest”

  1 – epinephrine informed   2 – epinephrine ignorant   3 – epinephrine misinformed

Results

  Results (Happy Confederate Condition e.g.) feelings behavior

informed - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ignorant

misinformed

(higher number = happier/more happy behaviors) same pattern of results for Sad Confederate Condition

  SUMMARY   Arousal

  -key role in theories of emotion   -may have “cognitive” effects

i.e., emotions arousal memory

  (Scien. Amer. video 8 min)

Misattribution (of arousal)   Misattribution of attraction/love:   e.g. Walster & Berscheid

  “a frightened man is a potentially romantic man. So is an angry man, a rejected man, or a euphoric man”.

  Hmmm…. Do we really “know” what emotion we are feeling?   -how easily can we be manipulated?

  Dutton & Aron

  strong emotions may be relabeled sexual attraction in the presence of an acceptable object

  Study One   INDEPENDENT

  1). Bridge --- High Low

  2). Confederate (Cue)

  DEPENDENT   1). Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)   2). % call back

Results TAT Female Male High

Low

  % Call Back Female Male

High

Low

problem: potential extraneous variable that clouds interpretation ???????

  -

SOLUTION????

  Study Two   High bridge only, male subjects, give

TAT immediately after cross bridge or 15 minutes later   a)   b)

RESULTS Male conf. Female conf.   15 min   immediate

THERAPY IMPLICATIONS   Storms & Nisbett - “Dreams”

study   Indep. Variable ( Side effects)

  Insomnia - pill ( relax you)   - pill (arouse you)

  Results:  

Storms & McCaul “dysfunctional behaviors” are result of an exacerbation process

  Exacerbation Model   1)

  2)

  3)

  Example: stuttering

  Intervention: redirect labeling (self attributions) for source of problem from internal (me) to external (situation)

  Experimental Test: - create a problem where there was no problem before

  Method:   -tape record speech (everyone makes

mistakes)   monitor mistakes

  INDEP: attribution for mistakes   external –   internal –

  -tape record second speech

  DEP: # errors in 2nd speech   Results:

FACE & EMOTION   (face and emotion dvd – 5 min – Discovery: researcher Desmond

Morris)

  Common sense: emotions face   -perhaps, also, face emotions

  Facial Expressions   -nonverbal expression of feelings   -cross-cultural variation

  Ekman & Izard – similarity in matching face to emotions   (examples: see illustration)

  Ekman FACS – facial action coding system   e.g., sadness: raised eyebrows,

forehead wrinkles that slope downward and out from the center

  anger: lowered eyebrows, hard stare, lips pressed tightly together

FACE & EMOTION   -connection between face and

emotion: emotion shows up on face   another connection: perhaps,

emotional expression on face can cause emotion

  WHY?

Ekman --- facial feedback hypothesis   Experience:

  If ANS activity, then you have a facial expression

  thus, is an association between specific emotions and specific facial expressions

  then, if pose an expression then you get ANS/emotion (association in reverse)   since facial muscles associated with

emotions typically, if pose, then ANS reacts accordingly

Alternative Theory: Zajonc   Contraction of facial muscles changes temperature of

blood going to brain,   changing temperature affects activity of brain

structures controlling emotions

  Study:

MOOD Say “e” (smile) Say “ah” (surprise) Say “u” (bad mood) (see illustration)

  (dvd culture and emotion – 5 min - research in action: researcher Jeanne Tsai)

LYING   Signs? (see illustration)   Polygraph -measures physiological

responses (blood pressure, breathing rate, etc)

  -assume   -often by corporations – honesty & theft   -now ---- job selection   -control questions- truth & lies

STUDY:Kleinmuntz & Szucko (1984)   Study polygraph of

  50 – who later confessed   50 – who later are proved innocent

  Results:   more than 1/3 of those court said were

innocent later confessed   more than ¼ of those the court said were

guilty later proved innocent

  (see graph)

How to beat lie detector   -

  .

  Control –   Critical – “waves of gentle rowing

sea”

Marion Jones: 5 olympic medals

  The Web CNN.com   Jones 'passed lie detector test'   Friday, June 18, 2004 Posted: 1454 GMT (2254 HKT)   SAN FRANCISCO, California -- Marion Jones has

attempted to distance herself further from doping allegations by releasing the results of a privately-administered lie detector test in which she denied using banned substances.

  The triple Olympic champion is being investigated by the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) over her links with the BALCO laboratory in Los Angeles where the designer steroid THG is alleged to have been developed.

  "They have more than ample reason to close this matter and exonerate Marion Jones," the athlete's attorney Joe Burton said in a

  Track star Marion Jones pleading guilty over doping

    International Herald Tribune, Reuters, The Associated

Press   Published: October 5, 2007   WHITE PLAINS, New York: The former track star

Marion Jones, one of the most accomplished female athletes in the world, told a judge Friday that she would plead guilty to two felonies in connection with a steroid investigation, which could cost her the five medals she won in the 2000 Sydney Olympics

lecture 6: emotions

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